HATAKEYAMA  Toshiteru

KUDO  Nobuo

OYAMA  Masahiro

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HATAKEYAMA, Toshiteru

KUDO, Nobuo

OYAMA, Masahiro

Tohoku University Repository (TOUR) / 東北大学機関リポジトリ

Affective dimension of thermal sensations totransient heating著者 HATAKEYAMA  Toshiteru, KUDO  Nobuo, OYAMA Masahirojournal orpublication titleTohoku psychologica foliavolume 54page range 61-67year 1996-07-01URL http://hdl.handle.net/10097/56180T909h50Hs,y6CTo_10690a FolioAFFECTIVE DIMENSION OF THERMAL SENSATIONS TOTRANSIENT HEATING 1ByHATAYAMA TosHITER/U (畑山俊輝)2, KUDOH NoBUO (工藤信雄)3,( Tohoku Uniuersily)　　　　　　　　　　(NGata Uniuersity)and OHYAMA MASAHIRO (大山正博)4( Tohoku - Cakuin Um'uershy)The present study was done to ex-ine a re一ationship between the-aJ sensations and theira範cdve components produced by廿-sient heathg of a ponion of he subject's Ibrem selective一ystimJated by a pan -dyzer･ The-d stimJi of 3- md 6-sec in duradon w血emer 7 or 5mtenslty levels were presented h rmdom order, at he rate of one eveIY 45 8, to two 10-Ss訂OuPSd鵬rent 読 mbient誼temperatueS (16 md 20 ℃), They were re叫hed to assi伊I nmbers hproponion to he perceived sensory md a臓cdve htenslty tO he st止血･ Andysis showed hat asstimdus intensity increased. Ale Sensory mtenSlty mCreaSed also; The perception or aHect wascharacteri2ed by the presence of a bending pout in he curve from pleasmtness to unpleasmtness athigh stimulus intensities, the point of which shined due to stimulus duation md ambient airtemperature iKey words: hc-d sensation, hedonic vdue, ma伊litude esthadon, 血end sthhtion･INTRODUCTIONIn previous如dies (e･g･, Hatay-a 皮 Sh血狐, 1993; Hatayma, Shimizu, 皮 Ohyama,1989) were om e‰鵬directed tow紺ds血ding pain-relatedぬctors explainhg why painthesholds w血radi-t heat stimJation wo血d be誼en raised dming a test period of repeateddds･ It is a hnd of reacdon the me血od c皿ed a single正確techique (Wehheimer, 1952)which we have paid special attention to as one maJOr meaSuement taken to determine atheshold of phckhg palm Produced by radimt heat sthJation.Although this technique has the advantage of making Ale dueshold measuement possiblein oHy one心耳one of some problems seemed hat me measuement relies on a motorresponse resJting ln a delayed reaction time or a hgher theshold･ The phenomenon ofraised pain thesholds might be taken place by he-al imagery (Hatayama, Shimizu, &l･ T血s smdy was suppo寄ed 読 pan by a Cr-t一五一Aid Ibr Scien前c Rese紬Ch of Jag-ese M山S叫ofEducadon, Science and CJme (No.07610062) to he血st auhor. We 血ank KURASHINA Ylhko-d SAKAI Kohji, gmduates of Tohoku University, for dleir aSSistmce md coopemtion. We also thmkDr･ MIZUTANI Yoshinari of Ale Miy(専Universlty Of Education for his advice on instmentation inconductmg me expehnent.2･ Depament of Psychology. Faculty of Arts a Letters, Tohoku University, Kawauchi, Aoba-ku, Sendai980-77, Japm.3･ Department of Psychology, Nibata University, Igarashi, Niigata 950-21, Japan･4･ Depment of Psychology, FacJty of Cenerd Education, Tohoku Gakuh University, Ichinazak8,Iz-i-ku, Sendai 981-31, Japm.62 Hamyama, T･, Kudoh, N･ md Ohy-a, M･Ohyma, 1989) and deactivation (Ymauchi, Inase, Yoneda, Ymada, Yamamoto, &Tok田螺a, 1984).Another line of reasonlng a Cause Of threshold temperatues raised by using Ale Slngle-thaltechi叫e is based on a simple amehct or a time-1鴨View which points Out hat a longer timedelay occus inevit心ly between pain perception md me subsequent motor response (Croze 氏Ducla叫1978). 0m a鵬mpt (Hatayama &凱i血2叫1993) to vdidate山s view su鰐eSted血種t esdmated hses in skin temperatue to occm duing he time-lag or p糾n reaction time weretoo sm皿to explah he raised hreshold temperatme･ Pa血 reactions co血d occu tO preventus仕om body tissue dam呼When we wo血d md very h頒d in sonic reason to maintain an0-億intemd body temperamre w血hum- temperatue reと叫ation system･Much of h-an temperatue regJation, be it homeostatic activity, or Ale-Ore糾1atorybehavior, usuⅢy shoJd be made between a limind sensadon of wa-心-d a pain thesholdat which a person reports dlat heat stimulation feels paind. Marks and Gonzalez (1974)indicated that the themoregulatory behavior is guided by theml sensadons, partic'darly theira鮎cdve components of pleasanmess or -pleas-mess; hey su鵠eSted mat me me-dsensations would be sensory expehences in which aHect is involved･ Ou previous studyshowed hat ma糾imde esdmates of me-d sensadons -d -pleas-mess hght vⅢy to someextent wih he rate of temperatue ch-ge generatedをom di鮎rent rates of radimt heatsdmJadon of hman skin (Kudoh, Haぬyma, 皮 S山高狐, 1989). For mend sensationsIke limind wm, heat, heat pain mere exist specialized a能rent部ers (Penovaara 皮 Kojo,1985) which虹e not COmOn tO a牌ct. T山s su鵠eStS mat he two physiologicd mechmismsof a範ct and he-d sensadon虹e more Or less di胱rentをom each omer; hence pleasmtnessand unpleasantness of the-al stimLlli should be described by referring to some relationship tohe-d sensory dhension･ To delheate a predictable relationship between men wo血d be ofvitd impon-ce to -derst-ding me mech-ism to promote activadon ibr heat pan reaction.A pain reaction to radiant stimulation is considered a the-oregdatory behaviorc0-ected w血me -be調able heat perce中on 血種t he person mds ex廿emely mpleasmt.mus we ass-e mat me perception Of -pleas-tness is - impomnt condbuthgぬctorleading to he p紬n reaCtion言n his smdy a specid a請endon was paid to - a鮎cdve dimensionof the themd sensadons.METHODSSutjects: Twenty healthy -iverslty Student volmteers participated in this experiment,I-glng ln ageをom 20 to 23 ye姐S Old･ AⅡ ofmem were expehment劇y naive･ They wereassl伊Ied to two釘OuPS Of 10 subjects each accordi喝tO Ⅳo condidons of ambienttemperatueS (20o md loo); In皿test sessions, hey were dressed in light-weight clohes.An info-ed consent was obtained before the experiments.Apparatus: The apparatus used in this experiment was a themostimdator (Kudo-DenkiNYT-9002 pa血 andyzer) Composed of 6血n metd elements whch劇Owed condnuoussdmuhtion of me h-an skin･ Every element was a heating and sensing disc of 8 - indiameter with its icord auoyed w山一six glabrous skinthemd stimJi dume subjects･ An icunent applied fbistimJus duration iI十ocedure: TⅥof 16±l and　2(condition was aptstimJus intensity l6 see dmation, 5 1was presented thethemd sensation 560 see was addedThe testing I(EEC chair wim紬the chair was setelements were nxein order to protectrest period or 5 mvisual analog scdtexposmes of hemFi糾re 1 showfor all subjects asくThese were geomelmedians of sensorlStevens power lal?into log組ihm,仕oma鏡Iitude on mentemperature were I〟-1.03and R=vdues were higher200 mW mey wer(to changes in senslbetween boh con°he n0-億temperincreased sensov IAffective Dimension of Thermal Sensations to Transient Heating　　　　　　　63diameter with its紬ea Of O･5 cm2, which was a resis血nt membrane of spirⅢy-shaped coppercord auoyed w血nickel･ The disc elements working as a heater md sensor were a請ached tosix glabrous skin sites of len ventral rorea- to record the temperatue as well as to glVehe-d stimJi dlhng he test･ The order of testing mese skin sites was comterbdanced overme subjects･ An amount of stimJus heat was dete-ined on a totd of heat generated by hecurrent applied for a second to Ale element area･ The skin temperatme, stimulus energy, andstimJus dmadon were measued though he display panel of he hemosdmJator･Procedure: Two stimulus duations of 3 and 6 See were used under the room temperatuesof 16±l and 20±1℃, a lower and a no-d temperatue condition respectively; onecondition was applie'd in a diHerent test day 仕on Ale Other･ For the 3 see duation, thestimldus intenslty COnSisted of 7 levels or 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 mW; for the6 sec duation, 5 levels of 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mW. In a test session each stimJuswas presented thee dmes at he rate of at least one ev餅γ 45 sec･ l∫me subject stated hat histhe-al sensation still remained on the fore- aHer the completion of a test trial, mnher 30 to60 see was added to me time pehod of he intemid inteⅣal･me testing room Was dimy lit･ Subjects were seated in a semi-reclined position of anEEC chair widl a-rests On Which they put their len forea- widl Ale Ventral part at the top;he chah was set up ln a room Space Sep紬ated部m a set of app紬atuS･皿of me discelements were fixed to the fore- with Ale-al insulation made of styrene foam 6-mm thickin order to protect Hom now of heat and movement of the air by convection currents･ After arest period of 5 mm, 4 minlng dds were則owed by 36 test measuements･ We appliedvisual analog scales to esti-te Ale Perceived sensory and Ale aHective intenslty tO transientexposueS Of mend stimJation.RESULTSFigue 1 shows the average estimates of sensory -gnitude at the exposue time of 3 seefor all subjects as a Hmction or the-al stimulus intens.ty expressed in the heat capaclty, mW.These were geomedc me-s mat were cdcJated every stimJus htensityをom me sm tod ofmedians of sensory -gnitude estimates to each intens･ty ror aH subjects. According to theStevens'power law, we調nsfb-ed me o南nd data of heat capacity and sensのy ma租itudeinto logarithm･ Hem which transformed values the regression lines were obtained of sensorymagnitude on Ale-al intenslty･ The index and correlation coeHicient at the nomal ambienttemper細田e were 〟 ≡ 1･88 and R - 0･979, respectively; Those at he lower temperatue were〟 = 1･03 and R - 0･996･ In me stimJus intensifies below 200 mW me sensory ma紳itudevdues were higher at me lower temperatue man at he nomd, while in me intensides above200 mW they were higher at Ale nO-al temperature･ Although A.ere was a similar tendencyto changes in sensory magnitude at血e exposure time of 6 see as wed (Fig. 2) , the difrerencesbetween both conditions of ambient temperatue became smller (n - 1.41 and R - 0.990 atme no-d temperatue and 〟 - 1.08 and R - 0.879 at me lower); This resJtedをOm meincreased sensory magnitude in Ale intensities below 200 mW at Ale nOmal.64Or〓｢し山(5トtZOV∑^tZOSN山SHatayama, T･, Kudoh, N･ md Ohy-a, M･80 9創00　　　　　　　　200　　　　300　　400　　mWTHERMAL INTENSITYFig･ 1･ Avenge -gnitude esti-tee of the-aJ sensation･ Thep調ameter is mbient ah temperatuC･ me SthJusexposue was 3 See 読 duadon･0′~,i〓○山合うFtZOVNAt70SZmS.一一.〟 ● 一 --●｡-16oC6secくれ=9) I �ｨ�ｦﾒﾒ##�63g6V2�ﾓ鋳�809創00　　　　　　200　　　300　400　mWTHERMAL INTENS ITYFig･ 2･ Avenge mgnitude estimates of A.e-I sensation･ mesthJus exposue W鮎6 8eC h duadon･The pleasanmess md unpleasanmess vdues accompanylng me-d sensation were dsocdcJated in he same way as sensory ma紺itudes: geomedc me-s obtained every stimJusintensity Hom the sm total or medians of magnitude estimates to each intensity tor all subjects･me bipoh ratlng SCde used was consm⊥cted of me hmehesized a胱cdve dimension ofpleasant-unpleasant. SpeciHed by the two opposmg poles widl Ale Scale itself laid out betweenmen: When a subject鮒t pleasmt, he m紬ked he poin誼Om me neu血, 0, to he hght pole,+100, and m虹kedをom 0 to he le仕pol6, -100, when I㍍1ing unpleasant･ Fi糾re 3 -d Fig･4 iuusmte mean m珂Iituede estimates of a胱ct in response to me-d sdm山of 3 3cc -d of 63cc in duadon, respectively･me lower ambient temperatue led to higher pleas-t vdues at he exposme time of 3 seethan those at 6 sesensatlOn Increase(aHer which Ale aJAt the sdmJus dlunder the nomdat the intenslty Of山⊃｣<>○○ZOO山国meq>UtNO0日HFigAffective Dimension of Thermal Sensations to Transient Heating　　　　　　　65m- hose at 6 see; Fig･ 3 Showed mat as stimJus intensity Increased, me pleasmtneSS Of mesensation increased to a maximum between 200 and 300 mW, and then declined to neutrality,社er which me a胱cdve response changed into negadve direction at he intensity, 400 mW･At me sdmJus duadon of 6 see, as shown in Fig･ 4, higher pleasmt Vdues were obtained-de† he n0-億ambient temperatme; he change of a範ct to me negative dhecdon occuHedathe intensity Of300 mW･　-20　　0　　20調うJ<>∪亡ZOQ回目100　　150　　　200　　　250　　　300　　　350　　100 1mWTHERMAL INTENSITYFk･ 3･ Average hedonic values h response to Ale-al StimJi of 3 see 読duradon.ゆ　_S L　〝〕I mつ　r Jr./∩)仰　　2 ｡　｡　切mW^UINOG山国剛6.00cc鵠嵩 肝 豫ﾂ� I 白�IIIII 1 00　　1 50　　　200　　　250　　　300　　　350　　　400 mwTHERMAL NTENSITYFig･ 4･ Aver鴨e hedonic vdues h response tO he-d stimJi of ら sec 読duradon.66 Hかayama, T･, Kudoh, N･ -d Ohyama･ M･DISCUSSiONThe results-of sensory magnitude suggested that Ale lower the stimulus intensities under Alelower ambient ah temperame, me greater me magnimde wo血d be･ -d he prolongedexposme time wo血d reduce me e範ct of bom ambient temperames･ Fu血er, me exponentsseemed to be detemined by ambient air temperatues and stimJus duation: Wih lowenngambient air temperatme and len如ening exposLLe time, the exponents may tend to decrease invdue hough under lower ambient tempera-es hey remain relatively constant reg紬dless ofhe len如1 0f exposme time; ms implies 血a† he perception of me-d sthJation might bea鮎cted by tempord smmadon under me condition of lower ambient temperatues･There was not a line紬COneSpOndence between sensory and a胱cdve ma糾itudeestimates. Under me ambient ah conditions in he present smdy, as he stimJus intens吋wasincreased Hob 100 mW. Ale themal stimulation became more and more pleasant, withpositive hedonic due reaching a peak when me intensity Was at a h軸er point hat can bevaried according to the degree of temporal smmation: The longer stimulus duation wouldmove me polnt tO me lower level of stimJus intenslty･ F皿her increase in sdmJus intensitycaused a decline in posidve hedonic vdue tow紺ds neu血base line･ and men he stimJus wasrated as unpleasmt. M虹ks and GoⅢdez (1974) su籠eSted hat such ``perception of-pleasanmess may seⅣe to wan me organlSm Of possible p糾n･･･ -hat wiu resJt if he heatstimJus condnues''･ Thus,血e bending polnt in he cuⅣe部m pleasantness to -pleasantnessis probably proximate to me theshold of palm reaCtion･The present smdy suggested mat he positive hedonic reactions wo血d be at leastdote-ined by the two factors of independent variables: one is the ambient air temperatue andme oher he exposue time･ Under he lower temperatue, he S tends to evduate a stimJusin lower intensities as having a more positive hedo山c 誼ue 血an 血種t in higher; Then言t is meexposue dme which wo血d dote-in° he extent of stimulus intensity to bhng about such apositive aHective reaction･ In short, the temporal summation woLdd be an important Factor tohave an e餓)ct on he hedonic tone.on Ale Other hand, ou results showed that there was little diHerence in sensory magnitudeestimates between Ale two ambient air temperatues･ Thus, changes in hedonic values areprobably produced by some d胱rent mechanism仕om he temporal s-aden m抽ng anincrease in sens叩ma純imde･ A mechanism of mat kind may be closely related wih matrelev-t to producing some me-0-re糾latory reaction subsequent to a ch-ge in hedonic toneinto negative a胱ct occ田嶋ne紬paln reaCtion血esho哩mis implies hat he memo-re帥at叩reaction would be produced血Ough he escape mechanism mat is waned by asi糾d of negative a鮎ct, -d血nctions to prevent an orgmism仕om tissue d-鴨e･This study suggested dlat SOme interaction between peripheral somatosensory system andemotion一紬OuSing system wo血d underlie me-0-regJatory behavior mat was led to meproduction of palm-relevant escape reaction･ACroze, S., 皮 DuclaⅢ157､ 418-Hatayama, Ti, 良 ShiPerceptuaL aHatayama, T･, Shimiconstmt ra(～Kudoh, N･, Hatayama radimt h(Marks, L E., 氏 Con247, 473-Penova紬種, A., & K(E互erime融We山leimer, M. 19とYamauchi, Y., Inascp sychosomal直　　e　　-　　ad　　8 0ルAffective Dimension of Thermal Sensations to Transient Heating　　　　　　　67REFERENCESCrone, S., a Duclau･, R. 1978 rue-al pan in humane: innuence of the rate of stimulation･ Brain Research,157, 418-421.Hatayama. T･, 皮 Shhhl, K･ 1993 An examhation by fore- EMG on pa血 reaction time to radimt heat･PerceptuaL and Motor SkiLb, 76, 1139-1146･Hatay-a. T･, Shimizu, K･, a Ohy-a/, M･ 1989 meets of me-al i-gory on expehmentaJ pan usmg aconstmt radimt heati Japanese Journal of mysioLogt'caL PychoLogy 皮 PychophysioLogy, 7, 19-25･Kudoh, N･, Hatayama, T･, a Shimizu, K･ 1989 EHects of rate of temperatue change on pan percept10m uSmga radimt heat dgometer･ Tohoku Pychologt'ca Folio, 48, ll -18･Maks,し. E･, 皮 C0-dez, R･ R･ 1974 Shh temperatue mod諸es 症 ple鮪mmeSS Of he-d stimJi･ Mture,247, 473-475.PenovaⅢa, A･, & Kojo, I･ 1985 hnuence of he rate of temperatue ch-ge on me-d duesholds 読 man･EGpen'mentaL Neurology, 87, 439-445･Wertheimer, M･ 1952 A Single-trial method･ American Journal ofPychoLogr, 65, 297-298･Yamauchi, Y., lmse, M., Yoneda, H., Yamda. Y., Yammoto, M., a Tok-'aga, 0･ 1984 Pain andpSyChosomatic disorders･ Medicine and Pharmacology, 12, 1693-1701 ･ (in Japmese)(Received ApH 26, 1996)(Accepted Jme 3, 1996)

Affective dimension of thermal sensations to transient heating

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Affective dimension of thermal sensations to transient heating

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