MARUYAMA  Kinya

NAKANO  Yoshiki

NAKANO, Yoshiki

MARUYAMA, Kinya

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A Psychophysiological Study of Auditory Accessory Effects in a Visual Choice Reaction Task

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A Psychophysiological Study of AuditoryAccessory Effects in a Visual Choice ReactionTask著者 NAKANO  Yoshiki, MARUYAMA  Kinyajournal orpublication titleTohoku psychologica foliavolume 52page range 13-19year 1995-11-07URL http://hdl.handle.net/10097/56156Tol一(,k" PLiV(･hol｡gl{･a Folia100:ら52, 13-19A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF AUDITORY ACCESSORY-EFFECTS IN A VISUAL CHOICE REACTION TASKlByNAKANO Y｡ⅢlKI (中野良樹)2 alld hIARLJYAMA K州A (丸山欣哉)2( 71()A()ku I /llil,erSl'11･)A Tea(,tion time to a ,･LSuai stLmllI"s is sh｡rlclled I,v il neilr高一mltalleOuS auditory sILmL.lus･ Tillsintersensory racililation is e臨tive eve-1 W･hell S"bje(its are reqll,red l｡ ,gll｡re tlle auditory st.mllll'S. I-1tllis.･asc the auditory stimulus is called a(･代smry iI一山e Sense lhal il is irrelevallt lo the task･ rueP300 compollent Or event related I,(,te,ltial was used to idellliI'v w･rlC-l tlm evaILlalion or visml stlmulusllaS temillate｡･ Eigrlteell Stlbjccts were a,vided i-Ilo tW′O grOllf,S川, 0,,=lley Were re(中red sl,eedcdresp0-1Se and allOdler lhc a.･.･llraCy Was emPhasized･ Tlle a(庸SSOrY raCilitaled I)｡111 ｡f the RT alld theP300 lale.l`･y･ Moreo,,er･ tlle ra.･ilitation of these two measlHeS Was almos同Ie Same degree lmderL,(,Ill instruclions･ These reSlllts suggested that tile, a{･.-gory tacilitatcd processes hel'orc tLm slimlusevaluatlOllr alld ,lot i一血-e…ed oll prO{･eSSeS that follows the evaluatioll aS m｡Veme'lt eXC(両10n･ 'IlhisI1品rence sl,I,I,Opts the llyPOtheSIS tllat llle a"eSSOry Serves aS a SuI,plementai wamlllg Slgnal i一日hisexperimentat parad宙n.Key words･ iJltCrSCl-ry ra.I,dLtat.… ,℃a.･ti.m ti-, I'300･ a.･eessory stimlllus･INri､ROI)ll(】rlTONA Tea(高en time t｡ a visual stimllli as a nasl-,I letters is shone,led when a auditorystimulus is presented near simultaneousTy･ This intersensory facilitation between the visual andauditory modality is eHective even if subjects cannot I"edict the presentation of the auditorystimulus･ and dley are instmcted not t｡ attend it･ Ill tllis case the al,ditoIY Stimulus is termed"accessory stimulus"言n the senses that is irrelevant to the visual reaction task.This accessory e,rfe.,I llaS 1,eeれ explained I,y two llyPOtheSeS, the energy summation andtIlc preparation enhancement. Tlle former aSSLmeS that stimulus intensifies are summate,aacross sensory modalities causing stronger excitement of neurons than visual alone (Bernstein,R｡seI 良 Ashe, 1970 : Nickersoll, 1973)･ Tile latter assllmeS tllat a readilleSS tO respond iseThanced hy the, a･･JCeSSOry Stimulus･ Sanders (1980) called this effect of th'"ccessory"immediate arousal" tllat reduced the distame to a movement. Ni'･Jkerson (1973) suggestedthat both of the effects play a role in produc.ng mtersensory rarJilitation･ Ile also Predictedthat the two effects I,rOd冊d the largest fa.I,ilitation in diHerent temporal relationships hetwccntIIC two Sensory StimLIJi･ More I,reCIsely, the, energy summation produces maximum effectsw,hen tile two Stimllli reach llle Ce,ltral neⅣollS System at the same time･ On tile Other lland､1 i A pall of this mldv was sLIPPOrted I,∨ (;ra,,.I-i,一一Aid for Sl･iel,tir.{i Rescnr{･11 0-l Priohly Areas, 1993(N｡.04236107).2･ De,partmenl ｡r Psv(･ll｡1(,臥十､･."･ullv oL'A･ts amj I,etters∴tlohokLl tT-liversity, Kawawh'.A高'-ku. Sel晶､i980 - 77Japall･14 Nakat10･ Y･ alld Mamyamar Kthe preparation enhancement predicts mat longer he accessory precedes he visual stimJus, atleast less than a few hundred milliseconds, larger the degree to whir,A the response is facilitated･The serial stage model (Sternberg言969) predicted 血a† these two e範cts shoJd occu indifferent processlng StageS･ Such that. the energy summation occurred in earlier processesinvolved the stimJus detection and stimJus evaluation (Schidt, Gielen, 皮 van den Heuvel,1984) I The preparation enhancement innueneed directly on later stages as motor adjustment(Sanders, 1980) I This model contains row problems･ For example, although the accessoryis presented before the visual imperative stimulus. it can innuence directly on later processes･In his case, me accessory must bypass e虹lier processes whhout changlng them･We conducted psychophysiologlCal approach to mese questions using the P300 componentof me event related potentids (ERPs)･ The P300 Component is elicited by a stimuluscontainlng Significant info-ation for subjects･ The laheI of P300 indicates that it is a positivevoltage shm wm a latency range of 250-500 msec･ The P300 compone中has bee一一investlgated in conJunCtive with RT to estimate he relationship between it's latency andco糾itive processes (Duncan-Johnson 1981 ). Recendy several investigators suggested hat庇P300 latency re∬ected he d皿ation of me stimJus evaluation, and independent of me respollSeselection or movement execution (Donchin & Coles, 1988 ; Verleger, 1988). The P300latency was inmenced by stimJus intensity `(Jodo & Inolle, 1990) or discriminability(McCanhy 氏 DoIIChin, 1981), while they were not innuenced by instmctioIIS品resp｡nsespeed (Kutas, McCarthy, a Donchin, 1977; Pfefferbaum, Ford, 皮 Johnson, 1983).This study examined rollowmg two issues･ First, whether the auditory accessory facilitatesthe processes before the evaluation of the visual stimulus･ If so. the P300 late,-y must bcshortened by the accessory･ Second, whether Ale effects of the accessory on RTs and ERPs虹e Changed by loading of movement speed･ For山s purpose, subjects were divided illt｡ twogroups that were differentiated in emphasis for response speed, and the extent or the facilitationwas comp組ed between hem･MトロHODSuLjects･･ Eighteen male and two female volunteers, ranged什om 19 10 27, particIPated illthis experiment･ All of hem were right handed except one male sllbject･ They had llOrmalor conected normal vision.StimuLus.･ Three light emitting dibdes (LEDs) that were located vertically constructedvisual stim山･ The middle red LED sewed as a徹atioII POIIlt言上s lumi,laIICe Was 10 cdlm2･The other two, upper and lower, green LEDs served as imperative signals (ISs). (heirluminance were 2 cdlm2. The ISs were dista量lt 1 cm above alld below什om he Hxation polnLThesubjects observed the visual stimuli apart l･om 50 m･ The auditory stimulus was 80 dBSPL, 1000 Hz pure tone, which delivered binaurally via headphone･ It served as a wamlngsignal and an accessory stimuli･Procedure･･ At the beginnlng Of a trial. the auditory slgnal pro,sented for 200 msec followedby the fixation s.gnal･ AHer a 1200 msec foreperiod. a lower or UPI"r LED was presented for50 msec. The task wasoher key to me 一ower oIThe rlXation point disaplinto two gr-ps･ Theysubjects were ins巾ucted t-subjects were emphasizedstimulus Was prestmted fothey could ignore it･ Sulsessioll e｡IISisted ｡f` 9 bIwan-up･ Preceding thiFixImpCraliAuditorFig･Rec(,n壷ng･: EEC wasear-lobe. lroni｡al EOGslgnals were amPMed byconstant ｡l` 2 sc(･, and llleiiat a 2 rnse(､ sa†--申ng rat,lasllng for 1 100 use(らBehat)i()ral Data.I Talresponse instrll(高olls aCr｡SIeH hand. The L'actw aEぬctors (Speed vs AccllraCmearl RTs･ ll=lle Speedthe Accllra(-y one [Il(1 118)both of the iilSlm.tioIIS [instmcti｡Il alld tlle aC(℃SStA Psychol)hys10iogl(･al Stildy oti ALldilory A値es;il)ry Efrects 1550 msec･ The task was to press one telegraph key if the upper LED was presented, and meoher key to me 一ower one･ The key asslgnment tO ISs was collnterbalanced across subjects.The I.nation point disappeared lOOOmsec aHer the TS (Fig･ 1)･ The subje.ts we.e dividedinto two groups･ They were received d鵬rent insmctions about responses･ In one言hesubjects were instmcted to respond as last as they could (Speed instruction). In the ｡the., thesubjects were emphasized accuate responses (Accuracy instruction) ･ The auditory accessorystimJus was presented f♭r 80 msec preceding he IS by 300 msec. 1'he subjects were told matthey could i凱Ore it･ Successive thals separated by an 2000 msec inteⅣal･ The experimentalsession consisted of 9 blocks each contained 40 triaJs･ The rlrSt block was asslgned to awan-upi Preceding he experiment,庇subjects seⅣed a trainlng Of 200証als.Fixation pointImperative stimulusAuditory stimulus1200""….｢葛""""" 1000"●"●●(50)Warning Accessory(200)　　　(80)十･,　一一十EEC collection(1100)(msec)Fig･ 1･ The I-Cedurc of stlmllus presentation in one trial.TriaIs are separated I,y a 2 see interval each other.Recording･･ EEC was collected Lion Fz･ Cz･ Pz hy Ag-AgCl electrodes referemlng rightear-lobe･ Venical EOG was recorded Hom elecmdes above and below me right eye･ Thesignals were amplir.ed by bioeIectric amplirler (MEG-2100'Nihon K.hden) with the timeconstant of 2 sec･ and their upper bandpass limit was 100 Hz･ The data were digitized on-lineat a 2 msec sampling rate･ The sampling epoch was startJng 100 msec before the IS, andlastlng fbr 1 100 msec･Rl･.sしiLTSBehauiorαl Data: Table 1 shows mean RTs and SDs fbr each accessory conditions andresponse insm'ctions across subjects･ mere was no d鵬rence between response in right and軸hand･ The rarJtOr about response hands was eliminated H･om the analysls･ The two姐ors (Speed vs Accuacy x accessory) analysis of Ⅷiance (ANOVA) was pe品med onmean RTs･ In the Speed instruction group, the mean RT was about 80 mse. she.te. than inthe Ac-acy one lIl(1･18) -65･1,p< ･01]･ Moreover The accessory shortened the RT undo.both of the insmctions [F(1,18) -38.5:p<.01]. There was no interaction between theinstruction and the accessory presentation･16 N`'kallO. Y･ a-1(川1-lya…a･ K･Table 1. Meall roil(.1iml times alld standard deviati｡llS (mse(I)(or a,a'･tl aueSSOry -.d.I.One under two i..stmtio..S(SI,ee血 vs A･-ra･､y)iSpeed A←･(･llril.･yRT SD RT SI)No accessory　　　　　291 ,　20　　372　　34A"ssory　　　　　　274　1 2　　35 1　31psychophysiolog.cat data･･ EEC data was averaged across trials with time-locked to the IS･｢.rials haVlllg a response enOr alld contaminatlng by a五品ts･ as eye -blillking･ were elimillatedfrom averaglng･ Figure　2　shows the IS-synchronized grand averages for three( uv)　　　Speed一間OFzlO珊弧開国田OczlOm弧40-m0pzlOiⅢ30肥200　400　600　800Time(msec)Accuracy200　400　600　800Time(msec)Fig･ 2･ (読11d average or sli-d博一syll(･t"I-iZetl 嗣PS l'"ae{･essory ((iashe(1 lllle) all･1 1,｡11--･eS･"ry (solidllne) eoll(Jiti｡il a再"Z, (Iz. Pz. rllhe 1.ft walit･ l'--lS isSI,C,ed grollP S imJ llle r蘭11言s A….,ra(､y糾'uI'S･Aelec調odes当｡cati｡ns. Pebetween 200msec and lrelative value to me lOOrand amplitudes across sIANOVA, The factors llelec調odes'locations (3).me accessoIY and locatioaccessoIy Shonened the P…he two insmction伊Oulbetween elec仕ode 's locati-00　　00　　仰　　2 03333(oesu)Aoue)e1008dueeyV(>ユ)op⊃≡dE<8盆志望--∩ oii rlFig･ 4A Psv《･h(,physioioglCai SttJdy ｡li All.iilory A{-66.,rY EfT'eL･ts 17IS.ted roeele｡trodes当ocati｡,IS･ Peak latencies ｡f P300 were iden咄ed as the maximl'm positive poIIltbetween 200msec and 400msec post-IS in waveforms･ The P300 amplitudes were therelative value to the lOOmsec pro-IS baseline･ Figure 3 and 4 shows mean P300 1atenciesand amplitudes across subjects･ These data were submitted separately to three factorsANOVA･ The factors were response instructions (2). accessory presentation (2), andelectrodes'locations (3) ･ For the P300 latency, there was a signirlCant interaction betweenthe accessory and locations･ The tests on simple effects (LSD method) showed that theaccessory shortened the P300 latency only at Pz (p<.01). There was no differeme betweenthe two insmction gr｡ups･ For he P300 amplitllde, mere was a sign正cant d鵬rencebetween electrode's locations･ Their relations were Pz>Cz>Fz (p<.05).(gSE)ゝo志〕筒｣8eduS∑0　　　　08　　　　　63　　　　　30　　　　04　　　　　23　　　　　30　　　　　-0　　　　　0　　　　　-0　　　　　02--(>ユ)opっ三dE<gCd吉の∑Fz Cz Pz Fz Cz PzFig･ 3･ Mean P300 late-1(一ies at Fz. Cz. Pz ill two i-lStru(高opgroups. Speed (IeH) and A-.ra'･,y (rlght). Open･･Jimles with dashed lilleS i,ldieate .loll-ameSSOryconditions (NA). and Josed t:imles with solid lmesarc acl･eSSOry eOIlditi(mS (AC).Speed O 〟 〟 〟 〟 〟 〟 ��67W&�7��x��Xx��ｸ�ｲﾂ�冒 I Fz Cz Pz Fz Cz PzFlg･ 4･ MeaII P300　amplitlldes at Fz. Cz. Pz in twoillStmlion tn･oupSi See also the一･at血,1 i,吊Iig･ 3･18 NakallくらY･ alld Maruyama. KDIS(川S.ITONThe accessory shonened not only he RT bl,t also he P300 latency regardless ofinstmction about response speed･ Moreover, degrees of hcilitation were approximately thesame about the P300 latency and the RT･ This result, thus, manifests that the intersensoryfacilitation by the auditory accessory has occumed before evaluation of the visual IS･ Thisinference contradicts to Ale Preparation enhancement･ Does this mean that the intersensoryぬcilitation should be ascribed to the energy sllmmation? The accessory was separated by he300mSeC inteⅣa1億0m me visual IS･ Energy between the two modalities could not besummated under such the long lnteⅣal･The other possibility lS that me accessory se…es as a sllpPlemental w紬nlng Signd(Bemstein言970). In ou experiment, he fbreperiod duration (FP) between the waningslgnal and me IS was 1200 msec･ Such the FP makes s,,bjects -cenain to moderate timlngSfor motor _preparation･ Probably the accessory decreased this time uncerta.nty･ and itproduced the reduction of RTs･ The time uncenainty also a範cts P300 1atencies･ Fiori･Ragot and RenaJt (1992) repohed mat me longer FP (5000 msec) made the P300 latencylonger than Ale Shorter one (500msec) ･ They ascribed this result to the delay or the motorpro-initiation that took place before the stimulus evaluation･ Probably the accessory stimulusdecreased the time uncertainty before the IS was presented･Another manipJation adopted in山s experiment was in印mction誼,I response sPeeds･ Italtered the criteria fbr initiate he movement. LJnder me speed ins廿ucti(抑止e subjectsexecuted the movement immediately aHer or even before the termination of stimulusevaluation. Under he accuacy ins廿uctit叫the subjects wihheld the movement untilaccumulating the enough info-ation for the response･ Thus such man.puIations innuen.I,edon processes Just before the movement initiation･ This inference is supported by the resLIIt inthis experiment and previous studies (Kutas et all, 1977 ; PfeHerhaum et all, 1983) suggestingthat the P300 1atencies indicate little di範rence under both speed and accuracy lnStnlCtions･It must be noted that both of me P300 latency and the RT did not show interactionsbetween me insmlCtions and the accessory presentation･ Wi山n me logic Of additive危ctormemods (Stemberg工969)工his additivity predicts mat the two experimentalねctors inHl⊥enCeon different processing stages. According to the Sanders'S (1990) review for the stage model,the manipulation of response speeds a範cts on later stages as the motor pro伊ammlng Or themotor adjustment. So, the e的ct of the accessoIY ,S independent o白he processes Jl⊥St belbrethe movement execution･ Ⅲthough the preparation enhancement predicted mat the accessoryfacilitated such later processes (Sanders. 1980 ; Schmidt, Gielen, &'van den Heuvel, 1984),the results indicated hat he accessory a鵬cted on earlier pr(,00sses b抗,re the stimulusevaluation･ The altemative explanation is that the accessory seⅣes as a sllpPlemental wamlngsignal. That help me sllbjects to consmct an expectation to the IS and tlle reSpO,ISe･ Fllmerinvestigation must clari句whether the accessory enllanCeS the expectation to the IS or thepreparation to the response･ARenlStein. L H. 1970 Cm vreaction time. AclaBemsteh I. H.. Rose, R., 8ECPerimenlal PychoDollChil｡. R.I 良 Coles, M.Behauioral Brain Sc,Duncan-Johson. C. C. 198207-215.Fioh･ N･､ Ragot･ R･, 皮 Renaustages･ Biological PgJodo. E.､ 皮 Inoue, K, 199001.'nicaL NeurophysioIKutas･ M･･ McCa血y. C当& IstimJus eva一uation tlMcCamy､ C･. 良 Donchin. E.Sct'ence. 211, 77-71Nicke鵬On､ R. S. 1973 Intoenhamement･ psychePte鵬rbaum, A., Ford. I., 皮 JoElectroencepha lographSmders､ A･ F･ 1980 Stage創moLor Behauior. NortSmders､ A. F. 1990 IssuesActa psychoLogZ'ca. 7∠Schmidl. R. A.. Cielen. S. C. メreaclion time･ Acia p-Stemberg. S. 1969 The disco276-315.Vedeger. R. 1988 Event relalaltenlative illtC型C的iA PLSy･･llOphysi｡logTCai Study ol Auditory Aceess｡rv EHects 19REFERENCESBemstei_n･ [･ I+ 1970 Can we see a..d hear at the same time? Some recent stud.es of intersensory facilitatioJ"freaction time･ ^cla Ps･ychL,[ogIca. 33. 21 -35.BenlStein. I･ H･. Rose. R･. 皮 Ashe. V･ M･ 1970 EIlergy integratioll ill illterSeIISOry facilitation. Journal ofE･rperimenlal Psychology･, 86 (2). 1 96 - 203.Doll｡hiil･ E･･ 皮 ColesI M･ C･ H･ 1988 Is庇P300 0omp0,,ellt a ma,壷stationで,∫ eollteXt updatillg･BehauioT･aI Brain Sciences, 1 i 357-374.Dun(氾n-Johnsoll. C･ C･ 1981 P300 laten(I,y: A lleW metric of information I,rO｡0-11g･ Psy`,･h,'ph.ys･i(,砿)′･, 18.207-215.Fi｡ri, N･. Ragot･ R･. 良 RenaJt. B･ 1992 E臨t of target position oll he sequential orgallizati｡'日中'｢｡(･esslngstagesi BiologtCaL Psych,,(,･gy. 33. 157- 171 ･Jodo･ Eil 皮 Inoue, K･ 1990 Effects of practice on the P300 in a Co/NoCo task･ Electroencephalograph.y a'～d(Ilim'cal Neur｡physioLogy, 76, 249- 257･Kutas･ M･I McC紬hy, C･･ 皮 Do皿hill. E･ 1977 Augme,lllng mend choll｡metry: The P300 as a measure ofstmuJus evaluation time. Science. 197. 792-795.McCarthy･ G･･ a Donch.n･ E･ 1981 A metric tor thought: A compariso."f P300 late血y and reactioJl time･Science. 211. 77-79.Ni.kersonl R･ S･ 1973 IIlterSenSOry facditation of reaction time二 the e"rgy sllmmatio,-,r the preparationenhancement･ PsychologtCal Rwt'eu･. 80. 489 -509.博臨rl,aLm,I A･i Ford･ J･1 皮 Johson･ R･r Jr･ 1983 Mallipuhtion of P3 latency: Speed vs accuracy insm{･ti｡'ISEl,･cLroencephaLography and (JILi,u'cal NeurophJ･SioLogy. 55, 1 88 - 1 97･Sal,ders. A･ F･ 1980 Stage allalysis of reat･,tioll PrO{･eSSeS･ in C･ E･ Stelma(‥h､ 皮 I. ReqLJiIl (Eds.). ruLorl'als tnml,tl,r BehαU高r･ Noml-Holi-d: Amslerdam占)p. 331 -354.Sanders･ A･ F･ 1990 Issues and trends in the debate on discrete vs continuous processLng Of information･Acta pyichologzca. 74. 123- 167.Schmidt. R･ A･. Clelen. S･ C･ A･ M･. a van dc" ITeweI, P･J･M･ 1984 The lo"s of intersensory racditation ofreaetion time･ ^cla psyChologzca. 57, 145- 164.Ster,lL,erg, S･ 1969 The discovery of processlng Stage: eXteIIS10-1S Or D0-1dcrs ､ method･ Acla P･,r(,･hl'l''gzcar 30.276-315.Verleger･ R･ 1988 Ever}t related pole,ltials a,ld co伊ltlOIl: A.証que of he co,lteXt uPdathlg hypohsis a-ld analtemativc illterPretalioll Of P3. BPhaz,l'oraL Brain Sciences. 1 1, 343-356.(Re'･Jeive.I Se,ptemher 6. 1993)(Accepted November 221 1993)

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A Psychophysiological Study of Auditory Accessory Effects in a Visual Choice Reaction Task

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