The following virus diseases have been identified in Israel: Grape fanleaf, Grape yellow mosaic, Grape leaf-roll virus, as weil as the mycoplasma disease Flavescence doree. Among them grape fanleaf and leaf-roll viruses are widespread, while Flavescence doree is most common in the hot valleys of north-east Israel. A new species of nematode, Xiphinema italiae, has been identified as vector of grape fanleaf virus. Mechanical inoculation of herbaceous plants, while helpful, does not solve the problem of a rapid indexing.Viruskrankheiten der Rebe in IsraelFolgende Viruskrankheiten wurden in Israel nachgewiesen: Fan leaf, Gelbmosaik, Blattrollkrankheit sowie die durch ein Mycoplasma hervorgerufene Flavescence doree. Von ihnen sind Fan leaf und Rollkrankheit weit verbreitet, während Flavescence doree in den heißen Tälern von Nordost-Israel sehr häufig ist. Eine neue Nematodenart, Xiphinema italiae, wurde als Vektor des Fan-leaf-Virus ermittelt. Mechanische Übertragung auf krautige Pflanzen löst das Problem eines schnellen Nachweises nicht

Nitzani, F. E.

Tanne, Edna

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JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut)

Vitis 12, 222-225 (1973) The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel Virus diseases of grapevine in lsraeP) by EDNA TANNE and F. E. N1TzANY Viruskrankheiten der Rebe in Israel Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g. - Folgende Viruskrankheiten wurden in Israel nachge­wiesen: Fan leaf, Gelbmosaik, Blattrollkrankheit sowie die durch ein Mycoplasma her­vorgerufene Flavescence doree. Von ihnen sind Fan leaf und Rollkrankheit weit ver­breitet, während Flavescence doree in den heißen Tälern von Nordost-Israel sehr häu­fig ist. Eine neue Nematodenart, Xiphinema italiae, wurde als Vektor des Fan-leaf­Virus ermittelt. Mechanische Übertragung auf krautige Pflanzen löst das Problem eines schnellen Nachweises nicht. Introduction Although many of the grapevine varieties grown in Israel are indigenous, a great deal of introduction has gone on since 1890, the year of Phylloxera outbreak in some regions of the country. During the years 1940-1950, many new root stocks were introduced from several sources. At the beginning of 1960 signs of decline were observed in several vineyards, accompanied by symptoms of different leaf and bud abnormalities and by a decrease in grape yields. As a first step, a general survey was undertaken of vineyards throughout the country in order to identify and classify the diseases. This paper presents the re­sults of tests carried out on plant material collected from all over the country and describes the phenomena pertaining to the cause of the diseases and the physiol­ogical aspects of the diseased plants. All the diseases described were found to be graft-transmissible, and since they could not be attributed to any fungal or bacterial agent, they were considered to be virus diseases. Materials ancl Methods Indicator root stocks were grown for one year at least, in nematode-free steriliz­ed soll in a greenhouse. Budwood from the tested grapevine was grafted onto the respective indicator. In the summer, the chip-grafting method was employed, whilst in winter, a modification of this method was adopted, whereby one eye is left on the rootstock near the grafting point, to ensure vegetative growth of the grafted indicator. The following rootstocks were employed as indicators: Rupestris St. George, Mission, Baco 22/A, LN 33 (a cross between 1613 C X Thompson Seedless) and Kober 5 BB. Mechanical inoculation tests were also done on herbaceous plants, usually on Chenopodittm amaranticolor Cosrn and REYN, and _Ch. qiiinoa WILLD. Test plantswere kept in the dark for 48 hours pdor to inoculation. Inoculum was prepared by macerating suspected grapevine leaves and root tips, with the addition of 0.1 M phosphate buffer (ph 7.6) or of 2.5% nicotine. Inoculated plants were dusted with carborundum (1, 13). 1) Contributions from The Agr. Res. Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel. 1972Series, No. 2246-E.Virus diseases of grapevine in Israel 223 Tabl e 1 Virus and mycoplasma diseases identified on different grapevine varieties and rootstocks in Israel Virus- und Mycoplasma-Krankheiten, die an Ertrags- und Unterlagssorten in Israel nachgewiesen wurden varieties Fanleaf Yellow Leaf-roll Flavescence and mosaic Local Rootstocks virus virus virus doree variety Aledo X Alfonse X Almeria negra X Cabernet-Sauvignon X Carignan X Chalili X Colorado de-Ragol X Danoug X X X Harsh Levely X Malca X X X Mouscat X X Mouscat Francais X Pnina X X Santa Caterina X Semillon X Sousau X Tarnar X X X 41 B X X N 19-62 X N 15-3 X 333 EM X Paulsen X Nematodes of the genera Xiphinema and Longidoriis were tested as possible vectors, following the procedure described elsewhere (3). These nematodes were generally kept on the infected plants for an acquisition period of 3-6 months, and then removed (4), selected for vitality and finally transferred to healthy Rupestris St. George or Mission vines growing in sterilized soil. Within 4 months from the transfer, apical leaves and root tips of the inoculated plants were macerated, and mechanical inoculations were carried out on Ch. amaranticolor and C. quinoa, as described above. Serological tests following the agar gel diffusion method were carried out to identify the fanleaf virus (14). Results Graft-transmissible diseases could be grouped into the following three cate­gories: a) The fanleaf group showing leaf deformations, mosaics, and mottles of different kinds, whose viral origin could be confirmed through mechanical inocula­tion, vector transmission, partial purification of the virus, and serological tests (9, 10, 12). b) The leaf-roll group, distinguished by the downward rolling of the leaves, premature red colouring in dark varieties, and early drying of the leaves (6, 7, 9). 224 EoNA TANNE and F. E. NnzANY c) Flavescence doree, showing a combination of branch and leaf abnormalities -yellowing of the leaves, elastic branches due to improper xylem formation - andgeneral cleterioration of the plants (2).The virus diseases iclentified in vineyards in Israel are clescribed in the follow­ing. G r a p e f a n I e a f v i r u s : The disease, observed all over the country, causes rapid clegeneration of the affectecl grapevines and drastic recluction of their yield­ing capacity. In some areas, a general decline of the plants is observed after 8-10 years, accompanied by diminishing yields, which makes grape growing uneconomi­cal. The disease has been identifiecl by graft transmission to healthy Rupestris St. George and Mission indicator stocks, which manifested severe leaf deformation ancl vein clearing 6 to 24 months after budding. Mechanical inoculation to Ch. amaranti­color and to Ch. qiiinoa also gave positive results, but frequently, no symptoms were evident in the inoculatecl Chenopodia. Transmission was also secured by the nematodes X. index ancl X. italiae (3) following the technique described previously. G r a p e y e 11 o w m o s a i c v i r u s: This disease appears to be caused by a strain of the grapevine fanleaf virus. It has been observed sporaclically in Israel since 1969. The disease was identified by positive response to grafting on Rupestris St. George, Mission, Baco and Kober 5 BB. Symptoms are quite specific and appear rapidly; when grafting was done in late autumn, distinct symptoms appeared alreacly in the early spring. Mechanical transmission tests on Ch. amaranticolor and on Ch. qiiinoa gave positive results. Nematode transmission tests were not performed. G r a p e 1 e a f - r o 11 v i r u s: This disease has been commonly observed in dif­ferent varieties in all regions of Israel. It is so widespread in some varieties that disease symptoms were taken for normal characteristics of the variety and were included in its description. Grafting on Mission and on LN 33 transmitted the disease but often the symp­toms appeared only l .Y,,-2 years after grafting. The disease could not be transmitted by mechanical inoculations, and it has no known vector. - Frequently, the same plant was found to be infected by Grape leaf-roll and Grape fanleaf viruses. F 1 a v e s  c e n c e d o r e e: Till 1969 the disease had been known as a virus disease; however, in that year a mycoplasma-like agent (5) was identified as the causal organism. The disease has been observed in many regions in Israel but it is particu­larly severe in the Jordan and Bet Shean valleys. It is not yet known whether its prevalence in that area is due to the warm climate or to the early-maturing varieties grown there. Flavescence doree was clifficult to identify at first, and it took a few years till positive results were obtained. Transmission was achieved by grafting on Baco 22 A. The vector, Scaphoideiis littoraiis BALL. (12), has not been found in Israel. Conclusions Three virus cliseases and one caused by mycoplasma have been identified and described. In adclition to the nematode X. index, reported by HEw1TT (8, 11) and by Vun­TENEZ (15) as the vector of Grape fanleaf virus, another species, X. itatiae, has been described by C01-1N et a[. (3) as vector of this virus in Israel. Virus diseases of grapevine in Israel 225 Local grapevine varieties were found to be far less affected than imported ones, (Table 1) either because of innate resistance or because of more favourable geo­graphical distribution. More rapid means of identification are desirable, especially in the case of leaf­roll virus, where mechanical methods do not give positive results. Summary The following virus diseases have been identified in Israel: Grape fanlea.f, Grape yellow mosaic, Grape leaf-roll virus, as weil as the mycoplasma disease Flavescence doree. Among them grape fanleaf and leaf-roll viruses are widespread, while Flavescence doree is most common in the hot valleys of north-east Israel. A new species of nematode, Xiphinema italiae, has been identified as vector of grape fanleaf virus. Mechanical inoculation of herbaceous plants, while helpful, does not solve the problem of a rapid indexing. Literature Citecl 1. CADMAN, C. H., Dus, H. F. and HAnn1soN, B. D., 1960: Sap transmissable viruses assoeiated with diseases of grape vines in Europe and North Ameriea. Nature 187, 577. 2. CAunwELL, A., 1964: Identifieation d'une nouvelle maJadie a virus de la vigne, Ja FJaveseence doree. Etude des phenomenes de Jocalisation des symptomes et de retablissement. Ann. Epiphyties 15, N' hors-serie, 1935. 3. Cmm, E., TANNE, EnNA and NnzANY, F. E., 1970: Xipltinema italiae: a new vector of grape­vine fanleaf virus. PhytopathoJogy 60, 181-182. 4. o'HERDE, J. and VAN DER BnANDE, J., 1964: Distribution of Xipltinema and Longidorus ssp. in strawberry fields in BeJgium and methods for their quantitative extraetion. Nematologica 10, 454-458. 5. G1ANNOTT1, J., CAuowr:1.1., A., VAco, C. et Dunro1T, L.-L., 1969: Isolement et purification de micro-organismes de type mycopJasme a partir de vignes atteintes de Flaveseence doree. C. R. Hebd. Seances Aead. Sei. (Paris) 268, 845-847. 6. Go11EEN, A. C. and CooK, J. A., 1959: Leaf roll (red leaf or rougeau) and its effeets on vine growth, fruit quality and yields. Amer. J. Enol. Vitieult. 10, 173-181. 7. - - , HAnMoN, F. N., and WntNnERGEn, J. H., 1958: Leafroll (White Emperor disease) of grapevines in California. Phytopathology 48, 51-54. 8. HEWITT, W. B., 1956: FanJeaf virus of grapevines is soil-borne. Phytopathology 46, 15. 9. - - , 1970: Les maladies a virus de la vigne. Bull. O.I.V. 469, 97-125. 10. - - , GoHEEN, A. C., RASKI, D. J. and Goon1NG, C. V. Jn., 1962: Studies on virus diseases of grapevines in California. Vitis 3, 57-83. 11. - - , RASK1, D. J. and Go11EEN, A. c., 1958: Nematode veetor of soil-borne fanleaf virus of grapevines. Phytopathology 48, 586-595. 12. Scuvesrnn, D., CAnLE, P. et MouTOus, G., 1961: Sur Ja transmission de la flavescence doree des vignes par une cicadelle. c. R. Seances Aead., Agrieult. Franee 47, 1021-1024. 13. Vu1TrnNez, A., 1960: Mise en evidence chez les vignes atteintes de degenereseence infectieuse d'un virus transmissible meeaniquement aux Chenopodes (Chenopodiuni amaranti­color et c. quinoa). c. R. Hebd. Seanees Acad. Sei. (Paris) 251, 783-785. 14. - - , 1963: IsoJement, proprietes physiques et serologiques du virus de la degenerescenee infectieuse chez les chenopodes et la vigne. Virologie Appliquee INRA Versailles 1, 133-142. 15. - - et LEGIN, R., 1964: Recherehes sur les vecteurs naturels de la clegenereseenee infee­tieuse. Confirmation de la transmission du virus par Xiphin.ema index (T11onNE et ALLEN} et de l'aetivite parasitaire de ee nematode. C. R. Seanees Aead. Agricult. Franee 50, 286-306. Eingegangen am 29. 11. 1972 EDNA TANNE Dr. F. E. N1TZANY Agricult. Res. Organization The Volcani Center P.O.B. 6, Bet Dagan Israel 

Virus diseases of grapevine in lsrael

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Virus diseases of grapevine in lsrael

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