Sultanina vines were sprayed once or twice after berry set and twice - one spray at bloom and one after set, with 20 ppm GA3 • There was a retarding effect on ripening of the double late sprays in comparison with the other treatments and with the non-sprayed vines; it was expressed in the lower sugar content and the higher acid content of the grapes.Der Einfluß von Gibberellinsäure-Behandlungen auf die Reife von Sultanina-RebenSultanina-Reben wurden ein- oder zweimal nach dem Beerenansatz sowie zweimal - in der Blüte und nach dem Ansatz - mit 20 ppm GA3 besprüht. Die zweifache späte Behandlung bewirkte eine Verzögerung der Beerenreife, verglichen mit den ande,·en Behandlungen und der Kontrolle; diese Reifeverzögerung äußerte sich in einem geringeren Zucker- und einem höheren Säuregehalt

Guelfat-Reich, Sylvia

Safran, B.

English

JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut)

Vitis 12, 33-37 (1973) Division of Fruit and Vegetable Storage, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organiza­tion, Bet Dagan; and Department of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, Tel Aviv, Israel Maturity responses of Sultanina grapes to gibberellic acid treatments l) by SYLVIA GvELFAT-REICH and B. SAFRAN Der Einfluß von Gibberellinsäure-Behandlungen auf die Reife von Sultanina-Reben Zu sa m m e n  f a s s  u n g. - Sultanina-Reben wurden ein- oder zweimal nach dem Beerenansatz sowie zweimal - in der Blüte und nach dem Ansatz - mit 20 ppm GA3 besprüht. Die zweifache späte Behandlung bewirkte eine Verzögerung der Beeren­reife, verglichen mit den ande,·en Behandlungen und der Kontrolle; diese Reifever­zögerung äußerte sich in einem geringeren Zucker- und einem höheren Säuregehalt. Introduction The stimulating effect of gibberellic acid on berry thinning and enlargement of seedless Vitis vinifera and the best timing of the treatments for these purposes, have been documented in many works (1, 2, 7, 8). Little attention was given in these studies to the influence of GA sprays on the maturation of the grapes (4, 7, 8). The purpose of the present work was to clarify the effect of GA treatments on the ripening time of var. Sultanina grapes. Materials and Methods Experiments were carried out in 1971 and 1972 at two different locations, Zacharia and· Omer, to study the effect of gibberellic acicl sprays on the ripening of Vitis vinifera var. Sultanina. The grapes were sprayecl with a gun sprayer of medium volume, with 20 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.02% Triton 100 x (as spreader). In 1971, the fruit tested was harvested at random from commercial plots of sprayed Ta ble 1 Details of the experimental treatments with GA3 given to Sultanina grapes in 1971 and 1972 Angaben zur Durchführung der GA3-Behandlungen von Sultanina-Reben 1971 und 1972 Year Treatment Number Timing of sprays of spray31971 a 0 b 1 10 days after berry set C 2 10 days after berry set and 7 days later 1972 a 0 b 1 7 days after berry set C 2 7 days after berry set and 10 days later d 2 at bloom and 7 days later (after berry set) ') Contribution from The Agricultural Research Organization, No. 1977-E. 34 SYLVIA GuELFAT-REICH and B. SAFRAN Ta ble 2 The effect of GA3 spray treatment on the crop1) of Sultanina vines, and on cluster andberry weight (1972) Einfluß der GA3-Sprühbehandlung auf Stockertrag sowie Trauben- und Beerengewicht von Sultanina-Reben (1972) Mean crop wt. per Mean wt. per Mean wt. per Treatment vine cluster berry kg g g a 13.9 380 1.68 b 13.7 460 2.11 C 15.0 479 2.11 d 14.6 487 2.15 ') Avg. yield = 25 t/ha. and unsprayed vines, the yield was of 25-30 t/ha. No thinning of clusters was done that year in any treatment. In 1972, each treatment included 20 vines in five randomized blocks. The vines which were tobe sprayed were cluster-thinned (before blooming) to equalize their crops with the unsprayed vines. The treatments given are summarized in Table 1. The fruit from all treatments in both years was harvested when the non-treated grapes were commercially ripe. In 1971, 8 kg of fruit from each treatment was picked at random from each plot. The stage of maturity of the grapes was determined as described by NnsoN et ai. (6), based on the specific gravity of the berries separatecl in sugar solutions with a 1 % difference between them. The sugar content, as total soluble solids {TSS), was determined on the juice extracted from these berries, ancl the acidity was determined by titration with 0.1 N NaOH and calculated as grams tartaric acid per 100 ml juice. t: 25 ::> ::l? . CONTROL (a) ---- 1 SPRAY (b) ------ 2 SPRAYS (c) o I'' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0/o T.S.S. Fig. 1: Percentage of Sultanina fruit at different TSS concentrations (1971). Prozentuale Verteilung der Sultanina-Beeren auf die einzelnen Konzentrationen der löslichen Trockensubstanz (1971). Maturity responses of grapes to gibberellic acid treatments t:: 20 ;!, CONTROL (a) 1 SPRAY (b) lL 0 ;J 15 10 5 / //i -­/ ,� __ / _____ _ / 1 : '"" / I '-/ i : / " 2 SPRAYS (c) ,/ 1 1/ "-\ / / y -------\ / / / ! O /ö 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 40 045 050 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 1 o.� 1 0.90 1.00 1.10 ACID (g /100 ml) Fig. 2: Percentage of Sultanina fruit at different acid contents (1971). 35 Prozentuale Verteilung der Sultanina-Beeren auf die einzelnen Säure-Konzentrationen (1971). In 1972, the fruit of each treatment was harvested and weighed separately from five replicates (one vine each), bearing similar crnps. In addition, ten clusters and 300 separated berries were chosen at random from each treatment and their weight was determined (Table 2). The stage of maturity of the grapes was tested in two ways: 8 kg of fruit from all the five vines of each treatment was examined by the method of NELSON et al. (6) as in 1971. In addition, the acid and sugar contents were determined on the juice of 3 kg of fruit harvested from each replicate. Results and Discussion In 1971 the retarding effect of the single and double sprays with GA3 after berryset on the ripening of Sultanina grapes, was marked. The delay in ripening was evident not only in the range of sugar and acid, but also in the percent of berries at the different sugar and acid concentrations (Figs. 1, 2). Fifty percent of the non­sprayed fruit had a sugar concentration of 18-20% and an acid content between 0.50-0.46 g per 100 ml. In the single GA3 treatment after fruit set the sugar con­centration was between 14 and 16% and the acid content between 0.78 and 0.76 g per 100 ml; in the double GA3 spray, the sugar concentration of 50% of the berries wasbetween 11-13% and the acid content between 0.99-0.79 g per 100 ml juice. Since the treated vines were not thinned in 1971, their crop was approximately 20-25% higher than that of non-treated vines. In 1972, in the fruit tested by NELsoN's method, the differences in sugar and acid concentration between the control fruit (treatment a), the single (treatment b) and the early double GA3 sprays (treatment d), were small, as against the double spray after bloom (treatment c) (Fig. 3, 4). The fruit from treatment c was evidently less mature than that from the other treatments: more than 50% of the berries had a sugar content of 12.5-13.5% and an acid content of 0.87-0.78 g per 100 ml. In the other treatments 50% of the berries had higher sugar and lower acid content. These findings were reinforced by the results obtained from the fruit of each replicate separately. Although there was no uniformity in the sugar concentrations or in the acid content between the replicates, there was a significant difference in the acid content of the fruit of the double late sprays (treatment c) in comparison with the fruit of the double early sprays (treat-36 Snv1A GuELFAT-Re,cH and B. SAFRAN f- 40 5 :,!? 0 20 IO 0 1 \ 1 \ 1 \ 1 1 ·;1' \ ; 1 / 1 1 : / \ : / \ / / \ /' / \, X X X X X ', CONTROL (o) 1 SPRAY (b) 2 SPRAYS (c) 2 SPRAYS (d) ,,1 ''11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 % T.S .S. Fig. 3: Percentage of Sultanina fruit at different TSS concentrations (1972). Prozentuale Verteilung der Sultanina-Beeren auf die einzelnen Konzentrationen der löslichen Trockensubstanz (1972). ment d), (0.93 g and 0.80 g tartaric acid, per 100 ml juice, respectively), which indicates that the grapes of the double late treatment (c) were less mature. In the fruit of all other treatments thre was a trend toward an acid content lower than 0.93 g per 100 ml. As reported previously (3), the acid content is an important factor in determining the stage of maturity of the Sultanina cultivar. The effect of gibberellic acid on the ripening of seedless Vitis vinifera varieties has been mentioned occasionally in different works. Often the results were erratic and the general opinion was that when differences in crop levels were eliminated, there was no effect of GA on maturation of Sultanina grapes (2, 4, 5, 7). WEAVEn ancl PooL (8) mention that in treatments on the Sultanina variety with GA at a concentra­tion up to 60 ppm, there was no effect on TSS or acid content. Only at a GA concen­tration of 1000 ppm there was a delay in maturity. From our work it can be seen that two GA sprays at a concentration of 20 ppm, applied after fruit set, delayed ripening in both vineyards in both years, although the more marked delay in 1971 could be partly attributed to the additional effect f- 40 CONTROL (o) --- 1 SPRAY (b) ------- 2 SPRAYS (c) 30 -?Ht->t-1t-)t-)t- 2 SPRAYS (d) /' :,!? 0 / 20 10 // 0 /' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 040 050 060 0.70 080 090 100 1.10 ACID (g/lOOml) Fig. 4: Percentage of Sultanina fruit at different acid contents (1972). Prozentuale Verteilung der Sultanina-Beeren auf die einzelnen Säurekonzentrationen (1972). Maturity responses of grapes to gibberellic acid treatments 37 of increased yield as against the control. One spray only, after fruit set, did not have a retarding effect on ripening when crops were equalized (as in 1972). lt is possible that small differences in timing of the single postbloom spray can have an effect on maturation. WEAVER and PooL (8) describe differences in response of the Sultanina variety to berry enlargement due to short lags in the timing of GA application after fruit set. In 1972 the single spray (treatment b) was applied about seven days after fruit set, whereas in 1971 it was applied ten days after fruit set. In treatment d (one bloom spray and one after berry set), the grapes ripened at approximately the same time as the control fruit. The fruit in this treatment ripened definitely earlier than the fruit which received two late sprays, although the effect of the GA treatment on berry size and duster weight was the same in both treatments (Table 2). Practically, the retarding effect of the two late GA sprays could enable the grower to prolong the harvest and the marketing time of Sultanina grapes. Summary Sultanina vines were sprayed once or twice after berry set and twice - onespray at bloom and one after set, with 20 ppm GA3 • There was a retarding effect onripening of the double late sprays in comparison with the other treatments andwith the non-sprayed vines; it was expressed in the lower sugar content and thehigher acid content of the grapes.Literature Cited 1. C1rn1sT0DouLu, A., Poo1., R. M. and WcAven, R. J., 1966: Prebloom thinning of Thompson Seedless grapes is feasible when followed by bloom spraying with gibberellin. Calif. Agricult. 20 (11), 8-10. 2. - - , WnAvnn, R. J. and PooL, R. M., 1968: Relation of gibberellin treatment to fruit set, berry development and cluster compactness in Vitis vinifera grapes. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sei. 92, 301-310. 3. GuELPAT-Rmc11, S. and SAPllAN, B., 1971: Indices of malurity for table grapes as determined by variety. Amer. J. Enol. Viticult. 22, 13-18. 4. JaNsuN, L. F., 1969: Effects of timing gibberellin sprays for berry sizing on maturity of table Thompson Seedless. Calif. Agricult. 23 (4), 13-14. 5. LAvau, S. and SAM1s11, R., 1964: Studies on grapes for export. Prelim. Rep. Volcani Inst. Agri­cult. Res., Bet Dagan, Israel. 438 (in Hebrew). 6. NELSON, K. E., BAKtm, G. A., W1NKLER, A. J., A�rnn1NE, M. A., R1c11AnosoN, H. B. and JoNns, F. R., 1963: Chemical and sensory variability in table grapes. Hilgardia 34, 1-42. 7. WE,wen, R. J. and McCuNE, S. B., 1959: Effect of gibberellin on seedless Vitis vinifera. Hil­gardia 29, 247-275. 8. - - and PooL, R. M., 1971: Berry response of 'Thompson Seedless• and 'Perlette' grapes to application of gibberellic acid. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sei. 96, 162-166. Eingegangen am 27. 10. 1972 Dr. SYLVIA GuELFAT-REICH Div. of Fruit and Vegetable Storage, The Volcani Center of Agricult. Research Organization P.O.B. 6, Bet Dagan Israel 

Maturity responses of Sultanina grapes to gibberellic acid treatments

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Maturity responses of Sultanina grapes to gibberellic acid treatments

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