Du, Y. P.

Sun, Q. H.

Wang, Z. S.

Zhai, H.

English

JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut)

Vitis 48 (1), 57–58 (2009)Research NoteSusceptibility  of  Chinese  grapes  to  grape  phylloxeraY. P. DU, H. ZHAI, Q. H. SUN and Z. S. WANG Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong, ChinaK e y   w o r d s :  Chinese native grapes, hybrids, phylloxera, susceptibility.Introduction: Grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifolia (Fitch) (Homoptera, Phylloxeridae). evolved in America, then spread to Europe, devastating viticulture there. Phylloxera rampantly reemerged in Jiading, Shang-hai in 2005 and other regions, including Huaihua, Hunan province; Xi’an, Shaanxi province; Xingcheng, Liaoning province all in 2006 and 2007. The phylloxera damage to the grape industry in China is becoming similar to the dam-age this insect caused in late 19th century Europe.China is one of the centers of origin of the genus Vitis and has about 37 species (HE 2001). Many of these native grapes are grown domestically and also used for breeding. Information of resistance of only a few eastern Chinese species to grape phylloxera was available from BOUBALS (1966) and GALET (1988).The aim of this research is to evaluate resistance of Chinese native and wild grapes to Chinese strains of grape phylloxera using the method of GRANETT et al. (1987). GRANETT's classification was based on potential doubling time. BOUBALS’ (1966) classification of susceptibility and resistance was based on observations of tuberosities and nodosities on whole plants. Plants forming few nodosities and no or few tuberosities were resistant, those forming lots of tuberosities were susceptible. The laboratory bio-assays were convenient and easily visible. Results were in agreement with those of field experiment (KING et al. 1982). This work has significance to success of viticulture in China. Material and Methods:  M a t e r i a l :  Roots for bioassay experiments were obtained from Zhengzhou Na-tional Institute vineyard in 2007. Grape cultivars tested in-cluding: (1) SO4 (V. rupestris × V. riparia) as a negative control; (2) V. vinifera 'Cabernet Sauvignon' as a positive control; (3) V. quinquangularis Rehd; (4) V. yeshanensis J. X. Chen; (5) V. pseudoreticulata W. T. Wang; (6) V. flexu-osa Thunb; (7) V. heyneana Roem. et Schult subsp. ficifolia Bge. C. L. Li; (8) V. suosuo grape; (9) V. davidii Roman Foex; (10) V. amurensis Rupr; (11) Beihong (V. amuren-sis-V. vinifera); (12) 'Beimei' (V. amurensis 'Muscat ham-bourg'); (13), V. amurensis var. 'Gongniang'; (14) 'Beichun' (V. amurensis 'Muscat hambourg'); (15) Beta (V. riparia; V. labrusca; V. vinifera) (USDA-ARS); (16) 'Huajia No. 8' (V. pseudoreticu lata. × 'Carignane'). grape phylloxera used in the experiment were collected from 'Kyoho' grapes ('Campbell Early' (4x) × 'Centennial') in Baqiao, Shaanxi, and reared in the laboratory on 'Kyoho' (GRANETT et al. 1987).  M e t h o d s :  Ten phylloxera eggs (2- to 3-d after eggs were laid) were placed on excised grape roots of each strain as described by GRANETT et al. (1987).Data collected included day (x) of each egg laid, dai-ly number of eggs per female (mx) collected on 2- to 3-d schedule, and survivorship (lx, daily proportion of original individuals surviving to the next age class) to and during the adult stage. The life table parameters were determined: Intrinsic rate of increase, rm: ∑e-rm×xlxmx=1; Doubling time (DT): ln(2)/rm; (MEYER et al. 1986). Linear correlation analyses SPASS were used and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare differences in survival, development, fecundity, life-table parameters, tuberosities %, percentage of starting eggs that become adults. Results and Discussion:  S u r v i v o r s h i p :  Over the course of the bioassays phylloxera survival declined (Tab. 1). The negative control, SO4 along with V. quin-quangularis had the lowest survival on each of the meas-urement days. The positive control, 'Cabernet Sauvignon' had a relatively high survival with the remaining cultivars having similarly high survival rates.R e s u l t s   o f   b i o a s s a y s   o f   d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s :  As indicated in Tab. 2, Phylloxera on SO4 could not form any tuberosities; The percentage of tuber-Correspondence to: Prof. H. ZHAI, Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, Shandong 271018, China. E-mail: hengz@sdau.edu.cnT a b l e  1Mean percent survival for phylloxera on grape cultivars at selected times of the bioassayResources testedSurvivorship (%)9 d 17 d 23 d 29 d 39 d1 SO4 41a 12c 7c 1c 0c2 Cabernet Sauvignon 58b 56a 56a 54ab 32a3 V. quinquangularis 40a 32c 27b 22c 0c4 V. yeshanensis    J.X.Chen 59b 49b 48a 45b 43a5 V. pseudoreticu lata 59b 51b 43a 39b 25a6 V. flexuosa 60b 60a 53a 37b 29a7 V. heyneana 73b 64a 60a 55ab 31a8 V. suosuo grape 74b 73a 70a 60a 33a9 V. davidii 78b 70a 65a 52ab 35a10 V. amurensis. 71b 49b 47a 45b 35a11 Beihong 59b 46b 45a 42b 30a12 Beimei 61b 59a 52a 42b 28a13 V. amurensis var.     Gongniang65b 64a 64a 54ab 34a14 Beichun 74b 68a 54a 44b 15b15 Beta 54b 45b 44a 41b 31a16 Huajia No.8 61b 53b 44a 40b 26aMeans (%) in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different using Tukey’s studentized range test at α=0.05 58 Y. P. DU et al.stocks and other control strategies should be researched for broad use in China’s viticulture.We sincerely thank Emeritus Prof. J. GRANETT (Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, USA) for the technical guidance and editing the manuscript. This research was supported by the commonweal program of Ministry of Agricul-ture in 2007 (nyhyzx07-27), the National Natural Sciences Foun-dation of China in 2008 (30871680).BOUBALS, D.; 1966: Hérédité de la résistance au phylloxera radicicole chez la vigne. Ann. Amélior. Plantes 16, 327-347.DU, Y. P.; WANG, Z. S.; SUN, Q. H.; ZHAI, H.; WANG, Z. Y.; 2008: Evalu-ation on grape phylloxera resistance in several grape varieties and rootstocks. Acta Entomol. Sci. 51, 33-39.GALET, P.; 1988: Cépages et Vignobles de France: Tome I, Les vignes Américaines. Les presses de l’Imprimerie Déhan.GRANETT, J.; BISABRI-ERSHADI, B.; CAREY, J.; 1983: Life tables of phyl-loxera on resistant and susceptible grape roots. Entomol. Expt. Appl. 34, 13-19.GRANETT, J.; GOHEEN, A. C.; LIDER, L. A.; WHITE, J. J.; 1987: Evaluation of grape rootstocks for resistance to type A and type B grape phyl-loxera. Am. J. Enology Vitic. 38, 298-330. HE, P. C.; 2001: Viticulture. China Agricultural Press, Beijing, China.KING, P. D.; MEEKINGS, J. S.; SMITH, S. M.; 1982: Studies of the resistance of grapes (Vitis spp.) to phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae). N. Z. J. Exp. Agric. 10, 337-344MEYER, J. S.; INGERSOL, C. G.; MCDONALD, L. L.; 1986: Estimating un-certainty in population growth rates: Jackknife vs. Bootstrap tech-niques. Ecology 67, 1156-1166.OMER, A. D.; GRANETT, J.; KOCSIS, L.; DOWNIE, D. A.; 1999: Preference and performance responses of California grape phylloxera to differ-ent Vitis rootstocks. J. Appl. Entomol. 123, 341-346.USDA-ARS, Plant Genetic Resources Unit. Cornell University. Geneva. NY 14456-0462. USA.Received May 28, 2008osities of V. quinquangularis, V. amurensis and 'Beichun' were all between 20 % to 30 %; Others were all above 32 %. The percentage of starting eggs that became adults on V. quinquangularis was the lowest of resources tested, and on others were quite similar to 'Cabernet Sauvignon'.Phylloxera on SO4 did not develop to the adult stage and therefore laid no eggs. The total egg numbers of phyl-loxera on V. quinquangularis, 'Beichun', V. amurensis and 'Beihong' laid were significantly lower than on 'Cabernet Sauvignon'; while the total egg numbers on V. yeshanensis J. X. Che, V. davidii, V. flexuosa and V. heyneana laid were higher than on 'Cabernet Sauvignon'; those laid on others were similar to 'Cabernet Sauvignon'.The doubling time on all roots tested was all < 12 d. All were susceptable to grape phylloxera according to the criterion of GRANETT (1987). V. quinquangularis was sig-nificantly more resistant than 'Cabernet Sauvignon', others were quite similar to 'Cabernet Sauvignon'. The data in our tests showed that there was a signifi-cant correlation between percentage of tuberosities and doubling time (r = -0.78). The correlation parameter be-tween percentage of adults and doubling time was -0.83. So we evaluated the resistance by the numbers of tuberosi-ties with root piece-bioassays rather than using whole plant tests. From the data of the % tuberosities, we determined that SO4 was in class 0; V. quinquangularis, V. amurensis and 'Beichun' were in class 2; Others were in class 3.We conclude that plantings of cultivars and hybrids of Chinese grape species are at severe risk to phylloxera associated damage. Considering the high resistance of rootstocks to grape phylloxera (GRANETT et al. 1983, OMER et al. 1999, DU et al. 2008). Strongly resistant grape root-T a b l e   2Comparision of phylloxera feeding position on different grape cultivars, percentage of starting eggs that becomes adults, size of adult, doubling time and resistance classResources tested % tuberosities (mean±S.D)  % adults(mean±S.D)Doubling time (DT)(mean±S.D)Total number of eggsResistance class 1 SO4 0 0 – 0f 02 Cabernet Sauvignon 50.82±3.25ab 52.31±5.24a 4.89±1.03b 200.76c 33 V. quinquangularis 20.45±5.84c 26.67±5.09b 8.03±0.70a 69.73e 24 V. yeshanensis J.X.Chen 40.33±3.42ab 48.00±6.51a 5.23±0.85b 296.68a 35 V. pseudoreticu lata. 40.32±5.62ab 43.33±5.09a 5.35±0.75b 174.98c 36 V. flexuosa 38.64±3.02ab 40.00±7.64ab 5.05±0.99b 250.35ab 37 V. heyneana 53.33±5.30a 54.55±5.01a 4.58±0.91b 282.43a 38 V. suosuo grape 52.00±4.05a 55.71±5.02a 5.15±0.85b 189.20c 39 V. davidii 52.06±2.68ab 54.00±5.03a 4.38±0.94b 264.49a 310 V. amurensis 29.52±5.36c 39.00±7.21ab 6.54±0.94ab 110.66de 211 Beihong 38.24±4.00ab 43.00±5.13a 5.84±0.74b 145.93d 312 Beimei 32.00±6.28ab 43.33±5.09a 5.17±0.85b 203.38c 313 V. amurensis var Gongniang 38.75±5.40ab 40.00±7.64ab 6.10±0.84ab 197.17c 314 Beichun 22.65±4.36c 34.00±6.39ab 6.11±0.84ab 100.06de 215 Beta 31.65±4.01bc 40.00±5.77ab 6.08±0.84ab 216.24bc 316 Huajia No.8 33.00±5.41bc 40.00±5.77ab 4.97±0.99b 194.31c 3Means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different using Tukey’s studentized range, Small letters show significant difference at α =0.05 and big letters showed significant difference at α = 0.01. Tuberosities were formed by phylloxera on ligneous roots by swelling of the root cortex.

Susceptibility of Chinese grapes to grape phylloxera

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Susceptibility of Chinese grapes to grape phylloxera

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