Gil, E.

Gracia, F.

Montemayor, V.

English

JKI Open Journal Systems (Julius Kühn-Institut)

Julius-Kühn-Archiv 439 | 2012Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 2012 Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 201267The official procedure for mandatory inspection of sprayers in use in Spain. How to deal with regional autonomous authorities.Gil, E.(1); Montemayor, V.(2); Gràcia, F.(3)(1) Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Departamento de Ingeniería Agroalimentaria y Biotecnología, Esteve Terradas 8, 8860 Castelldefels, Spain(2) Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, y Medio Rural y Marino, Estación de Mecànica Agrícola. Madrid.(3) Departament d’Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Alimentació i Medi Natural, Centre de Mecanització Agrària. Lleida.DOI 10.5073/jka.2012.439.006SummaryAfter the official publishing of 2009/128/CE Directive, the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment started to develop the national law (Real Decreto) to implement the EU mandate, spe-cifically for those aspects concerning Article 8. This work has been developed in collaboration with some experts from different Spanish local governments (CCAA) and universities. In order to have ac-curate information about the total sprayers to be inspected in the established time, a new Spanish law (RD 1013/2009) was published with the mandate to register all the sprayers in use. Farmers have had the responsibility to arrange this administrative process in their local government (Official Register of Agricultural Machinery). Once the law will be published the MARM will coordinate the inspection pro-cedure arranged individually for every one of the 17 local authorities (CCAA) through the nominated National Reference Laboratory (NRL). This laboratory will be in charge to harmonize and check the in-spection method, validate documents and act as a referee, if needed, of the activities developed by the inspection units. Those inspection units (ITEAF) will be officially recognized by the CCAA and will accomplish the established requirements in the new national law including the particular aspects in-cluded by CCAA. Technical requirements of ITEAF must be in accordance with those reflected in the national law. Regarding the capability of inspectors, a complete 40 hours training course has been established as a mandatory previous requirement. Those courses (theoretical and practical) will be delivered by Universities and Research Centers directly related with the subject. For this purpose a detailed Inspection manual has been edited to be published together with the national law. This paper presents the actual situation and the encountered problems during the process of development of the law, and how the inspection procedure has been arranged in all around the country.IntroductionAfter publication of 2009/128/CE Directive for a Sustainable Use of Pesticides on October 2009, and according the perceptive procedure, all the MS started their administrative process in order to achieve the mandatory transposition of such as that EU mandate. Different purposes have been arranged on every single MS. In case of Spain, the Ministry of Agriculture started the process by arranging two dif-ferent Spanish Laws: one specifically related with the procedure for the inspection of sprayers in use, and other for the complete management of all the other chapters included in the EU Directive. The first one (RD 1702/2011) has been recently officially approved and published (December 9th 2011) and lies with all aspects, procedures, deadlines and specifications to be followed by the different local au-thorities in Spain, with the objective to accomplish with the mandatory due to inspect all the sprayers in use by December 2016. The second one, including all the other aspects relative to the ED Directive, is at this time in the last process of official review and is expected to be published before the end 2012. This described scheme represents the structure and way of action of the Spanish National Action Plan to be followed during the next four years.How many sprayers must be inspected in Spain?This is the first question to be solved, prior to arrange the inspection procedure itself. At different in-ternational platforms, and based on experience, a general data of about 300.000 sprayers has been managed. But unfortunately this is a not official data. For this reason, on July 2009 the Spanish govern-ment published a mandatory law (RD 1103/2009) with the purpose to create an official register of all sprayers in use in Spain. This requirement has been established as a mandatory prior to attend the in-spection procedure. This information becomes a key point for the local governments in order to ar-range the inspection procedure, establishing the adequate number of inspection workshops (ITEAF) as well as the number, placement and inspector’s training units.Julius-Kühn-Archiv 439 | 201268Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 2012 Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 2012Two years after the publication of the mandatory registration law, Fig.s on number of sprayers indicate that only about 38% of the expected sprayers (116053 were registered). Regarding the distribution according the type of sprayers, 65.7% has been classified as orchard sprayers, 27.9% field sprayers and 6.4% as others (including hand held sprayers, pneumatic sprayers…). Also important is how the spray-ers in use in Spain are distributed among the 17 regions, with big differences both in terms on number and type (Fig. 1).Fig. 1. Number of sprayers in use and distribution among the 17 regions (official data March 2012)One of the first consequences of this uneven distribution is the poor relation between number of sprayers and use of plant protection products (PPP). As is very well known, the most intense use of PPP on Mediterranean area is related with vegetable and fruit production, either outside or in greenhous-es. In case of Spain, those productions are mainly based all along the Mediterranean coast, which in-clude from vineyard and fruit production in the north (Catalonia) to the intense vegetable productive area in greenhouses in the south (Andalucía), placing citrus production in the middle part (Valencia). So, a comparative analysis between use of pesticides (Gil, 2006) and sprayer’s distribution is shown in Fig. 2. Only 39% of sprayers in use are based on 25% of productive area, where more than 75% of Span-ish PPP use is registered. On the other side, 61% of sprayers in use are disseminated in a great area with low pesticide pressure. This fact should be considered for the local authorities at the time to arrange the whole procedure of official inspections. Seems logic that the most intense sprayers’ use, the most interesting the inspection procedure.Fig. 2 More than 75% of PPP use in Spain is concentrated in less than 25% of productive area in Medi-terranean coast (left), where only 38% of sprayers have been registered (centre), while the great part of sprayers in use (nearly 7%) are disseminated in the three biggest regions in centre Spain (Castilla-León, Castilla La Mancha and Andalucía).Julius-Kühn-Archiv 439 | 2012Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 2012 Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 201269Inspector’s training courses and number of inspection workshopsDue to the characteristics of the Spanish legislation, a Member State with 17 autonomous regions, the responsibility of the arrangement of the inspection procedure below to the local authorities. Since the Spanish Government has published on the official journal the Spanish law concerning the inspection of sprayers in use, the 17 regional governments (CCAA) must implement the procedure in order to ac-complish the mandate established by the EU Directive. The official procedure has been established according the flow chart shown in Fig. 3. Once the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture has delivered the official law, every single local authority must design the responsible institution in charge of the inspec-tions. This institution must be arrange, among other minor aspects, the number and placement of in-spection workshops, the inspector’s training scheme and the official recovery of data concerning their area of responsibility. This structure based on autonomous territories presents, in some cases, certain difficulties in order to guarantee a homogeneous and harmonized.One of the first problems to be solved is related with the total number of workshops needed to achieve the EU mandate before the end 2016. For this purpose, and based on the official registration data and expecting the achievement of around 300.000 sprayers in use in the whole country, a prospective ex-ercise has been developed. Assuming an intense period of 6 months of sprayer’s inspection on every individual workshop (it is not realistic to predict activities during the critical agricultural periods as spraying time, seeding or harvesting, i.e.) and based on a maximum number of inspections per day (around 6), table 1 shows the prediction of total number of inspections workshops distributed among the regions. Prospection has been made also with the premise of at least one inspection every third year, following the mandatory procedure included on the Spanish law. This fact means that, at least 25% of the sprayers should attend 2 inspections during the period from 2012 (October) and 2016 (December).Fig. 3. Official procedure for the inspection of sprayers in use in Spain. The system involves directly all the local authorities.Julius-Kühn-Archiv 439 | 201270Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 2012 Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 2012Tab. 1. Prediction of number of inspection workshops and training facilities. Distribution among the regionsA detailed analysis of the previous data indicates an heterogeneous and very different needs in terms of inspection workshops among the 17 regions. Values range from 32 inspection workshops in Anda-lucía to 0 in some other regions as Asturias, Canary Island or Baleares Island. This fact should be con-sidered by the responsible in order to arrange the most adequate, productive and efficient inspection program in Spain. Based on the mandatory mutual recognition among the inspection workshops, may be in some areas should be considered the possibility for agreements between neighbor communities in order to save investment, increasing efficiency of the process, due to the fact of the very low num-ber of sprayers.Inspector’s training: key point to guarantee the successAccording the Spanish law to become director or technician of a inspection workshop an official cer-tificate will be mandatory. This certificate (renewable every 5 years) will be acquired after the atten-dance to mandatory training courses delivered by official institutions. But, who will in charge of train-ing and what should be the characteristics of the mandatory course? Te first part of the question is widely answered also by the law, which stated that universities (agricultural engineering depart-ments), official training centers, research and development institutes, and whatever other official insti-tution will be considered as a candidate for training responsible. This official scenario allows to local authorities to design the training responsible, with a great variety of expertise, background and facili-ties.In order to harmonize as much as possible the training procedure, several Spanish universities have arrange a coordinate activity with the purpose to present at local authorities an homogeneous and even training program, including similar contents distribution, facilities and expertise, trying to avoid unappreciated differences among the regions. Fig. 4 shows the map including the involved universi-ties.Fig. 4. Expected numbers of training courses and placement of involved universities with a harmo-nized training procedure.Julius-Kühn-Archiv 439 | 2012Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 2012 Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 201271Regarding the training course characteristics, the Spanish law publish (Annex IV) the mandatory re-quirements in terms of contents, length and distribution time between theory and practices activities. A forty hours course (one whole week) has been designed with a distribution of 60% theoretical ac-tivities and 40% practices. At the end of the course a mandatory exam has been established on which at least one whole inspection procedure has been included from the practical point of view. The at-tendance to the course is mandatory for all the intended inspectors and some requirements in terms of background (specific university degree or professional training degree) is required. Contents related with agriculture, machinery management and design are mandatory to become inspector.Training and education: basis for a successBased on a wide previous experience on all over the regions, training and a good information and educational procedure for the users has become a key point to guarantee the success of the inspec-tion procedure (Gil, 2001; Gil and Gracia, 2004; Gil, 2007). This fact can be guaranteed by following two main lines: a) an adequate and high level training scheme of the inspectors and b) implementing as a mandatory some informative/training activity during the inspection process itself, promoting the par-ticipation of the users and increasing their knowledge about what/why and how different measures, requirements or evaluations are done during the process.For this purpose, some agreements were achieved among the local responsible of the official inspec-tion procedure in order to improve the user’s knowledge during the process:•	 Results of visual inspection must be explained /commented with the owner during the proc-dure itself.•	 Results of different measurements (nozzle flow rate, pressure gauge, horizontal distribution…) must be explained (time consuming estimated 5-10 min) immediately after the measurement process.Another interesting action to remark as official action implemented in Spain in order to increase the knowledge and education level of the users has been the publication of the manual of inspection of sprayers in use.Fig. 5. Manual for inspection of sprayers in use. Available at www.uma.deab.upc.edu and  www.magrama.es.This tool is mainly focused and dedicated to facilitate the comprehension of the whole procedure for the future inspectors and inspection’s workshop responsible. The manual (Fig. 5) has been developed by Polytechnic University of Catalonia, University of Lleida and Agricultural Machinery Center of Gen-eralitat de Catalunya, and includes detailed explanation (with graphical and pictures support) of every single action to be developed during the inspection procedure. According the published on the Span-ish law, the official manual of inspections is available on the official website of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture.Julius-Kühn-Archiv 439 | 201272Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 2012 Fourth European Workshop on Standardised Prodedure for the Inspection of Sprayers – SPISE 4 –, Lana (South Tyrol), March 27-29, 2012Conclusions and remarksAfter the long period and difficulties observed in Spain during the official procedure for the establish-ment of the Spanish law, some aspects or remarks must be considered:•	 The establishment of an official inspection procedure at 17 different regions at a time is an im   portant challenge•	 Accurate information about number and distribution of PAE results key for an adequate organi   zation•	 Inspector’s training must be managed as a “capital point” for guarantee the success of the whole   process•	 Recent modification on official procedure of inspections (EN 13790 substituted by ISO 16122)    will increase the need of training•	 MS who are in the process to establish mandatory inspection procedure should take advantage   of experience of other MS already experiencedReferencesBOE, 2011: Real Decreto 1702/2011, de 18 de noviembre, de inspecciones periódicas de los equipos de aplicación de productos fitosanitarios. BOE Nº 296, 9 diciembre de 2011, secc. I pag. 130569. Available at: www.boe.esBOE, 2009: Real Decreto 1013/2009, de 19 de junio, sobre caracterización y registro de la maquinaria agrícola. BOE Nº 170, 15 de julio de 2009, secc. I, pag. 59107. Avaliable at: www.boe.esGil, e., 2001: Inspection of sprayers in use. Quality improvement by increasing farmer’s formation. Parasitica 57(1-2-3): 157-166Gil, e., 2006: The Spanish perspective on pesticide application issues on international standards and regulatory demands. Aspects of Applied Biology 77, 2006, International advances in pesti-cide application 2006, 51-62.Gil, e., 2007: Inspections of sprayers in use: a European sustainable strategy to reduce pesticide use in fruit crops. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, Vol. 23(1): 49-56.Gil, e., Gracia, F., 2004: Compulsory inspection of sprayers in use: Improving efficiency by training and formative aspects. In First European Workshop on Standardised Procedure for the Inspection of Sprayers in Europe – SPISE, ed. H. Ganzelmeier and H. J. Wehmann, 114-119.

The official procedure for mandatory inspection of sprayers in use in Spain. How to deal with regional autonomous authorities.

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The official procedure for mandatory inspection of sprayers in use in Spain. How to deal with regional autonomous authorities.

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