Low Density Polyethelene is a

thermoplastic resin extracted from petroleum based,

whereas the wax is an oily organic component that is

contains of alkanes, ester, polyester, and hydroxyester.

The purpose of this research is to find out the optimum

conditions of the wax produced by inducing LDPE. The

experiment is carried out by mixing the wax and LDPE

into four new polymer compositions, in which the higher

value of the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and

hardness are obtained by mixing between 90 wt. % LDPE

with 10 wt. % wax, rather than compared to pure LDPE.

The results are 8.896 MPa, 247.602 MPa and 50.9

respectively. However, only the strength impact that has a

lower value as much as 31.38 %. By SEM analysis, the

improvement of mechanical properties value examined in

which the most suitable of optimal composition is 90 wt.

% LDPE with 10 wt. % wax. The LDPE/wax mixture

produces a new polymer and alters the properties of pure

LDPE

Perumal, Puvanasvaran

Sihombing, Haeryip

Yaakob, Mohd Yuhazri

English

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) Repository

 International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 04                   9  STUDY OF THE OPTIMUM CONDITION TOWARDS THE INDUCING PARAFFIN WAX LDPE    Kannan Rassiah(1), Mohd Yuhazri Yaakob(2), Haeryip Sihombing(2), and Puvanasvaran Perumal(2)  (1)    Department of Mechanical Engineering. Politeknik Merlimau. KB 1031, Pejabat Pos Merlimau-Melaka MALAYSIA  (2)   Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering. Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Durian Tunggal-Melaka MALAYSIA  Email:  kannan@pmm.edu.my    Abstract—Low Density Polyethelene is a thermoplastic resin extracted from petroleum based, whereas the wax is an oily organic component that is contains of alkanes, ester, polyester, and hydroxyester. The purpose of this research is to find out the optimum conditions of the wax produced by inducing LDPE. The experiment is carried out by mixing the wax and LDPE into four new polymer compositions, in which  the higher value of the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and hardness are obtained by mixing between 90 wt. % LDPE with 10 wt. % wax, rather than compared to pure LDPE. The results are 8.896 MPa, 247.602 MPa and 50.9 respectively. However, only the strength impact that has a lower value as much as 31.38 %. By SEM analysis, the improvement of mechanical properties value examined in which the most suitable of optimal composition is 90 wt. % LDPE with 10 wt. % wax. The LDPE/wax mixture produces a new polymer and alters the properties of pure LDPE.  Keywords: low density polyethylene, paraffin wax, new polymer.  I. INTRODUCTION olymer is a long chain of repeated atoms and produced by joining the molecules which are known as monomers. The Low Density Polyethelene (LDPE) is a first grade of the  Polyethylene group which was produced in 1933 by Imperial Chemical Industries by using high pressure and ‘free radical polymerisation’ techniques [3], while the wax is an organic compound which is categorized into two types, that is natural wax and modified wax. Both types of wax create higher potential as the reinforcement agent in polymers. The reason to choose the natural wax in this research due to the cost of manufacturing as well as it widely used for consumer products.   II. MATERIAL AND METHODS This research use low-density polyethylene as the matrix material in the form of pallet and the wax as reinforcement material. The wax material was obtained from the candle sticks that have been processed by the manufacturers. Most of the candles are made of parafin, but it can also made from bees wax, soya, plants as well as cow’s fat (a side product of the beef fat), wheras the gel wax is made from paraffin and plastic.  Chemically, a candle contains of various compounds such as alkanes, esters (contains acid and alcohol), polyesters, low hydroxyester alcohol, and fatty acids. The wax differs from fat because it lacks triglyceride ester glycerine propan 1,2,3 triol and three fatty acids. High melting point and hardness of  karnauba candle occurs when ester is added [1]. The formulation for LDPE and wax is divided into five main compositions ratio as shown in Table 1. Every material is mixing into a beaker placed on the top of hot plate magnetic stirrer. The set up parameter for the surrounding temperature is fixed with range 95 ºC to 125 ºC with fixed rotator is 600 rpm. The blending takes about 45 minutes to produce uniform mixture.   Table 1: Compositions ratio of LDPE/wax            Compositions          wt. % LDPE          wt. % Wax              A                            100                        0             B                             90                        10             C                             80                        20             D                             70                        30             E                             60                        40   By using crusher machine, the compounds are processed into smaller sizes. This process is to ensure that both of the materials are uniformly mix and no lumps presence due to the smaller lumps are able to influence the accuration of data analysis. The LDPE/wax compound was compressed for 15 minutes under 20 tonnes at temperature of 175 ºC followed by cooling at room temperature.  Five types of new polymer composition are cut and tested for tensile, harness, and charpy characteristics according to ASTM D-638 08, ASTM D-785 08 and ASTM D-6110 08 respectively. The microscopic observation is carried out to observe the cracked surface after all of the LDPE/wax polymer subjected into three mechanical testing. Here, the morphology of the cracked surface is observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at three types of magnifications that are 250X, 500X and 1000X, which consists of topographical, morphological and composition pictures.   P  International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 04                   10Chart of tension modulus against percentage composition of LDPE170.028205.672222.5247.60217005010015020025030060 70 80 90 100LDPE wt%Modulus of elasticity (MPa)Chart of tensile strength against percentage composition of LDPE2.5184.1667.2228.38.896024681060 70 80 90 100LDPE wt%Stress (MPa)Graph of impact strength against LDPE percentage of composition0.02740.004120.009220.01440.018800.0050.010.0150.020.0250.0360 70 80 90 100LDPE wt%impact strength(J/mm2 )III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tensile test The test for tensile strength test is being done against the four major compositions of the mixture with the percentage of LDPE and wax in between 90 % to 40 %. This refers to the objective priority of the research that is to find the higher value of tensile strength for the LDPE/wax composition of the manufacturing process. The LDPE 90 wt. % and wax 10 wt. % mixture was observed and the tensile strength is higher compared to the other wt. % compositions. The addition of wax shows a pattern of decrease in its tensile strength and modulus tensile compared to pure LDPE. At an earlier stage, the addition of 40 wt. % wax caused a decreasing pattern of the tensile strength data, compared to pure LDPE. However, while the wax is further decreased from 40 wt. % to 10 wt. %, then the tensile strength will increase [5] – [8]. The result is as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.             Figure 1: Chart of tensile strength against percentage composition of LDPE              Figure 2: Chart of tension modulus against percentage composition of LDPE   Hardness test  The high hardness value of the mixture shows the property of the material, which has high hardness level. The hardness value of 60 wt. % LDPE is 37.64 meanwhile the value for 90 wt. % LDPE is 50.9. The significant differences in the value shows that the high percentage of wax will decrease the hardness of the material as the bonding between the molecules become irregular. Comparison is also done between pure LDPE and 90 wt. % LDPE and it shows that the hardness value of pure LDPE is lower than 90 wt. % LDPE, that is, 46.44. The ductile property of pure LDPE is unable to withstand hardness. The hardness value of pure LDPE and LDPE/wax is calculated and shown clearly in Figure 3. Graph of Durometer strength reading against percentage of composition of LDPE46.4450.947.845.0637.64010203040506060 70 80 90 100LDPEwt%Streangth Reading (shore) Figure 3: Graph of Durometer strength reading against percentage of composition of LDPE  Charpy impact test Figure 4 proven that the LDPE/wax is lower than pure LDPE. Theoretically, pure LDPE has high ductile strength and elasticity. From 90 wt. % LDPE mixture, the value of energy absorbed is close to pure LDPE, but for 60 wt. % LDPE mixtures, the value has decreased, while in 80 wt. % LDPE mixture, the value increases but it is lower compared to pure LDPE [2].            Figure 4: Graph of impact strength against LDPE percentage of composition  Surface morphology of cracked specimens The analyses towards surface morphology of the broken specimens carried out by using scanning electron microscope after the impact testing. The morphology is used to identify the bonds between the LDPE and wax structures. It is also used to find the changes on the material after being tested with a strong impact.                Figure 5: Mixture of 60 wt. % LDPE (1000X) wax LDPE International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 04                   11 The X- ray test is also done to identify the contents of the mixture. The energy traces represents the overall energy of the impact on the specimen whereas the strength of the impact represents the overall energy that has been absorbed by the specimen when weight is applied. Figure 5 shows the wax 40 wt. % has covered the borders and most of the area. This caused the bonds between LDPE to be broken and changed the mechanical properties. It also decreased the tensile strength [4], [6], [8]. From the result also shows the percentage of carbon is 67.06 wt. %. This proves the presence of carbon in the mixture because LDPE and wax contains high percentage of carbon.                  Figure 6: Mixture of 70 wt. % LDPE (1000X)  Figure 6 shows 70 wt. % LDPE that is very different of 60 wt. %, because the LDPE structure can be seen. Even though the certain areas of the molecule are covered with wax. The tensile strength also decreased, but it remains higher than 60 wt. % LDPE [4], [7], [8]. The percentage of carbon in this mixture increases up to 69.82 wt. %. The increase of LDPE influences the percentage of carbon.                 Figure 7: Mixture of 80 wt. % LDPE (1000X)  In this mixture as shown in Figure 7, the changes can be seen in the properties. The wax is the binder for LDPE. The wax molecules have covered the borders and have started to bind the LDPE molecules, indirectly modifying the mechanical characteristics of the LDPE [4], [6], [8]. The high percentage of LDPE has increased the carbon wt. % in the mixture up to 77.16 wt. % and the morphological picturisation shows that the LDPE molecule has started to bind with the wax molecules, consequently adding the carbon wt%.                  Figure 8: Mixture of 90 wt. % LDPE (1000X)  In Figure 8, it can be seen that the mixing ratio has started to properly occur and produce a new LDPE/wax properties where the polymer has combined regularly. The wax is found in all the borders and tied the molecules of the polymer. The tensile strength increases, although the pure LDPE properties is still maintain [4], [6], [8]. By increasing of the carbon’s percentage up to 81.80 wt. % in this composition, it’s proves that the addition of LPDE in this mixture will strengthen the percentage of carbon in this molecule and the wax will act as the binder for this molecule.  IV. CONCLUSIONS Based on the mechanical properties results (which is obtained from the tensile strength test and hardness test), it is known that the mechanical characteristics of LDPE increases. However, its decreases when the impact test is done. This shows that the mixture is hard, but it is more ductile compared to pure LDPE.  Based on the observation, the best wt. % mixture for these two materials is 90 wt. % LDPE and 10 wt. % wax. This wt. % has increased the mechanical characteristics of the pure LDPE. The morphology test on the broken surface shows that the adhesion between wax and LDPE is a strong bond. But if the mixture is unproportional, then the LDPE characteristics will decrease. The research also shows that is apart of increasing the strength against an object, LDPE also able to increase the income due to wax is less expensive and readily available. The usage of injection moulding process will also improve because the wax acts as a conductor during this process.   wax LDPE wax LDPE wax LDPE International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 10 No: 04                   12 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thanks Director of Polytechnic Merlimau Melaka, Head of Mechanical Engineering Department, as well as The Unit of Research, Innovation & Entrepreneurship of Politeknik Merlimau whose supports the project.  REFERENCES [1] Baker, W., Scott, C., and G.H.  Hu (2001). ”Reactive Polymer Blending.” 1st. ed. Munich: Hanser Publishers, p 24-30.  [2] Doan, T.T.L., Gao, S.L., and E. Mader (2006). Jute/Polypropylene Composite I. Effect of Matrix Modification. Composites Science and Technology. Vol. 66, p. 952-963. [3] Kalpakjian, S., and Schmid, S.R. (2000). ”Manufacturing Engineering And Technology”. 4th.Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,Inc. p.177-193. [4] Chuayjuljit, S., Hosililak, S., and A. Athisart (2009). Thermoplastic Cassava Starch/ Sorbital- Modified Montmorillonite Nanocomposites Blended with Low Density Polyethylene: Properties and Biodegradability study. Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals, Vol.19 No.1, p.59-65. [5] Young, C.N., Jeong, K., and H.K. Phil. (2006) “Mechanical Properties of LDPE/Ethylene-1-butene Copolymer Films Crosslinked by Radiation” J. Ind. Eng. Chem., Vol. 12, No. 6, p.888-892 [6] Shuhadah, S. and Supri, A.G. (2009) “LDPE-Isophthalic Acid-Modified Egg Shell Powder Composites (LDPE/ESPI)” Journal of  Physical Science, Vol. 20 No. 1, p.87–98. [7] Supri, A.G, Salmah, H.,  and K. Hazwan (2008) ”Low Density Polyethylene-Nanoclay Composites: The Effect of Poly(acrylic acid) on Mechanical Properties, XRD, Morphology Properties and Water Absorption” Malaysian Polymer Journal (MPJ), Vol 3 No. 2, p 39 -53. [8] Wan Aizan, W.A.R., Roshafima, R.A., and Z. Naterah. (2006) “Studies on Biodegradability, Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Low Density Polyehtylene/Sago Based Blends” Proceedings of the 1st  International Conference on Natural Resources Engineering & Technology 24-25th July 2006; Putrajaya, Malaysia, p. 434-444    

Study of the Optimum Condition Towards the Inducing Paraffin Wax LDPE

http://eprints.utem.edu.my/id/eprint/6894/1/103404-0707%2520IJET-IJENS.pdf

STUDY OF THE OPTIMUM CONDITION TOWARDS THE INDUCING PARAFFIN WAX LDPE

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