Diamond, Dermot

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“Tuning the Behaviour of Sensors and Actuators using Ionic Liquids” Dermot Diamond National Centre for Sensor Research Dublin City University  presented at  ILMAT 2013 Espace Jacques 1er d’Aragon Montpellier, France November 18-20 2013 !"Sensors and Actuators!.. •! Polymer (soft membrane based) •! Both require control of interfacial exchanges of charged species and neutral (e.g. solvent) molecules •! For chemo/bio-sensors, a selective exchange or binding process for a particular target species is critical •! For polymer actuators, rapid exchange of solvent is important for fast swelling/contraction #"sensor stimulus material signal Actuator stimulus material Movement/action Why Ionic Liquids?  •! Long-term stability of overall system •! Zero vapour pressure – do not evaporate over time •! Control of membrane bulk/surface charge and polarity •! Control of relative transfer characteristics of membrane and sample components across the sample/membrane interface $"Introducing switchable functionality is particularly interesting; i.e. capacity to switch between ACTIVE and PASSIVE states The ideal SENSOR and ACTUATOR is both Reactive AND Passive Control of membrane interfacial exchange & binding processes •! Uptake is BAD! Changes membrane composition which changes behaviour •! Uptake is GOOD! Facilitates swelling/contraction (actuation), sensing, accumulation of species %"Polymer Plasticiser Cross-linker Ligand/bioreceptor Exchanger e.g. t-p-ClPB ! Release is BAD! Changes membrane composition which changes and can give rise to toxicity issues ! Release is GOOD! Controlled release e.g. drugs, toxins The proc s es have th  capacity to be GOOD or BAD.  The key is our ability TO CONTROL them!Release Uptake What is a Chemo/Bio-Sensor? ‘a device, consisting of a transducer and a chemo/bio-sensitive film/membrane, that generates a signal related to the concentration of  particular target analyte in a given sample’ Signal out Transducer surface Conducting cable/track Chemo/bio-sensitive film Chemo/Bio-sensing involves selective BINDING & TRANSDUCTION on the device surface; this also implies the target analyte MUST meet the device surface (LOCATION & MOVEMENT). It provides a signal observable in the macroscopic world (COMMUNICATION) Planar ISE arrays for blood profiling:  VP-SEM (SenDx Corporation) &'()*+,(-."/011*2*"3&41('"""!"""3&41('"/(-."&'()*+,(-."""!"""-.'3511"'5-(0'51"(',-(-&-*""OCET Biosensing Platform: Lactate and Glucose 32 of 46 (B)(A) (c) (d) With George Malliaris and Roisin Owens, Centre Microélectronique de Provence, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint Etienne   IL based Solid-State reference electrode   !6"Based on PVC:[C2mim][NTf2] membrane 1:2 m/m  IL acts as plasticiser for PVC and source of sparingly soluble ions that form a stable interfacial potential with the sample solution (Left) titrations of SSRE vs. Ag/AgCl ref electrode for a range of ions; only significant response is to [C2mim]+, confirming that this ion defines the potential    Electrodes are produced by 1.!  screen printing Ag/AgCl contact track  2.! Screen printing carbon sub-electrode layer 3.! Screen printing insulating regions   4.! Drop casting or electrochemically growing PEDOT layer 5.! Drop-casting IL:PVC capping layer See Electroanalysis 2011, 23, No. 8, 1881–1890  Colour Sensitive [P6,6,6,14][DCA] membranes  !!"[P6,6,6,14][DCA] +Cu(NO3)2 +Co(NO3)2 + Cu(NO3)2 + Co(NO3)2 DCA acts as a pseudo halide and binds certain metal ions; with Cu2+ and Co2+, striking colours are obtained; can be used to form the basis of optical sensors. Membranes prepared 1:2 m/m PVC:P6,6,6,14][DCA] using THF +Co(NO3)2 +Cu(NO3)2 [P6,6,6,14][DCA] + Cu(NO3)2 + Co(NO3)2 See Analyst, 2011, 136, 348–353 Change in Electrode Function over Time !#"Day 0: y = 28.739x + 51.806 R! = 0.99981 Day 4: y = 28.029x + 48.261 R! = 0.99705 Day 8: y = 27.076x + 40.137 R! = 0.99892 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 EMF/mV log a(Pb2+) Mean (new) Mean (4-d) Mean (8-d) stored in 10-9M Pb2+, pH=4 Continuous contact with river water Conventional PVC-membrane based ISEs See Electrochimica Acta 73 (2012) 93–97 Biofilm Formation on Sensors •! Electrodes exposed to local river water (Tolka) •! ‘Slime test’ shows biofilm formation happens almost immediately and grows rapidly !7"New electrode Argo Project (Feb 2013) !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!................................. !...!"#$%&$'()*+,! !"##$%&'()*+,-'.)/0123!. 4"5675')/893!. :"$;$<5"=#)/0>3!. <?)/83-./01$2/(3+456!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!! !!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%&'()*+%,-./(0 ,+123/24%567!•! Ca. 3,600 floats: temperature and salinity •! Only 194 reporting chem/bio parameters (ca. 5%) •! Of these nitrate (27), DO (193), Bio-optics (18), pH (2) DO is by Clark Cell (Sea Bird Electronics) or Dynamic fluorescence quenching (Aanderaa) ‘calibration of the DO measurements by the SBE sensor remains an important issue for the future’, Argo report ‘Processing Argo OXYGEN data at the DAC level’, September 6, 2009, V. Thierry, D. Gilbert, T. Kobayashi  !$"After decades of intensive research, our capacity to deliver successful long-term deployments of chemo/bio-sensors in remote locations (e.g. environmental, in-vivo clinical) is still very limited Progress will require advances emerging from fundamental research in materials chemistry !%"MicroTAS/Lab on a Chip/Microfluidics !8"Microfluidics, to date, has been largely focused on the development of science and technology, and on scientific papers, rather than on the solution of problems Many people, myself included, expected that the ability to manipulate fluid streams, in microchannels, easily, would result in a proliferation of commercial LoC systems, and that we would see applications of these devices proliferating throughout science. In fact, it has not (yet) happened. Editorial ‘Solving Problems’, George Whitesides, Lab Chip 10 (2010) 2317-2318 !9"Osberstown – 3 week deployment Biofouling of sensor surfaces is a major challenge for remote chemical sensing – both for the environment and for implantable sensors ,:;<;=><>?@"AB"/CD?E/CFG<HI>?@AB"Achieving Scale-up #J!K"L;DD>MH<@"D:;<HN"NHG<C@FHO?D"CP"?QH"PR?RSH"/CD?E/CFG<HI>?@AB"1.  Evolutionary development, cost driven down, reliable, improved scalability 2.  Revolutionary breakthroughs in materials science; hidden complexity, biomimetic platforms, all fluid handling integrated on chip, indefinitely self-sustaining /RSSHO?"G<;TCSFD"/CD?E/CFG<HI>?@AB"/CD?E/CFG<HI>?@AB"/CD?E/CFG<HI>?@AB"/CD?E/CFG<HI>?@AB"!>20,000 !>2,000 !<200 !<20 !<2 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Gen1 Gen2 Future Fluidics Electronics Housing Cost Comparison Analyser (") 0 5 10 15 20 25 Future The "20 analyser How to advance fluid handling in LOC platforms: re-invent valves (and pumps)! •! Conventional valves cannot be easily scaled down - Located off chip: fluidic interconnects required  –! Complex fabrication –! Increased dead volume –! Mixing effects •! Based on solenoid action –! Large power demand –! Expensive #!"Solution: soft-polymer (biomimetic) valves fully integrated into the fluidic system Switchable Materials: Soft Polymer Actuators  Ppy+ Ppy+ Ppy+ Ppy+ Ppy+ Ppy+  A- A- A- A- A- PPy0 PPy0 PPy0 PPy0 PPy0 PPy0 A- A- A- A- A- Principle can be used to make soft polymer (biomimetic, artificial muscle) actuators Contracts  Expands Towards the "20 Analyser: Biomimetic low-power soft pump Internet-scale Sensing: Are Biomimetic Approaches the Answer?, Sonia Ramirez-Garcia and Dermot Diamond, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 18 (2) (2007) 159-164.  Biomimetic, low power pumps based on soft actuators, Sonia Ramirez-Garcıa and Dermot Diamond, Sensors and Actuators A 135 (2007) 229–235. Low Power control of fluid movement in channels and on surfaces is possible using electrochemically switched actuators! Prototype Gen3 (Matchbox) System •! Linear range of detection: 0.04~0.20mM of Fe2+ ions (n=3) •! Upper limit (saturation) of detection occurs over 1.33mM •! Can be applied to other colorimetric methods 00.511.522.53400 450 500 550 600 650NMABSOff (spiropyran) On (merocyanine)Merocyanine Spiropyran - + Slide 25 UV VIS, # Photoswitchable Materials   Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) •! PNIPAM posses inverse solubility upon heating •! This is referred to as the LCST (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) •! Typically this temperature lies between 30-35oC, but the exact temperature isa function of the (macro)molecular microstructure  •! Upon reaching the LCST the polymer undergoes a dramatic volume change, as the hydrated polymer chains collapse to a globular structure, expelling the bound water in the process PNIPAM Polymer based photoactuators based on pNIPAAm poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) Formulation as by Sumaru et al1 1) Chem. Mater., 19 (11), 2730 -2732, 2007.   X:Y:Z = 1:99:5 #9"Controlling gel properties using Ionic Liquids ([P6,6,6,14] based) [NTf2] [DCA] Photo-actuator polymers as microvalves in microfluidic systems trihexyltetradecylphosphonium dicyanoamide [P6,6,6,14]+[dca]-  Ionogel-based light-actuated valves for controlling liquid flow in micro-fluidic manifolds, Fernando Benito-Lopez, Robert Byrne, Ana Maria Raduta, Nihal Engin Vrana, Garrett McGuinness, Dermot Diamond, Lab Chip, 10 (2010) 195-201.  Actuation Mechanism 76"MERO-H+ (expanded) SPIRO (contracted) light H+, solvent H+, solvent heat X:Y:Z = 1:99:5 So far, so good: but what are the limitations? •! Response time for re-swelling is slow - 10’s of minutes due to diffusion mechanism •! Swelling requires protonation of the MC to MC-H+ within the ionogel by the external bathing solution •! These issues more or less limit the applicability of the valves to single use 7!"!!SEM of surface pattering produced by multi-photon polymerisation of hybrid graphene-doped ionogels  SEM images of woodpiles fabricated from material D containing a) 0%, b) 20%, c) 40% and d) 50% IL The ionogels were based on photo-curable silicato-zirconate hybrid sol-gel materials and phosphonium (trihexyltetradecylphosphonium dicyanamide [P6,6,6,14][DCA] ionic liquid (IL). To optimise the dispersion of graphene within the ionogel matrices, aqueous solutions of graphene were prepared, as opposed to the conventional graphene powder approach, and employed as catalysts for the hydrolysis and condensation reactions occurring in the sol-gel process.  With Gabija Bickauskait and Maria Farsari, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, N. Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece  Reduce scale – increase response time  3-d Spiro-doped sol-ionogels Two photon polymerised (2PP), patterned ionogels (a) and (b), and (c) feature resolution down to 150 nm or less; (d) spiropyran co-polymerised in a gel ‘woodpile’ structure. (d) (a) (b) (c) (d) Build Dynamic pNIPAAm Structures within Microchannels 77"DCA lines speed x4 Ntf2 pillars speed x3 With Dr Peer Fischer, Fraunhofer-Institut für Physikalische Messtechnik (IPM), Freiburg  &'()*+,(-."/011*2*"3&41('"""!"""3&41('"/(-."&'()*+,(-."""!"""-.'3511"'5-(0'51"(',-(-&-*""New polymeric ionic liquids that are thermoresponsive have been recently reported Page 3 of  9 Y. Kohno and H. Ohno, Aust. J. Chem., 2011, 65, 91-94 Y. Kohno, Y. Deguchi and H. Ohno, Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 11883-11885. 2.5 wt% 5 wt% 10 wt% 20 wt% poly(70%A + 30%B) A B poly(A) Other stimuli- Thermo-responsive poly(ILs) &'()*+,(-."/011*2*"3&41('"""!"""3&41('"/(-."&'()*+,(-."""!"""-.'3511"'5-(0'51"(',-(-&-*"" Page 4 of  9 Preparation of thermo-responsive poly(IL) gels  [P4,4,4,4][SS] [P4,4,4,6][SPA] MBIS Cracks, no stable shape, excessive swelling Cracks, no stable shape, excessive swelling PEG 256 diacrylate Cracks, no stable shape Cracks, no stable shape PEG 700 diacrylate Stable, transparent gel Stable, transparent gel PPO 800 diacrylate Stable, transparent gel (up to 9 %mol) Stable, transparent gel (up to 9 %mol) 1.! Longer cross-linkers produce stable poly(IL) gels  2.! Amount of cross-linker enables LCST effect to be tuned 3.! Cross-linking broadens the LCST peak &'()*+,(-."/011*2*"3&41('"""!"""3&41('"/(-."&'()*+,(-."""!"""-.'3511"'5-(0'51"(',-(-&-*"" Page 5 of  9 Preparation of thermo-responsive poly(IL) gels Swollen gels (after 2 hours of swelling in DI water at room temperature) polyIL gels  Immediately after  polymerisation [P4,4,4,4][SS] + 10 % MBIS [P4,4,4,6][SPA] + 5 % PPO800 diacrylate Only longer chain crosslinkers seem to allow mechanically stable hydrogels 10 mm 5 mm &'()*+,(-."/011*2*"3&41('"""!"""3&41('"/(-."&'()*+,(-."""!"""-.'3511"'5-(0'51"(',-(-&-*"" Page 7of  9 Thermal behaviour of poly(IL) gel Poly(tetrabutyl phosphonium styrenesulphonate) hydrogel crosslinked with 8mol% polypropylene glycol diacrylate (Mn=800) and 2% spiropyran acrylate bound to the backbone as well. All measurements were performed in water. 1 mm Speed 64x Controlled Release – depends on pH AND temperature  Ionogel pH 4 Ionogel pH 7 Hydrogel pH 4 Hydrogel pH 7 [C2mIm][EtSO4] Mobile platforms with chemical actuation: No external power required Based on solvent exchange within ionogel (water/ethanol) Robert Byrne and Fernando Lopez 34,5">COCUH<" -0,">COCUH<"A mobile platform for incorporating sensors!. Ionogel rapidly propels ethanol out of the reservoir generating driving force Combines polymer reorganisation combined with solvent expulsion;   ‘Solvent Driven Motion of Lithographically Fabricated Gels’, Noy Bassik, Beza T. Abebe, and David H. Gracias, Langmuir 2008, 24, 12158-12163. Velocity of alcohol spreading on water is ca. 53 cm/s  Structures exhibited remarkably high linear and rotational velocities of up to 31 cm/s and 3529 rpm over time spans of seconds to minutes’ Can we go from this: To Photo-Fluidics & Detection V#"•! Fluidic handling completely integrated into the microfluidic chip •! Valves actuated remotely using light (LEDs) •! Detection is via LED colorimetric measurements Vision -> Conclusions  •! Linking ‘Applied’ and ‘Fundamental’ Research is important •! Create teams/networks with true multidisciplinary capabilities –! Merge engineering and materials science  –! Talk to people who have real applications needs: sports science, exercise, personal health, environment, food, agriculture, marine". –! Point to potential impacts of your research •! A multitude of disruptive technologies will emerge from fundamental research in Materials Science – Ionic Liquids can play a leading role in this process! VV"Thanks to!.. Thanks for Listening! •! Members of my research group •! NCSR, DCU •! CLARITY/INSIGHT •! Research Partners – academic and industry •! Funding sources – SFI, HEA, EI, MI, EPA, ARC, EU-FP7, IRCSET! anks for the invitation 

Tuning the Behaviour of Sensors and Actuators using Ionic Liquids

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Tuning the Behaviour of Sensors and Actuators using Ionic Liquids

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