Piping: Over 100 years of experience: From empiricism towards reliability-based design

Abstract

Backward piping is the process of channel formation in a sandy aquifer under river dikes. During high water periods this process manifests itself by the formation of sand boils. A long history of cases and experiments has contributed to the insights into this phenomenon and has improved the ability to predict the safety of levees.Geoscience & EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience