Granger, Walter, 1872-1941.

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 1857-1935.

American Museum of Natural History Scientific Publications

Article XIII. -FORE AND HIND LIMBS OF SAUROP-ODA FROM THE BONE CABIN QUARRY.DINOSAUR CONTRIBUTION No. 6.By HENRY F. OSBORN and WALTER GRANGER.During the early months of I900 the large collection of limbbones from the Bone Cabin Quarry was measured and comparedby Mr. Granger in preparation for this paper. Measurementsare chiefly of value in determiningproportions; size, of course,constantly increasing with age. Further studies during the presentyear enable us to establish the following points:I. The proportions and relations of the radius and ulna inthe Sauropoda are remotely analogous or'parallel with those ofthe Proboscidia, owing to the marked extension of the ulna, thesimilar weight, and the perfected quadrupedal progression in thetwo types.2. The chief characters of the fore and hind limbs and of theupper part of the manus of Dijlodorus.The conclusion reached provisionally by Osborn,' that Diplo-docus was a distinctively long-limbed type, is abundantly con-firmed. The bones of the fore and hind limbs of Diplodocus can,in fact, be readily identified by their relative length and slen-derness as compared with those of Morosaurus and Brontosaurus(see Fig. 6).3. The carpus in the Sauropoda includes the probable co6sifi-cation of the radiale and intermedium into a " scapho-lunar";also a large ulnare, and from two to three small osseous carpaliain the distal row.In his numerous and valuable contributions to this group thelate Professor Marsh left the homologies of the carpals undeter-mined; his figures (of the Morosaurus and Brontosaurus fore limb)do not indicate the anterior crossing of the radius and ulna; healso left the limb structure of Diplodocus practically unknown.In general, the limbs of the three contemporary Sauropoda ofthe Como district can be distinguished as follows:I Fore and Hind Limbs of Carnivorous and Herbivorous Dinosaurs from the Jurassic ofWyoming. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XII, x899, pp. I6I-172.['99]200 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XIV,Morosaurus, scapula relatively short, spreading superiorly; scapulo-coracoidplate relatively broad; limbs intermediate in length; tibia, fibula and meta-podials relatively slender.Brontosaurus, scapula long, narrow superiorly; scapulo-coracoid plate rela-tively narrow; limbs long and heavy; tibia, fibula and metapodials relativelyrobust.Diplodocus, scapula expanding superiorly with intermediate scapulo-coracoidextension, limbs long and relatively slender, tibia and fibula, radius and ulna,and metacarpals especially elongated.Camarasaurus, thus far found only in the Colorado Jurassic, is not related toBrontosaurus, as Osborn formerly supposed, but is a Morosaurus of immensesize. The type skeleton will shortly be described.The distinctive scapulo-coracoid characters are clearly broughtout in the accompanying figures (Fig. i, A, B, C).A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AFig. x. Scapulo-coracoid of: A. Morosaurus, Amer. Mus. Coil. No. 332~ B. D:flodocus,Amer. Mus. Coil. No. 22I ; C. Brontosaurus, Amer. Mus. Coil. No. 222. Ail from the BoneCabin Quarry. t nat. size.-FORE LiMB OF DIPLODOCUS, NO. 594.In the portion of the quarry explored during 1900, within anarea of about 20 feet, were found a scapula and a coracoid whichEXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.Fig. I.-Map of southeastern Wyoming, showing exposures of Jurassic.The shaded area represents the accompanying map, Fig. 2. This map is areproduction of Knight's (see page I89).Fig. 2.-Map as indicated on Figure i, showing position of quarries andfossil localities on Medicine and Como anticlines; also positions of sectionsmade through the Jurassic, as follows:A-B, section of Jurassic on Plate XXVII, Fig. 3.C-D, section of Jurassic on Plate XXVII, Fig. i.E-F, section of Jurassic on Plate XXVII, Fig. 2.L-H, section across Medicine and Como anticlines, Plate XXVI, Fig. 3.i6, quarry of the American Museum (Dinosaur).13, Marsh's Stego.5aurus quarry.I2, quarry in bed No. 13, author unknown.IO, It,14, 15, quarries made by Marsh.* Quarries of American Museum.Fig. 3.-Ideal section across Medicine and Como anticlines, as the stratawould have appeared had no erosion taken place.FIG. 1.IFIG. 2. FIG. 3.I 14itk1--EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.Fig. I.-Jurassic section across Carleton ridge, north side of Como anticline;C-D on Plate XXVI, Fig. 2.Fig. 2.-Jurassic section across Como Bluff, south side of Como anticline;E-F on P1. XXVI, Fig. 2.Fig. 3.-Jurassic section across Bone Cabin Draw, south side of Medicineanticline; A-B on P1. XXVI, Fig. 2.BULLETIN A. M. N. H.VOL. XIV, PL. XXVII.FT BENTON675s. IDAKOTA I COMO SHIRLEYCARLTOI RIDGE670u665 iI.-6600q6550_65_RODSTRIASSIC0D1---J4a !2346 8a oI Red 5n7d.stone.RooDs.FIG. 2.Triassic.I TRIASSIC.FIG. I.SHIRLEY COMO DAKOTA£Shirley. Como. I Dakota.FIG. 3.Browtn C/Ify.I20Fig. 2. Fore limbs of Morosaurus Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 332, and of DiAlodocus Amer.. Mus. Coll. No. 594.4X nat. size. [201]202 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XIV,fits closely to it, a humerus, ulna and radius lying together on theright side associated with a humerus of the left side; five meta-carpals at some little distance associated with metatarsals and ahind limb of Diplodocus. These bones were considerably scatteredand assigned separate field numbers, but they belong in allprobability to one individual of medium size. They have beenprepared and mounted (Fig. 2) under the direction of Mr. Her-mann and afford for the first time a fine example of the fore limnbof this stilted Dinosaur. Although the scapula is inclined back-wards, the upward portion of the blade is Io feet 6 inches, or3195 mm. from the ground. The scapula is practically identicalin measurement with that of the skeleton described in Osborn'sMemoir upon Dipzlodocus.The principal measurements (in millimeters) are as follows:Scapula, length.... ................ 1285" greatest breadth .............. 500Scapulo-coracoid conjoined............................. I650Coracoid, breadth from glenoid border ... 425Humerus, length.............................. io8o6 least circumference .......................... 470Ulna, length . ................ 870" least circumference............................. 285Radius, length........... ... ........ 840least circumference .............. 255Metacarpals......... I, II, III, IV, V.Proximal facets, antero-posterior.... I05 e.' I13 76 e. 63 85" 64" transverse ......... 5 64 83 85 43Length.... 260 290 315 290 285The scapula is very similar in form to that already describedby Osborn. The coracoid is short, not yet conjoined to thescapula, and fortunately retains its natural curvature; on itspostero-inferior surface is the rough facet, observed by Marsh,for articulation with the sternal plate. The sternals were alsofound, but have not been placed in position. The head of theupper portion of the shaft of the humerus is crushed, so that itextends unnaturally beyond the line of the glenoid facet; thedeltoid or lateral crest (processus lateralis) extends well downupon the outer side of the shaft ; distally the shaft terminates onthe outer side in a prominent radial condyle which is readily1 e = estimated.I9OI.] Osborn and Grang0reLimbs of Sauropoda.distinguished by the deep groove upon its anterior face; thelower articulation of the humerus indicates that the limb was notgreatly flexed at the elbow in the standing position, a fact inkeeping with the great weight of the anterior portion of the body.In an uncrushed humerus the ulnar condyle is also well defined;the ulna, however, extends around and behind the radius.Proximally the radius articulates on the anterior outer side ofthe humerus with the radial condyle; it fits in the broad anteriorgroove of the ulna, whichelement supports the entire k:posterior as well as the innerXportion of the humerus,while the radius supportsthe anterior and outer por-tion only. The analogy ofthese elements with thefore liib of the elephant isobvious, because in boththe proboscidian and dino-saurian the ulna is a stouter 1element than the radiis, asshown by reference to the ff t -9 Fig.3. ForelimbsofSauropoda.shownby r Complete fore Iiinb oxf ATm-o-Z7respective circumferences r saurzts, Amer. -Mus. Coll. No.332; B. Humerus of Dzi6Zodoczes,of the shafts, namely Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 342aC.N * S ^ H~~~~~~Ilumerus of Brontosauzrus, Amier.Di~~~~~~~~~/Mus. Coil. NO. 280. All from theDpzlodocus. No. 594 No. 588 Bone Cabin QLarry. nat, sire.MM. MM.Ulna = 285 290Rkadius = 255 265The shaft of the radius A.also crosses that of the ulnacompletely, as in the elephant and other ungulate mammals. Onthe posterior face of the radius, in its upper fourth, is a stouttuberosity for the ligaments and muscles connecting this bone withthe ulna. Distally, the radius and ulna present approximatelyequal facets for the carpals.Two carpa/s were found entirely out of position, making itdifficult to determine their homologies; the larger of these appa-rently belongs to the opposite side and, as the evidence is con-flicting, reference must be made to another fore limb, No. 588,described below.203204 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XIV,There is little question that the metacarpals belong to this forelimb, although they were found mingled with metatarsals of ahind limb of corresponding size. By comparison with severalseries of metatarsals belonging to AMorosaurus and Brontosaurus inthe American Museum Collection, their homologies can be de-termined. Examination of the proximal facets for articulationwith the carpals, shows that Mtc. I isdeep and relatively narrow; Mtc. IIis sonmewhat deeper and broader, andincreases in size Mtc. III is less deep,)but rnuch broader in front; Mtc. IVis still shallower, but of equal frontFig. -. Metacarpals of right manusof undetermined Sauropod, probablyMorosaurus.Fig. 4. Metacarpals, left manus, of I. Proximal view of metacarpals.Diflodocus, with supposed radiale plus 2. Anterior view of metacarpals.intermedium. Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 3. Distal view of metacarpals.588. B nat. size. Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 462. * nat. size.breadth ; Mtc. V, like Mtc. I, is deep, but narrow in front. Themeasurements given above are much affected by crushing, butindicate that Mtc. III is the largest and stoutest of the meta-carpals, while Mtc. I and Mtc. V are relatively short.FORE LIMB OF DIPLODOCUS, No. 588.The above characters are supplemented and confirmed bythose of another fore limb (No. 588), consisting of ulna, radius,supposed scapho-lunar, supposed cuneiforrn, metacarpals I, II,III, IV, and a terminal phalanx. The metacarpals correspondapproximately with those figured by Marsh.I90I.] Osborn an.d Granger, Limbs of Sauropoda.Measurements.mm.Radius, length............................... 870least circumference.......................... 265Ulna, length ................ ............... 910" least circumference............................ 290Supposed scapho-lunar, transverse..................... 151Metacarpal I, length (vertically crushed)............... 235II, " ................................. 280III, length................... 280IV, '....................265Terminal phalanx (claw)................... 200Carpals.-There can be little question as to the correctness ofthe association of these bones since they were found close together,and near by was a long series of Di.plodocus caudals. Beneaththe radius was found a large flattened carpal which from its con-nection with both radius and ulna is believed to represent aconjoined radiale and intermedium or scapho-lunar bone; thisbone is much thicker behind than in front; it has a large radialfacet, slightly concave, and a smaller oblique ulnar facet; inferi-orly there is a single convexity with ill-defined areas for the car-tilaginous trapezium, trapezoid and magnum ; the cuneiform inthis specimen is crushed beyond recognition ; there is a smallossicle which- may represent the uniciform or one of the othercarpalia of the second row.FORE LIMB OF DIPLODOCUS, NO. 380.This generic reference is somewhat uncertain. The associatedparts, consisting of radius, ulna, supposed scapho-lunar, cunei-form and two ossicles probably belong to a young Dizodocus.This limb is important, because it includes the terminal phalan-ges. The position of the latter, however, was not positivelydetermined.FORE LIMBS OF MOROSAURUS, No. 332.FIGS. I, 2, 3.The right and left manus found with these limbs have alreadybeen described by Osborn (I. c., p. i68) ; the elements were foundin position and therefore yield important information, althoughthe limb bones are much crushed. As in Diplodocus, the radius205206 Bulktin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XIV,crosses the ulna completely and rests upon the enlarged flattenedscapho-lunar, which also presents a narrower face for the ulna;as in Diiplodocus this carpal is much thinner in front than behind.IIFig. 6. Hind limbs of Sauropoda, posterior view. A. Morosaurus, Amer.Mus. Coll. No. 46Ii; B. Dipzlodocus, Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 25I; C. Brontosaurus,Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 353. All from the Bone Cabin Quarry. 1 nat. size.The cuneiform is a smaller bone, oval and flattened as seen fromabove, cyclindrical in anterior view, with an irregular projectionon the lower face. The three median metacarpals are long and.Aft.'190I1.] Osborn and Granger, Limibs of Sauropoda. 207slender, decidedly exceeding in length the outer pair, Mtc. I andMtc. V. The doubt expressed in the earlier description ofthis manus as to the presence of terminal phalanges and a clawupon the first digit still remains; the proximal phalanx asso-ciated with Mtc. I indicates that the terminal phalanx wasmissing.Measurements.Morosaurus. Camarasaurus, type.mm. mm.Scapulo-coracoid, total length..............2060.............2060Coracoid, breadth opposite glenoid border.................. 760Humerus, total length................. 770Ulna, total length................. 560Radius,I.................. 550Scapho-lunar, transverse.................120Mtc. I, length................. 205Mtc. II, " ................. 250Mtc. III,".................250Mtc. IV, ".................. 225Mtc. V, ......". . .. 205CARPALS OF SUPPOSED MOROSAURUS, NO. 462.These are especially interesting and valuable because of theabsence of crushing, which gives the rounded or radial dispos-ition of these bones as seen from above and in front (Fig. 5).Measurements.mm.Mtc. I, length......... 191Mtc. II, ......... 218Mtc. III, "..............219Mtc. IV, ".........209Mtc. V, "............. I86The lateral metacarpals, I, V, have a more flattened section, themedian rmetacarpals II, III, IV, present a more rounded section.Portions of the proximal and distal facets are well illustrated inthe figure. As in Diztlodocus the proximal facets decrease stead-ily in antero-posterior diameter as we pass from I to V. Theposterior faces exhibit rugose areas for retractor tendons.208 Builetin American Museum of Natural History. LVol. XIV,FORE LIMB OF BRONTOSAURUS, NO. 276.In our collection are mounted two fore limbs of Brontosaurus,neither of which is complete. No. 276 is a young Bronto-saurus carpus with which have been associated arbitrarily No.318, ulna and radius, with extensive restoration. The carpals, ascompared with those of Diplodocus; Nos. 594, 588, or 380, abovedescribed, are shorter and more robust. The manus of No. 268has already been described (Osborn, I899, p. 17i). The meta-carpals attain a very considerable length, but also acquire robustproportions, which enable us to readily distinguish them fromthose of Diplodocus; the placing of these elements is, however,somewhat conjectural. With the carpus is found the supposedscapho-lunar and three ossicles, which probably represent thecarpals of the second row.VOL. XIV, PLATE XXVIII.BULLETIN A. M. N. H.I3 45;F..L.~Hy -ttx. Trechus rubens.2. chalybeus.3. " ovipennis.4. Trechus hydropicus.5. " carolin e.6. " barbarxa.I

Limbs of Sauropoda

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