In this study, different  weight percent of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/poly (acryl amide) (PAAm) blend solutions were prepared by solution blending followed by preparing of polymer metal complexes with Ag (I), Cu (II), Ni (II) and Hg (II). Antimicrobial properties were evaluated by dilute method against five pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentery, Klebsiella  pneumonae , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus Albus ) and two fungal (Aspergillus niger, Yeast). Polymer metal complexes showed different activities against the various microbial isolates. The polymer metal complexes showed higher activity than the free polymer. Keywords: poly (vinyl alcohol), poly (ethylene glycol), poly (acryl amide), ternary blend polymers, antimicrobial activity, polymer metal complexes

Khalil, Bassam Ibrahim

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.21, 2014  1 Study of Suspended Solution from Blending Three Polymer Metal Complexes as Antimicrobial  Bassam Ibrahim Khalil Department of Materials Eng., Branch of Polymer Materials Eng. / College of Engineering / University of Technology - Baghdad – Iraq Email: dr.bassam.i.k@uotechnology.edu.iq Abstract In this study, different  weight percent of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)/poly (acryl amide) (PAAm) blend solutions were prepared by solution blending followed by preparing of polymer metal complexes with Ag (I), Cu (II), Ni (II) and Hg (II). Antimicrobial properties were evaluated by dilute method against five pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentery, Klebsiella  pneumonae , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus Albus ) and two fungal (Aspergillus niger, Yeast). Polymer metal complexes showed different activities against the various microbial isolates. The polymer metal complexes showed higher activity than the free polymer. Keywords: poly (vinyl alcohol), poly (ethylene glycol), poly (acryl amide), ternary blend polymers, antimicrobial activity, polymer metal complexes.  1. Introduction Polymer blends, that is, physical mixture of structurally different polymers which interact with secondary forces such as hydrogen bonding with no covalent bonding. Polymer blends have been widely used in the industry because of their ability to combine in a unique material the properties of their components, at a relatively low cost when compared to the development of a new polymer. It is well-known that the properties of polymer blends are greatly influenced by the morphology that is developed during the mixing process.  Blending of three or more polymers has become an increasingly important technique for preparing materials with tailor made properties different from those of the constituent polymers. Blending of polymers may result in reducing their basic cost, improving their processing and maximizing their important properties. The increase in properties of the blend depends on the degree of compatibility or miscibility of polymers at the molecular level. (Mudigoudra et al 2012) Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is finding a rapidly expanding use in biochemical and biomedical applications. It has been found to be non-toxic, non-immunogenic and water-soluble. PEG has therefore been used in protein modification to decrease antigenicity, prolong its plasma circulatory half-life and to increase its solubility and thermal stability (Matsushima et al 1980),(Ashihara et al 1978),( Abuchowski et al 1977), (Bariyanga, J. 2002). While poly acryl amide has found numerous applications as a soil conditioner, in wastewater treatment, in the cosmetic, paper, and textile industries, and in the laboratory as a solid support for the separation of proteins by electrophoresis (Friedman 2003). Poly (vinyl alcohol), henceforth referred to as PVA, has become a prime candidate for improved biomaterials and drug delivery systems. PVA is a relatively inert polymer which is easily process able. PVA is hydrophilic and therefore swells in the presence of water or biological fluids to form hydrogels. This property is particularly useful because it can allow for the release of drugs incorporated into these hydrogels. Other polymers, such as poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), can be blended with PVA to impart additional properties such as pH sensitivity or improved blood response (Friedman 2003), (Gudeman& Peppas 1995).  In this study was to assess the antimicrobial action of mixtures (polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol and poly acryl amide) of different concentrations and different metals Cu, Ni, Ag, Hg. Two methods were used, first by preparing polymeric complexes for each polymer and then blended in different proportions and studied; the second method involved mixing ratios of these polymers and then prepares complexes and studied. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by using the agar dilution method against. Experimental Materials  Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) (Mw = 145000), Polyethylene glycol (PEG) (Mw=8000) and Poly acryl amide (PAA) (10000) was purchased from Aldrich and Merck. Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.21, 2014  2 1-Preparation of standard solution polymers The standard solutions of (Polyvinyl alcohol (A), Polyethylene glycol (B) and Poly acryl amide(C) were prepared by taking 5 gm of (each polymer) with 100 ml of deionizer water. 2-preparation of standard solution metals The metal agent's solutions were prepared by taking (CuCl2.2H2O 0.05 gm., AgNO3 0.0676 gm., NiCl2. 2H2O 0.0884 gm., HgCl2 0.082 gm.) with 20 ml of deionizer water .we obtained four standard solutions (Cu), (Ag), (Ni), (Hg).  3-Preparation of compounds studied as an anti-bacterial A-preparation of standard solution from polymers complexes: The polymer standard solution (A-Cu) was prepared by addition of standard solution (A) to the metals standard solution (Cu) (w 50%-w50%) mixture & it was stirred for 1 hr. the polymer standard solutions (A-Ag), (A-Ni), (A-Hg) were prepared in the same way. The polymers standard solution (B-Cu), (B-Ag), (B-Ni), (B-Hg), (C-Cu), (C-Ag), (C-Ni), (C-Hg) were prepared in the same way above. The polymers standard solution prepared above were mixed in certain ratio as in the tables (1). Table (1): preparation of standard solution from polymers complexes Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.21, 2014  3  B-preparation of standard solution from mixture of polymers with metals: Standard mixed Solution of the polymers were prepared by mixing in certain ratio from standard solution polymer A,B and C with stirring to obtain standards A2BC , AB2C, ABC2 as the table (2), these standard mixed Solution of polymers were left for 24 hr.   Table (2): preparation of standard solution from mixture of polymers with metals   The standards solution of mixed polymers A2BC , AB2C, ABC2 prepared above mixed in equal ratio with standard solutions (Cu), (Ag),(Ni),(Hg) as the table (3):   Table (3): mixing the standards solution of mixed polymers with equal ratio of standard solutions metals.         Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.21, 2014  4 Evaluation testing of antimicrobial activity  Antimicrobial susceptibility test measures the ability of an antimicrobial agent to inhibit or kill bacterial growth in vitro. This ability may be estimated by either the dilution method or the diffusion method. In this work we followed the broth dilution method. Certain bacteria and fungi isolates were chosen, Escherichia-Coli and Klebsiella Peneumoniae were representing gm-ve isolates, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albeus were representing gm+ve isolates, two fungal (Aspergillus niger, Yeast). Those Isolates were taken from about 50 patients at CPHL (Central Public Health Laboratory in Baghdad). The broth dilution method: Serial twofold dilutions of an antimicrobial agent are incorporated into broth containing tubes that are then inoculated with a standard number of organisms usually 105-106 colony-forming units (CFU) per milliliter. After the culture has been incubated at 37C0 for 18 hr. The lowest concentration that prevents growth after overnight incubation is known as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the agent, The MIC is defined as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agent at which there is no visible growth (Julio 1982),(Collee et al 1999). Results& Discussion: In this study, the use of two types of physical mixture of polymers, first by preparing polymeric complexes for each polymer and then blended in different proportions and studied, the second method involved mixing ratios of these polymers and then prepare complexes and studied , the antimicrobial activity of the blend polymer metal complexes in this two types of physical mixture was determined against three Gram-negative bacterial strains (Escherichia coli,Shigella dysenteryand KlebsiellaPneumoniae), two Gram–positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus albus) and two fungal (Aspergillusniger and Yeast) Tables (4) and (5) respectively.  Through tables note we are when you use a polymer metal complexes as an antimicrobial is better than the use of polymer this is due to the complexes Polymer metal showed higher activity than the free metal, 1al 1992).Most of the commonly used antibacterial chemotherapeutic agents act by one of the following basic mechanisms: competitive antagonism of some metabolite, inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, action on cell membranes, inhibition of protein synthesis, or inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis(Andres 1981). These results substantiate our own finding and the findings of some other workers that biologically inactive compounds become active and less biologically active compounds become more active upon coordination. this may be due to, the lipid membrane that surrounds the cell favors the passage of only lipid soluble materials due to which liposolubility is an important factor that controls antimicrobial activity. On chelation, the polarity of the metal ion is reduced to a greater extent due to the overlap of the ligand orbital and partial sharing of the positive charge of the metal ion with donor groups. Further, it increases the delocalization of π-electrons over the whole chelate ring and enhances the lipophilicity of the complex. This increased lipophilicity in turn enhances the penetration of the complexes into lipid membranes and blocking of metal binding sites on the enzymes of the microorganisms. The metal complex may also be a vehicle for activation of the ligand as the cytotoxic agent (Rasmia et al 2014). All polymer metal complexes in the first way showed higher activities against the various microbial isolates than the polymer metal complexes in the second method, because when we prepare polymer metal complexes and then mixed together in different proportions, it leads to the formation of polymer metal complexes well as be the function groups in polymers such as (-OH, NH2) is free. But the preparation of the blend polymers metal complexes by mixing polymers at different rates and then mixed with the elements, this will lead to increasing intramolecular between the active groups in these polymers and thus will reduce the preparation of polymeric complexes . The Poly acryl amide complexes exhibited a good degree of inhibitory effects on the growth of different bacterial better than poly vinyl alcohol complexes and polyethylene glycol complexes and the order of increasing activities was polymer polymer-Ni ˂ polymer-Cu ˂ polymer-Hg ˂ polymer-Ag. The fungi were found to be completely resistant to the polymeric preparation in this research irrespective of the fact that it was successful as antibacterial agents. It has been found that prepared metal polymeric complex compounds give better result when used as antifungal drugs, but in undesirable level to be considered as antifungal. Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.21, 2014  5  Table (4): Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (µg/ml) of polymer metal complexes against Isolated Bacteria gm-ve and gm +ve                                       Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.21, 2014  6 Table (5) Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (µg/ml) of polymer metal complexes against Isolated fungal    References Abuchowski, A., McCoy, JR., Palczuk, NC., Van Es T., Davis, FF. (1977). Effect of Covalent Attachment of Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.21, 2014  7 Polyethylene Glycol on Immunogenicity and Circulating Life of Bovine Liver Catalyses. J Biol Chem. 252(11),3582–3586. Andres Goth. (1981). Medical Pharmacology Principles and Concepts.10rd ed. p: 615. Ashihara, Y., Kono, T., Yamazaki, S.,Inada, Y. (1978). Modification of E. coli Lasparaginase with Polyethylene Glycol: Disappearance of Binding Ability to Antiasparaginase Serum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 83, 385–391.  Bariyanga, J. (2002) .Synthesis, Characterization and Biodegradability of Poly (Ethylene Glycol)-Bound Molecule Platinum Complex Containing Ferrocenyl Moiety Using Maldi Time-of-Flight. Mass Spectrometry Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers. 17, 37-50. Collee, J. G., Fraser, A. G., Marmio, B. P., Simmons, A.(1999). Practical Microbiology. (4rd ed), Church Hill Livingstone: New York. p: 118.  Friedman, M.(2003). Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Safety of Acrylamide a  Review. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 4504-4526. Gudeman, L.F., Peppas, N. A. (1995).Preparation and Characterization of PH-Sensitive, Interpenetrating Networks of Poly(vinylalcohol) and Poly(acrylic acid). J. App. Polym. Sci., 55, 919-928. Julio, C., (1982). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Ang.22, p: 222. Known-Chung, K. J. and Burnt, J. E.(1992). Medical Microbiology. Lea and Fibiger. p: 82. Matsushima, A., Nishimura, H., Ashihara, Y., Yokota, Y., Inada, Y. (1980). Modification of E.Coli Aspariginase with 2, 4-Bis (methoxypolyethyleneglycol)-6-chloro-striazine (activated PEG2); Disappearance of Binding Ability Towards Anti-Serum and Retention of Enzymatic Activity. Chem. Lett. 773-776 Mudigoudra, B.S., Masti, S.P., Chougale, R.B. (2012). Thermal Behavior of Poly (vinyl alcohol)/ Poly (vinyl pyrrolidone)/ Chitosan Ternary Polymer Blend Films. Research Journal of Recent Sciences. Vol. 1(9), 83-86.  N.A. Peppas, D. Tennenhouse. (2004). Semi-crystalline Poly (vinyl alcohol) Films and Their Blends With Poly(acrylic acid) and Poly(ethylene glycol)for Drug Delivery Applications. J. Drug Del. Sci. Tech. 14 (4) 291-297. Rasmia, M. R., Maha A. Y., Taha, M. S.,  Bassam I. K.(2014).Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Investigations of (Ag, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn and Hg) Complexes With Schiff Base Derived From PVA and Erythro-Ascorbic Acid Derivative . Journal of Natural Sciences Research. Vol.4, No.4, p12.                            Dr.Khalil,Bassam Ibrahim. 25th July 1969- Baghdad/Iraq. Nationality- Swedish.  BSC Degree, Department of Chemistry -College of Education / University of Mosul, Iraq (1991).MSC Degree in polymer science & technology, Department of Chemistry- College of Education /University of Basrah, Iraq, (May 1995). PHD Degree in Biopolymers & controlled drug release, Department of Chemistry- College of Education, University of Baghdad, Iraq (August 2003). He worked Manager Assistant in Saddam Centre for Pharmaceutical and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq (July 2001 – April 2003). Lecturer in University of Baghdad/College of Education-Ibn Al-Haitham /Department Of Chemistry, Baghdad, Iraq (Sep 1997- 2008) . Clinical investigator in Jenin Private Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq (Jan 1997 -Present). Lecturer in Department of Materials Eng., Branch of Polymer Materials Eng. / College of Engineering / University of Technology - Baghdad – Iraq Dr.Khalil,Bassam Ibrahim.  The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event management.  The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.  More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:  http://www.iiste.org  CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting platform.   Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/  All the journals articles are available online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.  Paper version of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.   MORE RESOURCES Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/ Recent conferences:  http://www.iiste.org/conference/ IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar   

Study of Suspended Solution from Blending Three Polymer Metal Complexes as Antimicrobial

https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/CPER/article/download/12168/12521

Study of Suspended Solution from Blending Three Polymer Metal Complexes as Antimicrobial

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals