In this work, samples of pure polystyrene and polystyrene (PS) doped with palm frond (PF)  were prepared using casting method .The effect of addition of palm frond (PF) concentration on optical properties of poly styrene have been studied in the wavelength range (200-800)nm. The absorption coefficient, energy gap, refractive index and extinction coefficient have been determined. The results show that the optical constants change with increase of PF concentration. Key words; polymer , PS, palm frond  , Optical properties, absorbance

Ali, Majeed

Hadi, Angham.G.

Hashim, Ahmed.

Jasim, Falah Ali

Lafta, Farhan

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.10,  2013  39 Characterization of (Palm fronds- Polystyrene) Composites   Falah Ali Jasim1 , Farhan Lafta1* , Ahmed. Hashim2*  , Majeed Ali2 ,Angham.G.Hadi2    1.Ministry of Science and Technology, Iraq 2.Babylon University, Iraq *E-Mail: engfarhan71@gmail.com *E-Mail: ahmed_taay@yahoo.com Abstract In this work, samples of pure polystyrene and polystyrene (PS) doped with palm frond (PF)  were prepared using casting method .The effect of addition of palm frond (PF) concentration on optical properties of poly styrene have been studied in the wavelength range (200-800)nm. The absorption coefficient, energy gap, refractive index and extinction coefficient have been determined. The results show that the optical constants change with increase of PF concentration. Key words; polymer , PS, palm frond  , Optical properties, absorbance.     1.Introduction           In the recent years, studies on the electrical and optical properties of polymers have attracted much attention in view of their application in electronic and optical devices. Polymer composites can be fabricated into different shapes using known  polymer melt processing parameters, such as, films, wires, and bulk materials, which is dependent on the rheological melt behavior of the polymer [1-6].                       Polymers are considered a good choice as host materials, because they can be designed to yield a variety of bulk physical properties, and they normally exhibit long-term stability and possess flexible re process ability. This new class of organic inorganic composites or hybrid materials may afford potential applications in molecular electronics, optics, photo electrochemical cells, solvent-free coatings, etc.[7]. Interesting properties such as fluorescence, electro-luminescence, and optical nonlinearity have already been observed. [8-12] Nonlinear optical materials are expected to be important in future high-speed communication networks as all-optical switching, wave-length manipulation, and signal processing devices.[13]                 The aim of this work was prepared samples of polystyrene (PS) and polystyrene (PS) doped with (PF)   by using casting method and studied the optical properties of them.    2.Experimental Part                     The polymer was dissolved in chloroform by using magnetic stirrer in mixing process to get homogeneous solution . The weight  of PF are (2, 4 ,6 wt%)  were added and mixed for 10 minute to get more homogenous solution , after which solution was transferred to clean glass Petri dish of (5.5cm) in diameter placed on plate form. The dried film was then removed easily by using tweezers clamp. The polymer systems were evaluated spectra photo metrically by using UV/160/Shimadzu spectrophotometer.  3.Results & Discussion 3.1 The absorbance of composites                 Fig(1) shows the relationship between absorbance of PS-PF  composite with wave length, from the figure it was appeared that the absorbance tends to decrease  with the wavelength  increasing. Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.10,  2013  40                 Fig(2) shows the optical absorption spectrum of composite for different impurities quantities,  it was found that the composite have a low absorption coefficient at a small photon energy then increase at different rates dependence on the composite structure. The pure  sample had low absorption coefficient this may be as a result of low crystalinity.                         Fig (3) and Fig(4) represented the direct transition , the energy gab values dependence in general on the crystal structure of the composites and on the6arrangement and distribution way of atoms in the crystal lattice .   00.511.522.533.54200 300 400 500 600 700 800Wavelength(nm)Absorbancepure2 wt.%4 wt.%6 wt.%  FIG.1 The relationship between absorbance and the wave length of PS-PF    0501001502002503000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy(eV)pure1 wt .%2 wt .%3 wt .%α(cm)-1  FIG. 2 The Absorption Coefficient Of PS-PF Composite With Photon Energy Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.10,  2013  41                              3.3Refractive Index and Extinction Coefficient           Fig. (5 ) shows the variation of refractive index(n) with of the composite  with  a given photon energy the values increase exponentially with increasing photon energy . This increase indicates that the electromagnetic radiation passing through the material is faster in the low photon energy.      Fig. (6) represent the variation of the extinction coefficient(k) with the incident photon energy in this figure the variation is simple in the low energy region while the variation increased in the high photon energy region this behavior may be as a result to the variation of the absorption coefficient which leads to spectral deviation in the location of the charge polarization at the attenuation coefficient due to the loses in the energy of the electron transition between the energy bands .  010020030040050060070080090010000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy(eV)pure2 wt.%4 wt.%6 wt.% (αhυ)1/2(cm-1.eV)1/2  FIG.3  relationship between (αhυ)1/2(cm-1.eV)1/2 and photon energy of  PS-PF  composites 1.E-081.E-071.E-061.E-051.E-040 1 2 3 4 5 6 7kpure2 wt .%4 wt .%6 wt .%photon energy  FIG.5 The Extinction Coefficient  Of PS-PF Composite With  Various Photon Energy 01020304050607080901000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy(eV)pure2 wt .%4 wt .%6 wt .%(αhυ)1/3(cm-1.eV)1/3  FIG. 4 the relationship between (αhυ)1/3(cm-1.eV)1/3 and photon energy of   PS-PF  composites Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.10,  2013  42            3.4dielectric constant  Fig.(7) & (8) represent the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant respectively in the real part the variation is very clear spatially in the high impurities concentration this may be due to the no resonance between the frequencies of the incident photon energy (electromagnetic and the induced dipoles in the composite), while in the imaginary part there is an absorption to the energy of the incident photon energy, so the variation nearly constant until it reaches to the high photon energy . The pure composite shows the smaller variation                        11.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7photon energy(eV)npure2 wt.%4 wt.%6 wt.%     FIG.6  The Relationship Between Refractive Index For (Ps-PF) Composite With Photon Energy  01234567890 1 2 3 4 5 6 7photon energy(eV)pure2 wt.%4 wt.%6 wt.%ε 1    FIG.7 The Variation Of Real Part Of Dielectric Constant PS-PF With Photon Energy 1.E-071.E-061.E-051.E-040 2 4 6 8photon energy(eV)pure2 wt.%4 wt.%6 wt.%ε 2   FIG. 8 The  Variation Of  Imaginary Part Of Dielectric Constant Of PS-PF  Composite With  Photon Energy Chemical and Process Engineering Research                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online) Vol.10,  2013  43 Conclusion     Prepared films samples of pure and doped PS with PF with different concentrations have been investigated for their optical properties such as optical band gap, refractive index and extinction coefficient through transmittance and reflectance spectra. The optical constants such as the real (n) and imaginary (k) are parts of the complex refractive index, the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant were also determined.  References [1]  R. B. H. Tahar, T. Ban, Y. Ohya, and Y. Takahashi, 1997  "Optical, structural, and electrical properties of indium oxide thin films prepared by the sol-gel method," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 82, pp. 865-870. [2]  C. Capozzi, S. Shackelford, R. Ou, and R. Gerhardt, 2004 ,  Study of Percolation in PMMA/Indium Tin Oxide Composites, in Materials Research Society. meeting, symp. N3.13, pp. 303-308. [3]  S. Gupta, R. Q. Ou, and R. A. Gerhardt, 2006, "Effect of the fabrication method on the electrical properties of poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-co-styrene)/carbon black composites," Journal of Electronic Materials, vol. 35, pp. 224-229. [4]  R. H. Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov, and W. A. de Heer, 2002  "Carbon nanotubes--the route toward applications," Science, vol. 297, pp. 787-792 . [5]  A. K. Kota, B. H. Cipriano, M. K. Duesterberg, A. L. Gershon, D. Powell, S. R.  Raghavan, and H. A. Bruck, 2007, "Electrical and Rheological Percolation in Polystyrene/MWCNT Nanocomposites," Macromolecules, vol. 40, pp. 7400-7406. [6]  A. Greco and A. Maffezzoli, 2003,  "Polymer melting and polymer powder sintering by thermal analysis," Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 72, pp.1167-1174. [7] Antonietti, M.; Goltner, C.; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997,36, 910. [8] Winiarz, J. G.; Zhang, L. M.; Lal, M.; Friend, C. S.; Prasad, P.N. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 5287. [9] Dabbousi, B. O.; Bawendi, M. G.; Onitsuka, O.; Rubner, M. F.Appl. Phys. Lett. 1995, 66, 1316. [10] Huynh, W. U.; Peng, X.; Alivisatos, A. P. Adv. Mater. 1999, 11,923. [11] Woggon, U.; Bogdanov, S. V.; Wind, O.; Schlaad, K. H.; Pier,H.; Klingshirn, C.; Chatziagorastou, P.; Fritz, H. P. Phys. Rev. B 1993,48, 11979. [12] Schwerzel, R. E.; Spahr, K. B.; Kurmer, J. P.; Wood, V. E.;Jenkins, J. A. J. Phys. Chem. A 1998, 102, 5622. [13] Cotter, D.; Manning, R. J.; Blow, K. J.; Ellis, A. D.; Kelly, A.E.; Nesset, D.; Phillips, I. D.; Poustie, A. J.; Rogers, D. C. Science 1999,286, 1523.  This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE).  The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe.  The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.  More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:  http://www.iiste.org  CALL FOR PAPERS The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and collaborating with academic institutions around the world.  There’s no deadline for submission.  Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/ The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a fast manner. 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Characterization of (Palm fronds- Polystyrene) Composites

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Characterization of (Palm fronds- Polystyrene) Composites

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