The radioactivity of Lagos State in the Southwestern Nigeria was determined using an HpGe based, low level passive gamma-counting system. The main radinouclides analyzed in the samples were the progenies of 238U and 232Th. The other two isotopes were the naturally occurring 40K and the anthropogenic 137Cs. The results of the study showed that the average specific activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K have consistent values with published data for many other countries in the world. The presence of the fission product 137Cs could be traced to the fallout of the nuclear tests in the Sahara desert and probably, some effects of the more recent nuclear reactor accident at Chernobyl in 1986. Keyword: radionuclide, concentration, radioactivity, contamination, soi

Afolayan, B. O

Ojo, T. J

English

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Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                              www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.15, 2013          1 Distribution of Radionuclide Concentration with Proximity to the Lagoon in Lagos State, Southwestern Nigeria  T. J Ojo*    B. O  Afolayan Physics Unit of Science Technology Department, Federal Polytechnic,  P.M.B 5351, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria  *e-mail: talk2ojotj@yahoo.com  Abstract  The radioactivity of Lagos State in the Southwestern Nigeria was determined using an HpGe based, low level passive gamma-counting system. The main radinouclides analyzed in the samples were the progenies of 238U and 232Th. The other two isotopes were the naturally occurring 40K and the anthropogenic 137Cs. The results of the study showed that the average specific activity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K have consistent values with published data for many other countries in the world. The presence of the fission product 137Cs could be traced to the fallout of the nuclear tests in the Sahara desert and probably, some effects of the more recent nuclear reactor accident at Chernobyl in 1986. Keyword: radionuclide, concentration, radioactivity, contamination, soil  1. Introduction Naturally occurring radioactive materials are present in air, food and water as well as the ground from which human settlements are built. (Ciezkowski and Przylibski, 1997), the dumping of large amount of waste materials in sites from oil facilities, and the discharge of waste chemical products from industry and agricultural practices without adequate measure of soil protection result in soil surface and ground water pollution (Cothern and Lappenbusch, 1983). However soil radioactivity depends on the types of rock from which soil is derived (Holkko and Liukkonen, 1992), but slight variation  of radioactivity content in soil can occur with different locations and depth, depending on the type of soil, soil formation and transport processes (McAulay and Marsh, 1992). Contaminated soil serves as a direct source of radionuclide contamination of all agricultural products (Banwo et al 1990). Sediment in water may be a source of contamination of aquatic organisms. The input of radionuclides to the environment is derived from soil and atmoshpheric diffusion (Papp and Daroczy, 2002). Accurate estimation of the occurrence of radionuclides in an environmental matrix such as soil will provide information from which estimates of average radiation exposures of the public from these sources can be made. 2. Materials and Method           At total of 35 soil samples were collected, five samples were collected from each of these locations, Ojota, Ikoyi, Berger, V.I, Agege, Obalende and Owode all in Lagos State, Southwest Nigeria. The sampling locations were chosen based on factors such as population density market centers, industrial location, ocean proximity, population density and metal scrap dump site. The soil samples were cored from the surface horizon (60mm depth) representing the root depth for most vegetables. The types of soil found in this area is made up of sand. The samples were obtained by first cleaning the surface of vegetation and dead organic matters. In each location, five one-meter squared grids were drawn randomly at different Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                              www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.15, 2013          2 spots in the entire area covered by the location. This was done to obtain five representative samples describing the soil from each location. Samples from each grid were put in a polyethylene bag and five samples from each location grouped together. All the samples collected were dried in free air at an average temperature of 30oC and 80% relative humidity until a constant weight was obtained. The dried soil sample were then ground and sieved to pass through 2mm mesh. The roots and organic matter remains were separated from the soil. Approximately 1 kg of these samples were then placed in 1 litre Marinelli beaker ready for measurement. Gamma-counting of the samples were peformed on a low level gamma-ray spectrometer consisting of a stream-lined, vertical cryostat HpGe semi-conductor detector coupled directly to a pre-amplifier. The detector was then connected to a power supply, the output to a spectroscopic amplifier, an analogue to digital converter (ADC) and an S100 multi-channel analyzer (MCA) card hosted in an IBM-PC. All these instruments were Canberra products. Each sample was counted for 36000 seconds. Spectrum analysis was based on the output of a PC based Genie 2K spectrometry software, version 2.1, also from Canberra.  3. Results and Dicussion Table 1 shows the various radionuclides detected and measured as well as their specific activities in the various soil samples obtained from the sampling locations.  Each value represents the average of five samples from a given location. The activity concentration of 40K ranged from 44.74 ± 3.41 Bq kg-1 at Berger to 489.96± 11.35 Bq kg-1 at Owode (average 204.02±7.00 Bq kg-1). The activity concentration  of 214Bi ranged from 1.20 ± 0.45 Bq kg-1 at Obalende to 55.30 ± 1.43 at Owode (average 23.21 ± 0.92 Bq kg-1). For 208Tl, the activity concentration ranged from 2.18 ± 0.25 Bq kg-1 at V.I to 60.33±1.39 Bq kg-1 at Owode (average 22.84 ± 0.78 Bq kg-1). The activity concentration of 235U ranged from 0.57 ± 0.23 Bq kg-1 at Obalende to 5.67 ± 1.82 Bq kg-1 at Owode (average  2.70 ±0.72 Bq kg-1).  The activity concentration of the fall out radionuclide  137Cs ranged from 0.03 ± 0.28 Bq kg –1 at  Agege to 2.15 ± 0.20 Bq kg-1 at Ikoyi (average 0.37 ± 0.1 Bq kg-1). A relatively high concentrations of all the radionuclides, 40K, 24Bi (238U), 208Tl  (232Th), 235U and 137Cs were obtained from Owode.  This may be partly due to the fact that Owode is a centre for metal scraps dump. The mean activity concentration values obtained for these radionuclides are fairly less than the values published for other parts in the southwestern Nigeria probably because Lagos State is not characterized by rocks (Obisesan, 2004). The least values of 24Bi, 208Tl, 40K and 137Cs were obtained in obalende and V.I. This may be due to the closeness of these locations to water bodies (Atlantic ocean and the Lagoon) into which most of these radionuclides are deposited during rainfall (ICRP, 1991) since some of the radionuclides are moderately soluble in water. The soil of these locations is purely sand with high porosity thereby allowing transportation and redistribution of these radionuclides by erosion (Delaune et al, 1986). It is noteworthy to mention that 137Cs was detected in some of the surveyed locations of the state, its presence could be due to the fallout primarily during the Chenobyl nuclear accident or as a result of the weapon test in the Sahara region.    Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                              www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.15, 2013          3 References  Banwo, A. A., Jimba, B. W., and Elegba, S. B (1990) “Comparison of natural background radiation in soils from Zaria and Jos, Nigeria”. Proceeding of the 13th Annual Conference, Nigerian Institute of Physics 2 – 4    Ciezkowski, W and Przylibski, T. A. (1997). Radon in Waters from Health Resorts of the Sudety Mountains (SW Poland). Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 48(6): 855 – 856. Cothern, C. R and Lappenbusch, W. L. (1983) “Occurrence of uranium in drinking water in the U. S.” Health Physics 45, 88 – 99. DeLaune, R. D., Jones, G. L., and Smith, C. J. (1986) “Radionuclide concentrations in Louisiana soils and sediments” Health Physics, 51 (2): 239 – 244. Holkko, J. and Liukkonen, S. (1992) “Radon diffusion in Finnish glacial till soil”. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 45, 231 – 233. International Commission on Radiological Protection ‘ICRP’ (1991):                                  “Recommendations of the  International Commission on Radiological                            Protection on Radiological Protection” Elsevier 60, 24-26    McAulay, I. R and Marsh, D. (1992). “Radium–226 concentrations in soil in the Republic of Ireland”. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 45, 265 – 267 Obisesan, E. F., (2004). “A study of the radioactivity and geochemistry of phosphate deposits in Ogun State, Southern Nigeria”. M. Sc. Thesis, Department of Geology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. (Unpublished)  Papp. Z., and Daroczy (2002). “Significant radioactive contamination of soil around a coal-fired thermal power plant”. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 59, 191 – 205.    Advances in Physics Theories and Applications                                                              www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online) Vol.15, 2013          4  This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE).  The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe.  The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.  More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:  http://www.iiste.org  CALL FOR PAPERS The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and collaborating with academic institutions around the world.  There’s no deadline for submission.  Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/ The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a fast manner. 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Distribution of Radionuclide Concentration with Proximity to the Lagoon in Lagos State, Southwestern Nigeria

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Distribution of Radionuclide Concentration with Proximity to the Lagoon in Lagos State, Southwestern Nigeria

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