Kanjilal, P B

Kotoky, R

IR@NEIST - North East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR)

358/Journal of Essential Oil Research Vol. 22, July/August 2010Rec: March 2008Rev: June 2008Acc: September 2008Essential Oil Composition of Leaf and Rhizome Oil of Alpinia nigra (Gaertner) B.L.Burtt. from Northeast IndiaP.B. Kanjilal* and Rumi KotokyDivision of Medicinal, Aromatic and Economic Plants,, Northeast Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, Assam, IndiaMaria CouladisDivision of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Athens, GreeceAbstractThe essential oils of the leaves and rhizomes of Alpinia nigra (Gaertner) B.L.Burtt., family Zingiberaceae, were obtained by hydrodistillation and yielded 0.02% and 0.4%, respectively. The oils were analyzed for their chemical composition by capillary GC and GC/MS. A total of 18 compounds were identified representing about 96.4% of leaf and 97.8% of rhizome oils, respectively. 1,8-cineole was the major component in both leaf (25.4%) and rhizome (34%) oils. In addition, b-pinene (15.1%), camphor (15.3%), carotol (7.3%), a-pinene (7.8%) and camphene (7.0%) were also present in leaf oil, whereas in the rhizome oil a-fenchyl acetate (13.1%), a-terpineol (9.6%), b-pinene (8.1%) and camphene (7.0%) were the other main constituents.Key Word IndexAlpinia nigra, Zingiberaceae, essential oil composition, 1,8-cineole, b-pinene, camphor. 1041-2905/10/0004-0358$14.00/0 —© 2010 Allured Business Media*Address for correspondenceIntroduction Alpinia nigra (Gaert.) B.L.Burtt. (family Zingiberaceae)is an aromatic medicinal plant found in China, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka and Thailand at an altitude of 900–1,100 m (1). It is a herbaceous medicinal plant. The medicinal applications of A. nigra have also been reported in stomach problems related to gastric diseases, gout and colic. The shoot of this plant has traditional usage among the native tribes of Tripura, Northeast India who consume the raw juice of the green shoot for its presumed anthelmintic, antioxidant properties (2). The rhi-zomes of this plant are also used as vegetables in Thailand. In Thailand, the people are confused between Alpinia galanga and A. nigra, the rhizomes of which are used for the same purpose and which are both called Kha (3). The molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that A. galanga is closely related to A. nigra in sec A. allughas (with tubular bracteoles) (4). Rhizomes of A. nigra are also closely related to the galangal, curcuma and zinger. It is an inferior variety of galangal and sometimes used for adulterating true galangal. The leaf and rhizome oil of the different species of Alpinia (5-7), particularly A. galanga, have been widely investigated (8,9) and reviewed (10). However, no information is available on essential oil constituents of A. nigra which grows wild in northeastern India. Experimental Plant material: The leaves and rhizomes of A. nigra (fam-ily Zingiberaceae) were collected from Tripura and cultivated in NEIST (formerly RRL ) Jorhat experimental farm. The species was identified by Botanical Survey of India, Shillong, and the voucher specimen was deposited in NEIST, Jorhat Herbarium.Isolation of volatile components: Five-hundred grams of young and mature fresh leaves and rhizomes were subjected to separate hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 5 h. The distilled oils were collected and dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The percent-age of oils in the mature leaves was found to be 0.15–0.02% and in the rhizomes were 0.3–0.4% w/w.GC/MS: Analysis of the oil was carried out by a combina-tion of capillary GC and GC/MS using Shimadazu GC 17A and GC and GC-MS-QP5000 instruments. The capillary col-umn used for analysis was a CP-Sil 5CB fused silica column, Kanjilal et al.Vol. 22, July/August 2010 Journal of Essential Oil Research/35925 m x 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 m. The initial oven tem-perature was held at 35°C for 25 min, then programmed at 5°C/min to 28°C; split ratio, 50:1; carrier gas, He at a flow rate of 30 cm3/s. The injector and detector (FID) temperature were maintained at 280°C. For GC/MS analysis, a quadruple mass analyzer with an electron ionization (EI) system was used . The mass spectra acquired was in the range 10–400 Da, with a scanning rate of 4 spectra/s. The transfer line temperature was kept at 280°C and the He flow rate was 40 cm3/s.The percentage composition of the oil was calculated from electronic integration measurements using FID detection without response factor correction. Liner retention indices of the components were determined relative to n-alkanes. The constituents of the oil were identified by matching their mass spectra and retention indices using NIST library search facility available with the instrument.Results and Discussion The chemical composition of volatile oil of leaf and rhi-zome of A. nigra are shown in Table I. The oil yield varied from 0.15% to 0.02% for the leaves and 0.3% to 0.4% for the rhizomes on a fresh weight basis (w/w). Eighteen compounds were isolated, accounting for 96.4% oil from leaf, and 97.8% Table I  Chemical constituents (%) of the leaf  and rhizome oils of Alpinia nigraCompound Leaf oil (%) Rhizome oil (%)a-pinene 7.8 5.7camphene  7.0 7.0b-pinene 15.1 8.1myrcene  1.5 t1,8-cineole 25.4 34.0(E)-b-ocimene 0.7 tg-terpinene 0.8 tfenchone t 1.3a-fenchone t tcamphor 15.3 5.5borneol 2.2 tterpinen-4-ol 1.3 2.3a-terpineol 3.1 9.6a-fenchyl acetate 0.0 13.1bornyl acetate 1.4 tdaucene 2.1 1.5methyl cinnamate  5.4 4.5carotol 7.3 5.2Total 96.4 97.8* t: trace (< 0.1%)from rhizome oil. 1,8-Cineole was the major compound in both the leaf (25.4%) and rhizome oils (34%). Out of 96.4% of total leaf oil, 1,8-cineole(25.4%), camphor (15.3%) and b-pinene (15.1%) were the major compounds, followed by a-pinene (7.8%), camphene (7.0%), carotol (7.3%) and methyl cin-namate (5.4%). The rhizome oil contained 1,8-cineole (34%), a-fenchyl acetate (13.1%), a-terpineol (9.6%), b-pinene (8.1%) and camphene (7.0%) as major compounds. The results of the quantitative comparative analyses of the oils of the leaves and rhizomes have shown significant differences. a-Fenchyl acetate (13.1%) and fenchone (1.3%) were observed only in the rhizome oil. Quantitatively camphor (15.3%) was found in higher levels in the leaf oil than rhizome oil (5.5%). Because of the fresh camphoraceous aroma the authors believe that this oil has immense potential in cosmetics, soap and other bath products. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to P.G. Rao, director, Northeast Institute of Science and Technology (Formerly RRL), Jorhat, for his keen inter-est in carrying out this work.References H. Guo and S. Jiang, 1. Flora of China. American Society of Plant Taxonomists, 24 , 335, Laramie WY (1977).B.Roy and V. Tandon, 2. Flukicidal activities of Alpinia nigra (Zingiberaceae) against Fasciolopsis buski, in humans. Biomed. Letters , 60, 23-29 (1999).S. Kumar, 3. The economic plants of North East India. 96, India Jodhpur, India (1999).R.Rangsiruji, M.F. Newman and C.B.Cronk, 4. Origin and relationships of Alpinia galanga( Zingiberaceae) based on molecular data. Edinb. J. Bot. 57(1), 9-37 (2000).O. Prakash, S. Joshi, A.R. Pant, C.S. Chanotiya and C.S. Mathela, 5. Volatile constituents of parts of Rhizomes and leaves of Alpinia allughas Roscoe. J.Essent.Oil.Res., 19, 407-409 ( 2007).A.P. Raina, S.Walia, K.K. Sharma, Z,Abraham and S.K. Mishra, 6. Essential oil constituents of rhizome oil of Alpinia calcarata from South India. Indian Perfum., 51 (2), 27-30 (2007).A. Tewari, A.K. Pant, C.S. Mathela, N.E. Mengi, E .Kohl and 7. H.J.Bestmann, Volatile constituents of Alpinia calcarata. J.Essent. Oil. Res., 11, 739-741 (1999).A.P. Raina, S. Walia, K.K. Sharma, Z. Abraham and S.K. Mishra, 8. Component of the essential oil of greater galangal (Alpinia galanga) rhizomes from Kerala, South India. Indian Perfum., 51 (2), 54–58 (2007).L. Jirovetz, G. Buchbauer, M.P. Shafi, and N.K. Leela, 9. Analysis of the essential oil of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galangal from southern India. Acta Pharm., 53, 73-81 (2003).B.M. Lawrence. 10. Progress in essential oils: Galangal oil. Perf. Flav 30 (1), 66-72 (2005).A. nigra

Essential oil composition of leaf and rhizome oil of Alpinia nigra (Gaertner) B.L.Burtt from North East India

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Essential oil composition of leaf and rhizome oil of Alpinia nigra (Gaertner) B.L.Burtt from North East India

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