In this paper we study various peak to average power reduction techniques and find the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques.The main disadvantage is high PAPR in transmission for high-speed transmission due to its spectrum efficiency and channel robustness. OFDM signals are mostly responsible for the problem of PAPR Keywords: High power amplifier (HPA), peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR

Ahlawat, Amit

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.1, No.2, 2011  10  Comparison of Various Peak To Average Power Reduction Techniques Amit Ahlawat ECE Department, GITM, Bilaspur, Haryana ,India amit.ahlawat219@gmail.com  Abstract In this paper we study various peak to average power reduction techniques and find the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques.The main disadvantage is high PAPR in transmission for high-speed transmission due to its spectrum efficiency and channel robustness. OFDM signals are mostly responsible for the problem of PAPR Keywords: High power amplifier (HPA), peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)   1.Clipping and Filtering Clipping too large peaks is a simple solution to the PAPR problem. Clipping belongs to the group of techniques that reduce large peaks by nonlinearly distorting the signal. It does not add extra information to the signal and too large peaks occur with low probability so the signal is seldom distorted [1]. The maximum peak power allowed is determined by the system specifications, usually by the linear region of the power amplifier. A maximum peak amplitude A is chosen so that the OFDM signal does not exceed the limits of this region, symbols that exceed this maximum amplitude, will be clipped                                                                                     Where   is the clipped signal, is the transmitted signal, is the clipping amplitude and is the phase of the transmitted signal . Clipping is a non linear process so it introduces in-band distortion, also called clipping noise, out of band radiation and inter-carrier interference shown in figure 1, which degrade the system performance and the spectral efficiency. Filtering can reduce out of band radiation after clipping although it cannot reduce in-band distortion. However, clipping may cause some peak re-growth so that the signal after clipping and filtering will exceed the clipping level at some points.   2.Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) This proposed method is based on the phase shifting of sub-blocks of data and multiplication of data structure by random vectors. This method is flexible and effective for OFDM system. The main purpose behind this method is that the input data frame is divided into non-overlapping sub blocks and each sub block is phase shifted by a constant factor to reduce PAPR.[2] In the PTS technique, an input data block of N symbols is partitioned into disjoint sub blocks. The subcarriers in each sub block are weighted by a phase factor for that sub block. The phase factors are selected such that the PAPR of the combined signal is minimized. Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the PTS technique [4]. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.1, No.2, 2011  11  The ordinary PTS technique has exponentially increasing search complexity. To reduce the search complexity, various techniques have been suggested. In [3] iterations for updating the set of phase factors are stopped once the PAPR drops below a preset threshold. In [3-5] various methods to reduce the number of iterations are presented. These methods achieve significant reduction in search complexity with marginal PAPR performance degradation.   3. Selected Mapping (SLM) In the SLM technique, the transmitter generates a set of sufficiently different candidate data blocks, all representing the same information as the original data block, and selects the most favourable for transmission. In the SLM, the input data structure is multiplied by random series and resultant series with the lowest PAPR is chosen for transmission. To allow the receiver to recover the original data to the multiplying sequence can be sent as ‘side information’. The block diagram of SLM technique is shown in figure 3. Each data block is multiplied by V different phase sequences, each of length N,   resulting in V modified data blocks. Thus, the  phase sequence after multiplied is                                        Among the data blocks , only one with the lowest PAPR is selected for transmission and the corresponding selected phase factors  also should be transmitted to receiver as side information [6] [7].   4.Tone Reservation and Tone Injection Tone reservation is an efficient technique to reduce the PAPR of a multicarrier signal. In an OFDM system tone means a “subcarrier”. The basic idea is to reserve a small set of tones for the PAPR reduction signals. These reserved tones are not used for data transmission instead they are reserved for anti peak signals and they are orthogonal to the other tones which bear data. The fact behind the logic of TR is: There are some tones that have low SNR and therefore not able to carry data .So, these tones are used to construct a signal that can be used to reduce the PAPR of original multicarrier signal. Let ‘ ’be original time domain signal that suffer from a problem of PAPR. The main goal of TR technique is to find a time domain signal ‘c’ which when add to the original signal ‘ ’,the PAPR is reduced as shown in the Figure 4. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.1, No.2, 2011  12                          If ‘ ’ and ‘ ’ are the frequency domain signals of ‘x’ and ‘c’, and then it can be expressed as:                                                                                             Here vectors ‘ ’ and ‘ ’ are designed in such a way that these two lie in disjoint frequency sub spaces. This can be further illustrated by supposing that ‘R’ tones are reserved for reducing PAPR. Let these ‘R’ tones be placed at locations. Therefore the vectors’ ’ and ‘ ’ are designed in such a way that                                                                                                  And                                                                                 These ‘R’ tones are called Peak Reduction Tones (PRTs) or these ‘R’ non zero positions in ‘C’ are called Peak Reduction Carriers (PRCs). in a data block is with more mapping choices, it is likely to achieve better PAPR performance. The method is called tone injection because substituting a point in the original constellation for a new point in the expanded constellation is equivalent to add a tone carrying the information of the vector between the two points. The TI method may introduce a power increase in the transmit signal due to the injected signal [8].   5.Coding Technique Coding techniques can be applied for signal scrambling, M sequences, Golay complementary sequences, Shapiro-Rudin sequences codes can be used to reduce the PAPR efficiently. A simple idea introduced in [9] is to select those code words that minimize or reduce the PAPR. Its basic idea is that mapping 3 bits data into 4 bits codeword by adding a Simple Odd Parity Code (SOBC) at the last bit across the channels. The main disadvantage of SOBC method is that it can reduce PAPR for a 4-bit codeword. The block coding techniques have three stages for the development. The first stage works with the collection of appropriate sets of code words for any number of carriers, any M-ary phase modulation method, and any coding rate. The second stage works with the collection of the sets of code words which enable proficient implementation of the encoding/decoding. The third stage offers error deduction and correction potential .These different methods are for the collection of the sets of code words. The mainly insignificant method, order to search the peak envelope power (PEP) for all possible code words for a certain length of given number of carriers.   6.Active Constellation Extension (ACE) ACE is a similar PAPR reduction method to TI. In this method, some of the outer signal constellation points Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.1, No.2, 2011  13  in a data block are allowed to move toward the outside of the original constellation. By using a QPSK signal constellation, all the four points are outer points and allowed to move toward the extended shaded regions as shown in figure 5 which represents the region of increased margin for the data symbol in the first quadrant[10]                   If adjusted intelligently, a combination of these additional signals can be used to partially cancel time domain peaks in the transmit signal. Therefore, each symbol which is with more mapping choices make the possible    PAPR reduction and increases transmit signal power. The ACE method can also be applied to larger constellation size such as MPSK or MQAM because data points that lie on the outer boundaries of the constellations have room for increased margin without degrading the error probability for other data symbols. It is possible to combine the TR and ACE techniques to make the convergence of TR much faster.   7.Interleaving In this approach, a set of inter leavers is used to reduce the PAPR of the multicarrier signal instead of a set of phase sequences. Interleaving technique is similar to SLM technique for PAPR reduction [11-13]. An inter leaver is a device that operates on a block of N symbols and reorders or permutes them. Thus, data block   becomes  where  is a one-to-one mapping  and for all n. To make K modified data blocks, interleavers are used to produce permuted data blocks from the same data block.    RESULT:- Comparative Study of PAPR reduction Techniques shown in table 1   CONCLUSION:- The PAPR reduction technique should be carefully chosen according to various system requirements. Comparative study of all techniques has been reviewed by discussing advantages and disadvantages of various PAPR reduction techniques. REFRENCES:- [1]. Pisit Boonsrimuang, Kazuo Mori, Tawil Paungma, and Hideo Kobayashi. “Proposal of Clipping and Inter-modulation Noise Mitigation Method for OFDM Signal in Non-linear Channel”. IEICE Trans. Commun., 2005. [2]. S. H. Müller and J. B. Huber, “OFDM with Reduced Peak–to–Average Power Ratio by Optimum Combination of Partial Transmit Sequences,” Elect. Lett., vol. 33, no. 5, Feb. 1997, pp. 368–69. . [3] L. J. Cimini, Jr. and N. R. Sollenberger, “Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of an OFDM Signal Using Partial Transmit Sequences,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 4, no. 3, Mar. 2000, pp. 86–88. [4] .Wireless algorithms, systems, and applications: By Xiuzhen Cheng, Wayne Li, Wei Li, Taieb F. Znati C. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.1, No.2, 2011  14  Tellambura, [5] S. H. Han and J. H. Lee, “PAPR Reduction of OFDM Signals Using a Reduced Complexity PTS Technique,” IEEE Sig. Proc. Lett., vol. 11, no. 11, Nov. 2004, pp.  887–90. [6]. Chin-Liang Wang and Yuan Ou yang, “Low Complexity Selected Mapping Schemes for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems”, IEEE Journal on Signal Processing, Vol.4, pp.637-645, 2010. [7]. R. W. Bäuml, R. F. H. Fisher, and J. B. Huber, “Reducing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of Multicarrier Modulation by Selected Mapping,” Elect. Lett., vol. 32, no. 22, Oct. 1996, pp. 2056–57.. [8]. Thanatat Wattanasuwakull and Watit Benjapolakul,” PAPR Reduction for OFDM Transmission by using a method of Tone Reservation and Tone Injection”, Fifth International Conference on Information, Communications and Signal Processing, 2005 Page(s):273,2005. [9]Wilkison, T. A. and Jones A. E., "Minimization of the Peak to mean Envelope Power Ratio of Multicarrier Transmission Schemes by Block Coding," IEEE, Vehicular Conference, Vol.2, Jul. 1995. [10] B. S. Krongold and D. L. Jones, “PAR Reduction in OFDM via Active Constellation Extension,” IEEE Trans. Broadcast., vol. 49, no. 3, Sept. 2003, pp. 258–68. [11] . G. R. Hill, M. Faulkner, and J. Singh, “Reducing the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio in OFDM by Cyclically Shifting Partial Transmit Sequences,” Elect. Lett., vol. 36, no. 6, Mar. 2000, pp. 560–61. [12] P. Van Eetvelt, G. Wade, and M. Tomlinson, “Peak to Average Power Reduction for OFDM Schemes by Selective Scrambling,” Elect. Lett., vol. 32, no. 21, Oct. 1996, pp. 1963–64. [13] A. D. S. Jayalath and C. Tellambura, “Reducing the Peak-to- Average Power Ratio of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Signal through Bit or Symbol Interleaving,” Elect. Lett., vol. 36, no. 13, June 2000, pp. 1161–63.    Figure 1 Cliping function Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.1, No.2, 2011  15   Figure 2 block diagram of pts technique  Figure 3 block diagram of slm technique Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.1, No.2, 2011  16   Figure 4  tone reservation                                                       Figure 5 The ACE technique for QPSK modulation Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy  www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0573 (Online) Vol.1, No.2, 2011  17  Table 1 Comparative Study of PAPR reduction Techniques   Technique   Advantage   Disadvantage   Active Constellation Extension(ACE) No distortion of original signal Power increase Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) Less complex Side information needed Selected Mapping(SLM) Independent of number of carriers Side information needed Tone Injection(TI) No data rate loss Requires modulo-D addition after FFT operation in receiver. Tone Reservation(TI) No side information needed Multiple iterations are needed.   This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE).  The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe.  The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.  More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:  http://www.iiste.org  The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and collaborating with academic institutions around the world.   Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/ The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified submissions in a fast manner. 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Comparison of Various Peak To Average Power Reduction Techniques

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Comparison of Various Peak To Average Power Reduction Techniques

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