Polymers are used in a wide range of manufacture applications for their low cost, light weight, mechanical and optical properties. In this paper, study effect of addition cobalt chloride on  optical  properties of poly-vinyl alcohol(PVA). The cobalt chloride was add to poly-vinyl alcohol with weight percentages are (0,1,2,4) wt.%. The absorption and transmission  spectra has been recorded in the wavelength range (200-800) nm. The experimental results showed that the absorption coefficient, optical energy gap, extinction coefficient, refractive index and  real and imaginary dielectric constant effected by addition different weight percentages from cobalt chloride. Keyword: polymer, optical constants, absorption, cobalt chloride

Ahmed, Hind

Ali Habeeb, Majeed

Hashim, Ahmed

Mahdi, Mohamed A.

Rashid, Farhan Lafta

Salman, Saba R.

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Chemistry and Materials Research                                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online) Vol.3 No.7, 2013  44 Optical Properties of (PVA-CoCl2) Composites  Majeed Ali Habeeb, Farhan Lafta Rashid, Saba R. Salman , Hind Ahmed  ,Ahmed Hashim  and Mohamed A. Mahdi Babylon University, College of Education, Department of Physics, Iraq E-Mail: ahmed_taay@yahoo.com  Abstract Polymers are used in a wide range of manufacture applications for their low cost, light weight, mechanical and optical properties. In this paper, study effect of addition cobalt chloride on  optical  properties of poly-vinyl alcohol(PVA). The cobalt chloride was add to poly-vinyl alcohol with weight percentages are (0,1,2,4) wt.%. The absorption and transmission  spectra has been recorded in the wavelength range (200-800) nm. The experimental results showed that the absorption coefficient, optical energy gap, extinction coefficient, refractive index and  real and imaginary dielectric constant effected by addition different weight percentages from cobalt chloride. Keyword: polymer, optical constants, absorption, cobalt chloride.   Introduction Per last years composite materials attract the rapt attention both in industry applications and in science. In these materials there is the possibility to combine mechanical, electric and optical properties of constituent components in one sample. From optical point of view, several fascinating properties of these composites can be obtained [1]. Polymers are generally used in a wide range of applications often for their low cost, light weight and a mechanical properties, or for the three characteristics combined [2]. The doped polymers may present useful applications in integrated optics or in real time holography. In order to tailor materials with improved properties within the doped polymer class, it is necessary to understand and control the electronic mechanisms involved in the optical behavior[3]. Rtintu et al,[4] studied the optical properties of PVA/ Ge28Se60 Sb12  composite. They found that the optical energy gap decreases with increase of Ge28Se60 Sb12 concentration. Also, the refractive index decreases with the decrease in concentration  The present study deals with the effect of cobalt chloride on the optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol composite.  Experimental part          The materials used in this paper are polyvinyl alcohol and cobalt chloride. The weight percentages of cobalt chloride are (1,2, and 3) wt.%. The samples were prepared casting technique thickness ranged between (442-796)µm.           The transmission and  absorption spectra of composites have been recording in the wavelength range (200-800) nm using double-beam spectrophotometer (UV-210oA shimedza ).   The absorption coefficient(α) is calculated by using the following equation [5]:       α = 2.303A/t                 ………………… (1) where A is absorption and t is the thickness of film .    The optical energy gab and electronic transition obtained from this equation : αhυ=B(hf – Eg)r                    ……………..(2)     The refractive index is calculated by using the following formula : n= [4R/(R-1)2- (R+1/R-1)]1/2   ………….(3)    The extinction coefficient is obtained by the relation :    K= αλ/4π                               …………….(4)    Real and imaginary dielectric constant is calculated from the equations : ε1= n2- k2                                              …………….(5) ε2= 2nk                                   ……………(6)  Results and Discussion     The absorption spectra of  PVA-CoCl2 composite of different concentration of cobalt chloride is shown in figure (1). This figure shows, the absorbance of polymer increases with increase concentration of cobalt chloride this is due to absorb the incident light by the free charge carriers[6].   Chemistry and Materials Research                                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online) Vol.3 No.7, 2013  45         Figure (2) shows the variation  of absorption coefficient with photon energy of composite. From this figure, the absorption coefficient is small at low energies, this indicates the possibility of electronic transitions is small. At high energies absorption coefficient is large this indicates the large probability of electronic transitions at the absorption edge of the region.   The absorption coefficient helps to conclude the nature of electronic transitions, when the absorption coefficient values are high (α>104cm-1)  at high energies we expect direct electronic transitions ,and  the energy and momentum of the electron and photon are persevered, when the values of absorption coefficient are low(α<104cm-1) at low energies we expect are indirect electronic transitions, the momentum of the electron and photon preserved by phonon helps[7]. The results show that the values of absorption coefficient of composites are less than 104cm-1  which indicates the indirect electronic transition. The forbidden energy gap of indirect transition both allowed, forbidden is calculated according to equation(2) as show in figures 3 and 4. 00.511.522.533.5200 300 400 500 600 700 800Wavelength(nm)Absorbancepure1 wt.%2 wt.%3 wt.%FIG.1The variation of optical absorbance for (PVA-CoCl2) composite with wavelength0246810120 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy(eV)pure1 wt .%2 wt.%3 wt.%FIG.2 The absorption coefficient  for (PVA-CoCl2) composite with  various photon energyα(cm)-1  Chemistry and Materials Research                                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online) Vol.3 No.7, 2013  46                 Figure (5) shows the variation of extinction coefficient and photon energy of the composites. From the figure we see that the extinction coefficient increases with increasing of concentration of cobalt chloride, this related to high absorption coefficient of  doping atoms of cobalt chloride will modify the  structure of the host polyvinyl alcohol [8]. 05101520253035400 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy(eV)pure1 wt.%2 wt.%3 wt.%FIG.3The relationship between (αhυ)1/2(cm-1.eV)1/2 and photon energy of   PVA-CoCl2 composites. (αhυ)1/2(cm-1.eV)1/20246810120 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Photon energy(eV)pure1 wt.%2 wt.%3 wt.%(αhυ)1/3(cm-1.eV)1/3FIG.4 the relationship between (αhυ)1/3(cm-1.eV)1/3 and photon energy of PVA-CoCl2 composites.Chemistry and Materials Research                                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online) Vol.3 No.7, 2013  47   Figure (6) shows the effect of addition cobalt chloride on refractive index with different  photon energies. The figure shows that the refractive index increases with increase of cobalt chloride concentration this related to the fraction of light lost due to scattering [4].  0.E+001.E-072.E-073.E-074.E-075.E-076.E-070 1 2 3 4 5 6 7kpure1 wt.%2 wt.%3 wt.%photon energyFIG.5 The extinction coefficient  for (PVA-CoCl2) composite with  various photon energy11.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.830 1 2 3 4 5 6 7photon energy(eV)npure1 wt.%2 wt.%3 wt.%FIG.6The relationship between refractive index for (PVA-CoCl2) composite with photon energyChemistry and Materials Research                                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online) Vol.3 No.7, 2013  48  Figures (7) and (8) show the effect of addition cobalt chloride on real and imaginary dielectric constants  as a function of photon energy composite. From the figure we can see that the real and imaginary dielectric constants are increasing with increase the cobalt chloride concentration. The real and imaginary dielectric constants that shows how much it will slow down the speed of light in the material and the imaginary part shows how a dielectric absorbs energy from an electric field due to dipole motion [4]. The increase of real and imaginary dielectric constants due to increase the density of free charge carriers.   Conclusions The experimental results showed that the absorption coefficient  of composite less than 104 cm-1 this is indicate to forbidden and allowed indirect electronic transition, the forbidden energy gap of (PVA-CoCl2) composite decreases with increase of concentration of cobalt chloride. The extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary dielectric constants are increasing with increase the cobalt chloride concentration.     01234567890 1 2 3 4 5 6 7photon energy(eV)pure1 wt.%2 wt.%3 wt.%ε 1FIG.7The variation of real part of dielectric constant (PVA-CoCl2) composite with photon energy0.E+005.E-071.E-062.E-062.E-063.E-063.E-064.E-064.E-060 1 2 3 4 5 6 7photon energy(eV)pure1 wt.%2 wt.%3 wt.%ε 2FIG.8The  variation of  imaginary part of dielectric constant(PVA-CoCl2) composite with  photon energyChemistry and Materials Research                                                                                                                                                    www.iiste.org ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online) Vol.3 No.7, 2013  49 References   [1] Kovalchuk, Dolgov, Bugayova, Yaroshchuk, 2005, "The Peculiarities of Photopolymerization in theComposite ‘‘Pre-polymer–TiO2 Nanoparticles", J. of Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Vol. 427, pp. 191-200. [2] Hossein Eisazadeh, 2008, Nanoparticles Preparation of Pyrrole and Styrene Copolymer in Aqueous Media, J. of World Applied Sciences Journal , Vol. 3 , No.1, pp. 14-17. [3] Bulinski, Kuncsera, Cristeab, Plapcianua, Krautwaldc, Frankec, Wagnerd and Filotib, 2003, OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF METAL DOPED POLYMERS FOR INTEGRATED OPTICS, J. of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 331 - 335. [4] TINTU, K. SAURAV, K. SULAKSHNA, NAMPOORI, RADHAKRISHNAN, SHEENU THOMAS, 2010, Ge28Se60Sb12 /PVA COMPOSITE FILMS FOR PHOTONIC APPLICATIONS, J. of Non-Oxide Glasses, Vol. 2, No 4, pp. 167- 174.  [5] Tauce , 1972 ," Statesint the Gap ", J. of Non–Crystalline Solids, pp.565 –569 . [6] Ahmad A.H., Awatif A.M. and Zeid Abdul-Majied N., 2007, “ J. of Eng. & Technology”, Vol.25, No.4, P.P ( 558-568). [7] Thangaraju B. , Kalianna P. ,2000,Cryst. Res. Techon., vol. 35, No.71.        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Optical Properties of (PVA-CoCl2) Composites

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Optical Properties of (PVA-CoCl2) Composites

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