This study estimated hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and interpreted the environment of deposition of the Owelli Sandstone in Mbanabor area of Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria. These were achieved using grain size distribution analysis, and borehole lithological logs. The results indicated that values of hydraulic conductivity (m/s) and transmissivity (m2/s) range between 2.89 x 10-2 – 1.52 x 10-1, and 4.8 x 10-1 - 5.3 x10-1, respectively, indicating prevalence of aquifer of good performance. The aquifer units are predominantly unconfined, with variable thicknesses and depth of occurrence. The values of the mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis, from sieve data range between 0.2 - 0.9Φ, 0.49 - 1.97Φ, -0.05 - 0.21Φ and 0.96 - 1.52Φ respectively. Multivariate discriminate functions revealed that Owelli Sandstone may have been deposited dominantly by beach process, in shallow agitated marine, and shallow marine environment. Key words: Hydraulic Conductivity, Transmissivity, Owelli Sandstone, Anambra Basin, Depositional Environment

A. U., Okoro

B. E. B., Akudinobi

C. I., Aganigbo

E. I., Okoyeh

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Journal of Environment and Earth Science                                                                                                                                        www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.6, No.2, 2016  95 Determination of The Hydraulic Conductivity, Transmissivity And The Environment of Deposition of Owelli Sandstone, in Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria, Using Grain Size Distribution Analysis *Aganigbo C. I., Akudinobi B. E. B., Okoro A. U., and Okoyeh E. I.  Geological Sciences Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Abstract This study estimated hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and interpreted the environment of deposition of the Owelli Sandstone in Mbanabor area of Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria. These were achieved using grain size distribution analysis, and borehole lithological logs. The results indicated that values of hydraulic conductivity (m/s) and transmissivity (m2/s) range between 2.89 x 10-2 – 1.52 x 10-1, and 4.8 x 10-1 - 5.3 x10-1, respectively, indicating prevalence of aquifer of good performance. The aquifer units are predominantly unconfined, with variable thicknesses and depth of occurrence. The values of the mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis, from sieve data range between 0.2 - 0.9Φ, 0.49 - 1.97Φ, -0.05 - 0.21Φ and 0.96 - 1.52Φ respectively. Multivariate discriminate functions revealed that Owelli Sandstone may have been deposited dominantly by beach process, in shallow agitated marine, and shallow marine environment. Key words: Hydraulic Conductivity, Transmissivity, Owelli Sandstone, Anambra Basin, Depositional Environment.  1. Introduction Groundwater accounts for the major portion of the world’s fresh water resources. Many urban and rural dwellers depend entirely on groundwater for their daily water needs. Groundwater provides a reasonably constant source of water supply that is not likely to dry up under natural conditions. Freeze and Cherry (1979) stated that the primary motivation for the study of water has traditionally been because of its importance as a resource. Evaluation of groundwater in this work has been taken to include: the estimation of some aquifer parameters (including hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity), and the determination of the environment of deposition of the rock samples that constitute the aquifer analyzed. Obasi, et al. (2013) noted that hydraulic conductivity is a very useful parameter in the evaluation of groundwater resources. Hazen formula (1911) relies on the effective grain size d10, to predict the relationship with hydraulic conductivity (K). Odong (2007) and Abdullahi (2013) observed that Hazen’s formula of determining hydraulic conductivity is used for uniformly graded sands. However, it could also be used for fine sand to gravel range, provided the sediment has a uniformity coefficient less than 5 and effective grain size between 0.1 and 3mm. Salarashayeri, and Siosemarde, (2012), described equations to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity (K), from d10, d50 and d60 data. The results were successful in predicting hydraulic conductivity. The results of regression analysis showed that d10 play a more significant role with respect to saturated hydraulic conductivity, and has been noted as the effective parameter in K’s calculation. Transmissivity describes the amount of water that can be transmitted horizontally by the full saturated thickness of the aquifer. It is the rate at which water at prevailing kinematic viscosity is transmitted through a unit width of an aquifer under hydraulic head. Freeze and Cherry (1979) expressed transmissivity (T) as the product of the hydraulic conductivity and the aquifer thickness. The study is aimed at estimating the aquifer parameters (hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity) of Owelli Sandstone in Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria and also establish the environment of deposition. 2. The study area The study area lies between latitudes 60101N and 60151N, and longitudes 70251E and 70301E, covering an area of about 324km2. It comprises Ihe, Agbogugu, Isu-Awaa, Agbudu, Owelli, Amaowelli, and Ogugu towns. It is accessible by Enugu to Portharcourt express way. Accessibility is also possible through the old Enugu-Portharcourt road, in Enugu state Nigeria. There are also minor link roads and footpaths, connecting the various towns and villages Fig 1. The area is located in the southeastern part of Nigeria, characterized by low climatic conditions. The rainy season (April-October), and the dry season (November-March). The study area is underlain Journal of Environment and Earth Science                                                                                                                                        www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.6, No.2, 2016  96 by two geologic formations; the Owelli Sandstone and the Enugu Shale. While the Owelli Sandstone is Late Campanian in age, the Enugu Shale is Campanian – Santonian (Reyment, 1965). The study tends to concentrate on Owelli Sandstone to determine its aquifer parameters for potential project.   Fig. 1: Location of the study area in Enugu State, Nigeria.  3. Materials and Methods The methods applied in the study include geological mapping and grain size distribution analysis. Field work examined lithology, textures, sedimentary structures, which helped in identifying the lithofacies. Eleven representative samples were sieved and Folk and Ward (1957) statistical formulae were used to calculate the grainsize parameters eg mean, standard deviation (sorting), skewness, and kurtosis. Hydraulic conductivity was determined using d10 value from cumulative frequency distribution graph. These grainsize statistical parameters were further used in the multivariate discriminate functions. In order to characterize the depositional setting of the sediments, multivariate discriminate functions (Y1, Y2, Y3) as proposed by Sahu (1964), was applied.    Journal of Environment and Earth Science                                                                                                                                        www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.6, No.2, 2016  97 4. Results and Discussion Table 1: Summary of the grain size parameters (Using Folk and Ward, 1957). Sample No. Mean Sorting  Skewness Kurtosis     1 0.97  1.29  -0.13  0.96      2 2.40  0.49  0.21  1.09      3 0.33  0.94 0.07  0.98      4 1.00  0.50   0.03  1.29      5 1.10  0.78  0.09  1.30      6 0.90  0.67  0.03  1.52      7 1.20  0.81  -0.05  1.00      8 1.5  0.84  -0.31  1.00      9 0.20  0.80  0.20  1.18      10 0.70  0.80  -0.20  1.00      11 0.73  1.09  -0.04  1.14   4.1 Environment of Deposition Analysis In order to characterize the depositional setting of the sediments (Table 1), multivariate discriminate functions (Y1, Y2, Y3) as proposed by Sahu (1964), was applied.  I. For the discrimination between Aeolian process and Littoral (intertidal zone) environment, the following equation was used:  Y1 = -3.5688MN + 3.701ST – 2.0766SK + 3.1135KT (Sahu, 1964)  Where MN is the mean grain size, ST is the inclusive graphic standard deviation (sorting), SK is the skewness, and KT is the kurtosis. When Y1 is less than -2.7411, Aeolian deposition is indicated, where as when Y1 is greater than -2.7411, a beach environment is indicated. The value of Y1 calculated from Owelli Sandstone range from -3.79 - 5.50 (Table 2). 90% of the sandstone have Y1>2.7411. Therefore the sandstone may have been deposited dominantly by beach process. II. For the discrimination between beach (back shore) and shallow agitated marine environment (sub-tidal environment), the following equation was used:  Y2 = 15.6534MN + 65.7091ST + 18.10871SK + 18.5043KT (Sahu, 1964)  When the value of Y2 is less than 65.3650, beach deposition is suggested. If it is greater than 65.3650, a shallow agitated marine environment is indicated. The values of Y2 calculated for Owelli Sandstone, range from 81.15 -114.88, indicating that 100% of the sandstone was deposited in shallow agitated marine environment (Table 2). III. For the discrimination between shallow marine and fluvial environment, the following equation was used:  Y3 = 0.2852MN – 8.7604ST – 4.8932SK + 0.0482KT (Sahu, 1964)  Journal of Environment and Earth Science                                                                                                                                        www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.6, No.2, 2016  98 When Y3 is less than -7.419, the sand is identified as a fluvio-deltaic deposit, and when it is greater than -7.419, the sand is said to be of shallow marine deposit. From the values of this analysis, Y3 ranges from 4.00 to 12.12 suggestive of deposition in shallow marine environment. Table 2: The discriminate function and environment of deposition of each sample. S/N Y1 Environment  of deposition Y2 Environment of deposition Y3 Environment of deposition 1 4.51 Beach 114.88 Shallow agitated marine 12.12 Shallow marine 2 -3.79 Aeolian 93.73 Shallow agitated marine 4.00 Shallow marine 3 5.21 Beach 86.33 Shallow agitated marine 8.03 Shallow marine 4 2.23 Beach 72.92 Shallow agitated marine 4.58 Shallow marine 5 2.82 Beach 94.15 Shallow agitated marine 6.77 Shallow marine 6 3.94 Beach 86.78 Shallow agitated marine 6.05 Shallow marine 7 1.93 Beach 89.60 Shallow agitated marine 7.73 Shallow marine 8 1.5 Beach 91.57 Shallow agitated marine 9.35 Shallow marine 9 5.50 Beach 81.15 Shallow agitated marine 6.14 Shallow marine 10 3.99 Beach 78.40 Shallow agitated marine 8.23 Shallow marine 11 5.04 Beach 103.60 Shallow agitated marine 9.96 Shallow marine  4.2 Hydraulic Conductivity (K) Hydraulic conductivity values (cm/s) for the Owelli Sandstone was calculated using Hazen, (1911) formula K = (d10)2. The calculated K ranged from 2.89 x 10-2 – 1.521 x 10-1 with the mean value of 7.5 x 10-2 (Table 3 and 4, Figs. 2a and 2b), indicating relatively easy transmission of groundwater in the aquiferous zones (Freeze and Cherry, 1979). Movement of dissolved substances (including pollutants and contaminants) is thus enhanced. The hydraulic conductivity increases towards the Northeastern part of the study area and most prominent at Umuonwe Fig. 2.    Journal of Environment and Earth Science                                                                                                                                        www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.6, No.2, 2016  99 Table 3: The hydraulic conductivity of different rock samples analyzed (Hazen, 1911). Sample number Location Latitude (km)  Longitude (km) d10  (mm) Hydraulic conductivity (K) (m/s)             1 Umuogba-Ihe     1057.46       1558.86     0.17     0.03             2 Umuogba-Ihe     1051.31       1561.12     0.33     0.11             3 Umuogba-Ihe     1034.43       1586.75     0.33     0.11             4 Umuogba-Ihe     949.19       1585.77     0.3     0.09             5 Ezioha-Ogugu     954.18       1591.37     0.2     0.04             6 Ibite-Ogugu     950.11       1598.49     0.3     0.09             7 Amagu-Ihe     1012.32       1513.58     0.19     0.04             8 Umuonwe-Ihe     1062.73       1549.79     0.17     0.03             9 Umuonwe-Ihe     1061.78       1550.34     0.39     0.15             10 Umuonwe-Ihe     1063.02       1552.59     0.31     0.09             11 Obiono-River     1031.65       1476.53     0.21     0.05    Fig. 2a: Map of the study area showing the hydraulic conductivity distribution. 1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 158096098010001020104010600.0250.030.0350.040.0450.050.0550.060.0650.070.0750.080.0850.090.0950.10.1050.110.1150.120.1250.130.1350.140.1450.15OguguObiono UmuonweAmagu UmuogbaJournal of Environment and Earth Science                                                                                                                                        www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.6, No.2, 2016  100   Fig. 2b: 3D map of the study area showing the hydraulic conductivity distribution. 4.3 Transmissivity (T) Transmissivity values (m2/s) in the study area range from 4.8 x 10-1 – 5.3 x 10-1 with the mean value of 5.0 x 10-1(Table 5). These values are indicative of good aquifer in conformity with the hydraulic conductivity values (Kampsax-Kruger, 1985, and Kransy, 1993). Table 4: Values of aquifer parameters in selected boreholes (Freeze and Cherry, 1979). BH No. Location Coordinate Elevation (m) Aquifer Thickness (b)(m) Hydraulic Conductivity (K)(m/s) Transmissivity (T)(m2/s)    1 Umuonwe N6014’10.89” E7027’41.63”      185         8        0.07        0.56    2 Amagu N6013’26.42” E7026’58.14”      259         12        0.04        0.48    3 Amagu N6012’57.55” E7026’41.25”      225         5         0.1        0.5  5. Summary The hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and the environment of deposition of Owelli Sandstone in Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria has been determined using data on grain size distribution analysis. The results of the investigation reveal that the values of hydraulic conductivity (m/s), and transmissivity (m2/s), range between 2.89 x 10-2 – 1.521 x 10-1 and 4.8 x 10-1 - 5.3 x 10-1 respectively. These indicate aquifer of good performance in accordance with Kampsax-Kruger (1985) and Kransy (1993) transmissivity scales. In order to characterize the depositional setting of the sediments, multivariate discriminate functions (Y1, Y2, Y3) as proposed by Sahu 0.030.0350.040.0450.050.0550.060.0650.070.0750.080.0850.090.0950.10.1050.110.1150.120.1250.130.1350.140.145Ihe OguguObiono UmuogbaAmaguUmuonweJournal of Environment and Earth Science                                                                                                                                        www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.6, No.2, 2016  101 (1964), was applied which revealed that owelli sandstone may have been deposited dominantly by beach process, shallow agitated marine, and shallow marine environment. 6. Conclusion Mbanabor area is endowed with abundant surface and groundwater resources with prolific aquifers in existence. Well records indicate shallow groundwater sources that are unconfined, with elevated vulnerability to pollution and contamination from surface sources. Confined aquifer units are also in existence at about 45-50m depth. The hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity values range between 2.89 x 10-2 – 1.521 x 10-1 and 4.8 x 10-1 - 5.3 x 10-1 respectively. For the discrimination between Aeolian process and littoral (intertidal zone) environment Y1 ranges from -3.79 - 5.50, suggesting 90% of beach process, while for the discrimination between beach (back shore) and shallow agitated marine (sub-tidal) environment Y2 ranges from 81.15 – 114.88 indicating 100% shallow agitated marine environment. The discrimination between shallow marine and fluvial environment Y3 ranges from 4.00 – 12.12 indicating 100% shallow marine environment.  REFERENCES Folk, R. L. and Ward, W. L., 1957. Bracos River Bar. A study in the significance of Grain Size  Parameters. Jour. Sed. Pet., Vol. 27, No. 1, pp 2 – 26. Freeze, R. A., and Cherry, J. A., 1979. Groundwater, Prentice-Hall Inc. New Jersey Chaps. pp.2 – 9. Hazen, A., 1911. Discussion of “Dam on Sand Foundation” by A. C. Koenig. Transaction  American Society of Civil Engineers. Vol. 73, pp. 199 – 203. Idris-Nda, 2013. Estimating aquifer hydraulic properties in Bida Basin, Central Nigeria Using  Empirical Methods. Earth science research; Vol. 2, No. 1; published by Canadian Center of Science and Education. Kmpsax-Kruger, 1985. Underground Water Resources Investigation of the Metropolitan Lagos.  Final Report, Federal Ministry of Works and Planning, Lagos. pp. 225. Krasny, J., 1993. Classification of Transmissivity Magnitude and Variation. Groundwater, 31(2),  pp. 230 – 236. Obasi, P. N., Aghamelu, O. P., and Akudinobi, B. E. B., 2013. Determination of Hydraulic  Conductivity of Sandstones of Ajali Formation in Uturu Area (Southeastern Nigeria) using grain size analysis. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp 49-54. Odong, J., 2008. Evaluation of Empirical Formulae for Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity  based on Grain Size Analysis, The American Journal of Science Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1 – 6. Reyment, R. A., 1965. Aspects of Geology of Nigeria. Ibadan university Press, Ibadan, pp. 628. Sahu, B. K., Multigroup discrimination of depositional environments using distribution statistics.  Ind. Journal of Earth Sciences. 10(1), (1983), pg 20 – 29. Sahu B. K. Depositional Mechanism from the size analysis of clastic sediments. Journal of  Sedimentary Petrology, 34(1), (1964), 73 – 83. Salarashayeri A. F. and Siosemarde, M., 2012. Prediction of Soil Hydraulic Conductivity from  Particle Size Distribution Analysis. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 6, 24th January, 2012.  

Determination of The Hydraulic Conductivity, Transmissivity And The Environment of Deposition of Owelli Sandstone, in Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria, Using Grain Size Distribution Analysis

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Determination of The Hydraulic Conductivity, Transmissivity And The Environment of Deposition of Owelli Sandstone, in Anambra Basin, Southeastern Nigeria, Using Grain Size Distribution Analysis

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