In this work we have access to weather map for the area of Iraq, this work is of great importance, especially in the field of future planning and management of projects and resources as well as agriculture in Iraq. The climate assessment of the area of Iraq has been done in multiple ways to reach a clear conception of the nature of the climate in Iraq. We used the data of the last 15 years to achieve stable results. The Information was put in the form of grid points and has been processed by MATLAB program. Keywords: agriculture, atmospheric sciences, climate classification, drought, precipitation

AL-khuwaylidee, Imad Khraibet Rashid

Basheer, Firas S.

Ghazi Mutar, Aqeel

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.6, No.20, 2016  66 The Climate Assessment of Iraq Region   Aqeel Ghazi Mutar      Firas S. Basheer*      Imad Khraibet Rashid AL-khuwaylidee Department of Atmospheric Sciences, College of Science, AL-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq  Abstract In this work we have access to weather map for the area of Iraq, this work is of great importance, especially in the field of future planning and management of projects and resources as well as agriculture in Iraq. The climate assessment of the area of Iraq has been done in multiple ways to reach a clear conception of the nature of the climate in Iraq. We used the data of the last 15 years to achieve stable results. The Information was put in the form of grid points and has been processed by MATLAB program. Keywords: agriculture, atmospheric sciences, climate classification, drought, precipitation.  1. Introduction Climate is the most important components of the environment where humans live, because of its effect on humans comfort and health In addition to the economic impact, agricultural challenge, and all other humans’ activities. So for all these reasons, climate had to be studied and classified so that human life can be more advanced. There are many studies dealing with climate classification as in climate change (Marius Lungu.et.al. 2011) they tried to study drought risk as climatic phenomenon in DOBRUDJA, (Marius and Liliana 2011) and (P. Frich.et.al.2002) tried to study the coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the 20th century where the authors choses 10 indicators of extreme climatic events, defined from a larger selection that could be applied to a large variety of climates (P. Frich et al. 2002). On the subject of agriculture (Jorge Tonietto 2003) tried to put climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide by using multi criteria (Jorge and Alain 2004), and (Victor Brovkin et al.1997) used bioclimatic classification up to two classification of climate types (trees region and grass region) (Victor Brovkin et al.1997).  2.  De Martonne’s Climate Classification De Martonne Climate Classification considers precipitation and temperature with other parameters. Beside the annual precipitation and temperature (Serhat and Mesut 2010), this classification depends on the dry index (A) and we can calculate it as shown (Peguy Ch. P.  1970):  (1) Where; P = the annual mean of precipitation in (mm). T = the annual mean of temperature (°C). Table 1. De Martonne index and climate types Climate types A dry 5> Semi dry 5 – 10 Semi humid 10 – 20 Humid 20 – 30 Very humid 30<  3. N.N.Ivanove Climate Classification    In 1985, Ivanove established a climate classification depending on evapotranspiration where we can calculate the evapotranspiration (ep) as shown:  (2) Where:  t = the Monthly average of temperature (C) h = the Monthly average of Relative humidity (%) Therefore, we can calculate the moisture Factor (Im) which Ivanove put it as shown:  (3) Where:  P = quantitative annual precipitation   10+=TPA( ) ( )h-100250.0018=ep 2 ×+× tepp=ImJournal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.6, No.20, 2016  67 Table 2. Im and climate types (Ivanov N.N. 1958) Climate types Im very dry 0.12> Dry 0.12 - 0.30 Semi dry 0.30 – 0.60 Semi humid 0.60 – 1.00 Humid 1.00 – 1.50 Very humid >1.50  4. H.Bailey classification  It is divided into two parts  : moisture index (Biley H.P 1958) and warmth of climate (Biley,H.P  1960).  For moisture index (Mi) we can estimate it as shown: (4)  Where: P = the accumulation of the monthly precipitation (inches). t = Monthly temperature average Table 3 shows the climatic classifications adopted by (H.Bailey) depending on the value of (Mi) Category Climate types Mi A Very humid >  16.2 B humid 16.2 - 8.7 C Semi humid 8.7 - 4.7 D Semi dry 4.7 - 2.5 E dry 2.5> In warmth of climate (w) Bailey was depending on Months which has extreme temperatures and the Annual temperature range to be calculate as shown:                                 (5)          Where:   = Average temperatures for the warmth Month during the year (F)     = Average temperatures for the coldest Month during the year (F)  d = Annual temperature range   Depending on the values of warmth of climate, the world has been divided into ten major thermal regions are shown in Table 4. Table 4 shows the climatic classifications adopted by (H.Bailey) depending on the value of warmth of climate (W) Category Climate types warmth of climate A1 TORRID 75.4< A2 HOT 69.4 – 75.4 A3 VERY WARM 64.4 – 69.4 B1 WARM 62.1 – 64.4 B2 WARM 59.9 – 62.1 C1 MILD 58.0 – 59.9 C2 MILD 56.1 – 58.0 D1 COOL 54.4 – 56.1 D2 COOL 52.9 – 54.4 E1 VERY COOL 51.4 – 52.9 E2 VERY COOL 50.0 – 51.4 F1 COLD 47.5 – 50.0 F2 VERY COLD 45.5 – 47.5 F3 GLACIAL 45.5 >  5. Location and Data set In this work we tried to classify the climate in multiple ways concerning the area of Iraq, and because Iraq does not represent a large area to form a climatic system especially that it is necessary to include the surrounding ( )tpMi025.1=4.14502.64−×−×=dttwtt ( )ttd −=Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.6, No.20, 2016  68 areas to form an integrated image. The study location extended of longitude from 350 east to 500 east, and latitude from 250 north to 400 north. We divided the region into a grid points.  The distance between the grid point and the other approximately equal to half the distance between the longitude and other or equivalent of approximately 50 kilometers. The data obtained from (The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the times period of the information recorded extended from 1/1/2000 to 1/1/2015. the data were processed and represented using MATLAB software  6. Result and discussion  6.1 De Martonne’s Climate Classification  By using equation no. (1) .The dry index (A) has been calculated and the result shown in figure 1.  Figure 1:The distribution of drought index (A) values in Iraq and surrounding areas. Figure 1 Shows that the area of Iraq can be classified approximately to three zones, in the southern, southeastern and southwestern regions to the limits of Central Region of Iraq we will find a semi humid zoon which is characterized by the presence of steppe plants. In the north and northwestern regions we will find humid zoon which is characterized by the presence of Rich grasses mixed with trees the northeastern region we will find the very humid zoon which is characterized by the presence of Forests.  6.2 N.N.Ivanove Climate Classification    From equation no. (3) The moisture Factor (Im) was calculated and its results will shown in figure 2.  Figure 2 :The distribution of moisture Factor (Im) values in Iraq and surrounding areas. Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.6, No.20, 2016  69 Figure 2 makes us conclude the following points: (Iraq region) divided into two zones; in the far north of the area of Iraq (Latitude above 350 N) we find the semi dry zoon. Stretching from southern Iraq to offer approximately 350N latitude line, we find the dry zoon.  6.3 H.Bailey classification  From equation no. (4) The moisture Index (Mi) was calculated and its results will shown in figure 3. Figure 3 Show that the area of Iraq can be classified approximately to three zones, the first zoon is from the southern of Iraq to the middle of Iraq where the (Mi) value was less than 2.5 or what may be called the dry zoon. In the second zoon (from 330 N to 360N) the value of moisture index (Mi) was ranging from: (2.5 to 5) this zoon called semi dry. In the far north of Iraq (Latitude above 360 N), we find the third zone where the value of moisture index (Mi) was equal to 5 and above where the region's semi-humid zoon was located. From equation no. (5) The warmth of climate (W) was calculated and its results are shown in figure 4. From figure 4 we can divide Iraq region into three zones (warm zoon, mild zoon C1 and mild zoon C2). The warm zoon stretching from southern of Iraq to the Latitude 350 N the symbol of this category has indicated by (B2).The second zone is the mild zone is a region symbolized by the symbol C 1 and it covers parts of the northern areas, as well as the north-eastern and north-western regions of Iraq and part of the western regions. Finally mild region symbolized by the symbol C 2 which covers the far north-east region of Iraq.  Figure 3 the distribution of moisture Index (Mi) values in Iraq and surrounding areas.  Figure 4 the distribution of warmth of climate (W) values in Iraq and surrounding areas. Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.6, No.20, 2016  70  7. Conclusion The southern areas from Iraq even Latitude 350N are a semi humid , dry and warm areas the types of plants that arise in these areas are steppe. Northern Iraq (from latitude 360N and above almost) is divided into two types of climate (humid and very humid), (semi dry or / and semi humid) and (mild climate classes C1 or C2). Types of plants that are endemic to the northern region is of rich grasses mixed with trees and forest in the far north of Iraq. It seems that the main reason for the diversity of climate in Iraq is a change in latitudes thus changing the value of solar radiation, leading to a change in climatic characteristics of the region. Also, mechanical and physical properties of the soil and the nature of the earth's surface also affect in the climate diversity, where it seems clear in the area from central of Iraq to the far area of southern Iraq which is a plain area formed by deposits of the Tigris and Euphrates, It has the same climatic characteristics in all climatic classifications.  References Ali Hasan Mousa, Bioclimatology, book (in Arabic) first edition. pp 27 -32, 2002. Biley, H. P., A Simple Moisture index based upon a primary law of Evaporation , Geografiska annaler, vol.40, 1958.pp.196-215. Biley, H. P., Method of Determining Warmth and Temperatures of Climate, Geo.Ann, 1960. Ivanov,N.N ,Atmospheric Moistening of the Neighboring Countries of the Globe, Academy of Sciences of U.S.S.R,1958. Jorge Tonietto a, Alain Carbonneau b, (A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions worldwide) Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (2004)  Marius Lungu, Liliana Panaitescu and Simona Niţă (ARIDITY, CLIMATIC RISK PHENOMENON IN DOBRUDJA) PRESENT ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, VOL. 5, no. 1, 2011  P. Frich1, L. V. Alexander, P. Della-Marta, B. Gleason, M. Haylock,A. M. G. Klein Tank and T. Peterson  (Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century) Climate Res 19: 193–212, 2002. Peguy,Ch,P. ,Precis de climatology, Paris, 1970,p.331. Serhat SENSOY, Mesut DEMİRCAN , CLIMATOLOGIC ALAPPLICATIONSIN TURKEY, REPUPLIC of TURKEY MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT and FORESTRY TURKISH STATE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE Engineer Climatology Division May 2010,  Victor brovkin, andrei ganopolski and yuri svirezhev, vegetation classification for use in climate,biosphere studies Potsdam institute for climate impact research Ecological modelling 101 (1997) 251 - 261   

The Climate Assessment of Iraq Region

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The Climate Assessment of Iraq Region

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