The technique of fission track etch has been applied to determine concentration of uranium in human blood samples for exposed group and control group, male and female, using CR-39 track detector that is employed for registration of induced fission tracks. The blood samples of exposed group were collected from three key southern Iraqi governorates (Basrah, Muthanna and Dhi-Qar). These governorates were the center of intensive military activities during the 1991 and 2003 Gulf wars. The blood samples of the control group were taken from individuals who live in Babil governorate. This governorate, which is considered environmentally uncontaminated, is located north-west of the study area. The results showed that the uranium concentrations in human blood of exposed group ranged from 0.78 ppb (male, 3 years old, from Dhi-Qar) to 2.47 ppb (female, 65 years old, from Basrah). For the control group, the uranium concentration ranged from 0.32 ppb (male, 4 years old) to 1.47 ppb (female, 52 years old). It has also been found that the uranium concentrations in blood samples of exposed group are higher than those of the control group, and the uranium concentrations for female exposed group and control group are higher than those for male exposed group and control group. Keywords: uranium concentration, human blood, CR-39, fission track, Ira

AL-Hamzawi, Anees A.

Jaafar, M. S.

Salih, Najeba F.

Tawfiq, Nada F.

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.13, 2013  176 Uranium Concentration in Human Blood using Fission Track Etch Technique  Anees A. AL-Hamzawi*1, 2, M. S. Jaafar1, Nada F. Tawfiq3, Najeba F. Salih1  1. Medical Physics, School of Physics, University Science Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia 2. Department of physics, College of Education, Al- Qadisiyah University, 88, Qadisiyah, Iraq 3. College of Science, Al-Nahrin University, 64055, Baghdad, Iraq    * E-mail of the corresponding author: aneesphys@gmail.com   Abstract The technique of fission track etch has been applied to determine concentration of uranium in human blood samples for exposed group and control group, male and female, using CR-39 track detector that is employed for registration of induced fission tracks. The blood samples of exposed group were collected from three key southern Iraqi governorates (Basrah, Muthanna and Dhi-Qar). These governorates were the center of intensive military activities during the 1991 and 2003 Gulf wars. The blood samples of the control group were taken from individuals who live in Babil governorate. This governorate, which is considered environmentally uncontaminated, is located north-west of the study area. The results showed that the uranium concentrations in human blood of exposed group ranged from 0.78 ppb (male, 3 years old, from Dhi-Qar) to 2.47 ppb (female, 65 years old, from Basrah). For the control group, the uranium concentration ranged from 0.32 ppb (male, 4 years old) to 1.47 ppb (female, 52 years old). It has also been found that the uranium concentrations in blood samples of exposed group are higher than those of the control group, and the uranium concentrations for female exposed group and control group are higher than those for male exposed group and control group.     Keywords: uranium concentration, human blood, CR-39, fission track, Iraq  1. Introduction Human technological activities influence the environment in many ways.  Some  of  these  activities  result  in pollution  of  the  environment;  radioactive  pollution plays  an  important  role.  One source of man-made radioactive pollution is uranium (Bersina et al. 1995).    Uranium is widespread in nature, being present in a wide variety of solid, liquid, and gaseous compounds. It readily combines with other elements to form uranium oxide, silicates, carbonates, and hydroxides (Banks et al. 1995) Uranium is used as fuel in nuclear power plants and is present, in the different steps of the nuclear industry, in different forms with different isotopic compositions (natural, depleted, and enriched). Depleted uranium (DU) is a byproduct of the nuclear industry. Its specific activity is approximately 40% lower than that of naturally occurring uranium. Because of its high density and metallurgical properties, DU is used in the manufacture of armor and armor piercing shells in several countries (Mould 2001; Monleau et al. 2006). The first use of DU was in the Gulf war in 1991(McDiarmid et al. 2004). In the south of Iraq, DU was and still an environmental pollution problem because its levels raised after both Gulf wars I and II in 1991 and 2003 respectively (IAEA 2010). There are different possible ways by which uranium can reach the human body either in a direct way by inhaling uranium-bearing dust particles or by drinking water which is polluted by uranium, or in an indirect way from the fertile soil layer via the food chain (Bersina et al. 1995). Solubility of uranium varies depending on the particular compounds and the solvent, and this solubility determines how quickly and efficiently the body absorbs them through the lungs and the intestines, respectively (ATSDR 2013). Uranium deposited in the bones and other organs is subsequently released back into the blood stream, which causes several health problems ranging from cancer to kidney failure, leukemia, respiratory disorders, congenital abnormalities, skin diseases, and other obscure unknown diseases (Briner 2010; Tawfiq et al. 2012; Segovia et al. 1986). Solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) are normally used to determine the uranium concentration in human blood. The fission track technique was suggested by Fleischer (Fleischer et al. 1975), who proposed the method of using thermal neutron irradiation of solid-state track-recording materials that are in contact with both films and pressed together to dry the blood. This technique appears particularly suitable for quantitative determination of uranium in the blood. The aim of this study is to determine the concentration of uranium in the blood samples for the exposed and control group using CR-39 nuclear track detector, and to study the relationship between the type of human gender.   Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.13, 2013  177 2. Material and method  2.1 Sample collection  In this study, 42 blood samples of volunteers, males and females, were collected from two groups. The first group included the exposed group by which 30 blood samples were collected from Basrah, Muthanna and Dhi-Qar. While the second group involved the control volunteers and the samples were gathered from 12 volunteers who live in the Babil governorate as shown in Figure1. The volunteers from these groups had no previous history of occupational exposure to uranium .They completed a comprehensive questionnaire about demographic information such as age, gender, and medical history. The ratio between the genders for these groups was more balanced.  2.2 Experimental method The experimental technique of uranium concentration in blood samples is the same as reported elsewhere (Tawfiq et al. 2012; Segovia et al. 1986; Durakovic 1999). Blood samples were heated at 37 °C for 24 h using an electric heating incubator to dry and to oxidize organic material. The powders collected in the form of 0.5 g of dried powder blood were mixed with 0.1 g of methylcellulose (C6 H10 O5) used as a binder. The mixture was pressed into a pellet of 1 cm diameter and 1.5 mm thickness. The pellets were covered with CR-39 track detector on both sides and were put in a plate of paraffin wax at a distance of 5 cm from Am-Be neutron source, with a thermal flounce equal to (3.02 × 109 n cm-2) for 7 days, to cause latent damage to the detector due to 235U (n, f) reaction. After the irradiation, the CR-39 detectors were etched in (NaOH) solution with normality (N= 6.25) at a temperature of 60 °C for 5 h. The induced fission tracks densities were recorded using Olympus optical microscope with magnification of 400×. The fission track densities were measured on surfaces showing uniform distribution of uranium. 2.3 Calculations of uranium concentrations  Uranium concentration in the blood samples was measured by comparison between track densities registered on the CR-39 detectors around the sample pellet and that of the standard samples pellet, from the following relation (Tawfiq et al. 2012).                    Cx (sample) ⁄ ρx (sample) = Cs (standard) ⁄ ρs (standard)                (1)   Where ρx and ρs are the induced fission track density for unknown sample and standard sample in (tracks/mm2), Cx and Cs denote the uranium concentration for unknown sample and standard sample in (ppb), the equation becomes:                                    Cx = Cs ρx ⁄ ρs                                                                   (2) 2.4 Statistical analysis   The obtained results were statistically processed using Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the significance of the probability level (P) was estimated by independent sample T-Test.  Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.13, 2013  178  Figure 1. The location of the four governorates involved in the study  3. Results and discussion   Uranium concentrations in blood samples of individual volunteers in exposed group and control group are summarized in tables 1and 2, from Table1 the uranium concentration in blood samples of exposed group ranged from 0.78 ppb which belongs to a male (3 years old, and living in Dhi-Qar governorate) to 2.47 ppb which belongs to a female (65 years old, and living in Basrah governorate).  The average value of uranium concentration of this group is 1.84 ppb, and this finding is higher than reported data of other researchers (Tawfiq et al. 2012; Romero et al. 1984).  Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.13, 2013  179 Table .1 Uranium concentration (ppb) in blood sample of the exposed group  Sample NO. Gender  Age (Year) Location Uranium concentration in (ppb) ± S.D 1 Male 30 Basrah 1.86 ± 0.11 2 Male 55 Basrah 1.97 ± 0.22 3 Male 35 Basrah 1.99 ± 0.22 4 Female 65 Basrah 2.47 ± 0.18 5 Male 23 Basrah 1.92 ± 0.24 6 Male 25 Basrah 1.81 ± 0.21 7 Male 36 Basrah 2.05 ± 0.17 8 Male 27 Basrah 1.97 ± 0.15 9 Male 34 Basrah 1.75 ± 0.19 10 Female 50 Basrah 2.01 ± 0.15 11 Male 62 Muthanaa 2.18 ± 0.11 12 Female 50 Muthanaa 2.06 ± 0.19 13 Male 26 Muthanaa 1.52 ± 0.14 14 Female 25 Muthanaa 2.26 ± 0.23 15 Male 37 Muthanaa 1.62 ± 0.18 16 Male 55 Muthanaa 1.82 ± 0.15 17 Female 50 Muthanaa 1.91 ± 0.25 18 Female 61 Muthanaa 2.28 ± 0.1 19 Female 33 Muthanaa 1.48 ± 0.11 20 Female 45 Muthanaa 1.81 ± 0.11 21 Female 46 Dhi-Qar 1.7 ± 0.18 22 Male 70 Dhi-Qar 1.97 ± 0.18 23 Female 52 Dhi-Qar 1.98 ± 0.16 24 Male 30 Dhi-Qar 1.69 ± 0.20 25 Male 59 Dhi-Qar 1.9 ± 0.12 26 Male 6 Dhi-Qar 0.97 ± 0.18 27 Male 50 Dhi-Qar 1.89 ± 0.2 28 Female 47 Dhi-Qar 1.82 ± 0.23 29 Male 47 Dhi-Qar 1.77 ± 0.21 30 Male 3 Dhi-Qar 0.78 ± 0.18 Mean ± Std Error  1.84 ± 0.06 Table 2 represents the mean value of uranium concentration in the blood samples of control group. From  this table the uranium concentration in blood samples ranged from 0.32 ppb which belongs to a male 4 years old to 1.47 ppb which belongs to a female 52 years old. The average value of uranium concentration of this group is 0.88 ppb.  Table 2. Uranium concentration (ppb) in blood sample of the control group Sample NO. Gender  Age (Year) Location Uranium concentration  in (ppb) ± S.D 31 Male 23 Babil 0.79 ± 0.15 32 Male 7 Babil 0.51 ± 0.2 33 Male 45 Babil 1.26 ± 0.19 34 Female  15 Babil 0.73 ± 0.18 35 Male 51 Babil 1.34 ± 0.2 36 Male 36 Babil 1.03 ± 0.19 37 Male 16 Babil 0.6 ± 0.13 38 Female 32 Babil 1.1 ± 0.17 39 Female 52 Babil 1.47 ± 0.14 40 Male 4 Babil 0.32 ± 0.11 41 Female 5 Babil 0.55 ± 0.15 42 Female 25 Babil 0.85 ± 0.19 Mean ± Std Error 0.88 ± 0.09 From tables 1 and 2, the mean value of uranium concentration in blood samples of the exposed group was two times higher than those of the control group. The independent sample T-Test confirmed statistically significant Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.13, 2013  180 difference in the uranium concentration in blood samples between the exposed group and control group (P˂ 0.001). The reason behind such results can be attributed to the fact that the area of the current study (southern Iraq) was the center of intensive military activities during the Gulf wars I and II, and the discarded weapons are still lying around in this region. This explains reasons behind the high concentration of uranium in the blood samples of the exposed group.  Figure 2 represents the mean value of uranium concentration in the blood samples of male and female exposed group and control group. From this figure, the mean value of uranium concentration of male and female exposed group is 1.76 ppb and 1.98 ppb respectively, while the mean value of uranium concentration of male and female control group is 0.84 ppb and 0.95 ppb respectively.  The results showed that the average values of uranium concentration for female exposed group and control group are higher than those for male exposed group and control group. This is because the total blood volume in females is 4-5 L, while in males is 5-6 L (Fox 2003).  Results showed no statistically significant difference in the uranium concentration with regard to gender in both groups (P˃0.05).  Figure 2. Uranium concentration in the blood samples as a function of gender   4. Conclusion Results obtained show that uranium concentration in human blood samples of exposed group is higher than those of control group. This indicates that the people living in (southern Iraq) exposed to high levels of uranium. Also uranium concentration in blood samples of females is larger than that in blood samples of males.   References   ATSDR. (2013), “Toxicological profile for uranium. Agency for toxic substances and disease registry”, report TP-90, Atlanta, USA. Banks D, Røyset O, Strand T, Skarphagen H. (1995), “Radioelement (U, Th, Rn) concentrations in Norwegian bedrock groundwaters”, Environmental Geology 25, 165-180. Bersina I G, Brandt R, Vater P, Hinke K, Schütze M. (1995), “Fission track autoradiography as a means to investigate plants for their contamination with natural and technogenic uranium”, Radiation measurements 24(3), 277-282. Briner W. (2010), “The toxicity of depleted uranium“, International journal of environmental research and public health 7(1), 303-313. Durakovic A. (1999), “Medical effects of internal contamination with uranium”, Croat Med J 40(1), 49-66. Fleisher R L, Price P B, Walker R M. (1975), “Nuclear track in solid”, University of California press, Berkeley. Fox SI. (2003), “Human Physiology”, McGraw-Hill Science, New York, USA.  IAEA. (2010), “Radiological conditions in selected area of southern Iraq with residues of depleted uranium”, report by an international group of experts, Vienna. McDiarmid M A, Engelhardt S, Oliver M, Gucer P, Wilson P D, Kane R et al. (2004), “Health effects of depleted uranium on exposed Gulf War veterans: a 10-year follow-up”, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 67(4), 277-296. Monleau M, De Méo M, Paquet F, Chazel V, Duménil G, Donnadieu-Claraz, M. (2006), “Genotoxic and Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                                                                www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.13, 2013  181 inflammatory effects of depleted uranium particles inhaled by rats”, Toxicological Sciences 89(1), 287-29. Mould R F. (2001), “Depleted uranium and radiation-induced lung cancer and leukemia”, British Journal of Radiology 74(884), 677-683. Romero M, Sanchez M, Segovia N. (1984), “Uranium determination in biological samples”, Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 8(1-4), 457-459.  Segovia N, Olguin ME, Romero M. (1986), “Study of uranium in the blood of two population samples”, Nucl Tracks 12(1-6), 797-800. Tawfiq N F, Ali L T, Al-Jobouri H A. (2012), “Uranium concentration measurements in human blood for some governorates in Iraq using CR-39 track detector”, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 295(1), 671-674.   Anees Ali Al-Hamzawi was born in 1979, is a PhD student in medical physics, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, He obtained his BSc in Physics University of Al- Qadisiyah, Iraq. MSc in Experimental Physics, from Plovdiv University, Bulgaria. His major research interest is in Medical Physics and Radiation Protection.   Professor Mohamad Suhaimi Jaafar was born in 1955, is a Professor and the Acting Dean, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia. He obtained his BSc and MSc from the University of Aston, UK and graduated with PhD from the University of Manchester, UK. His major research interest is in Medical Physics and Environmental Radiation.   Dr. Nada Fadhil Tawfiq was born in 1960, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Iraq. She obtained her BSc in Physics, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, and MSc in Nuclear Physics, University of Baghdad, and PhD in applied Nuclear Physics, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Iraq. Her major interest is in Medical Physics.   Najeba Frahad Salih was born in Karkuk, is a PhD student in School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia. She obtained her BSc in Physics, University Salahaddin, Iraq. MSc in Nuclear Radiation, from University of Koya, Iraq. Her major interest is in Medical Physics.                   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Uranium Concentration in Human Blood using Fission Track Etch Technique

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Uranium Concentration in Human Blood using Fission Track Etch Technique

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