This research aimed at investigating the concentration of arsenic (As) due to their potential environmental impact and contamination, in the rocks (Coarse Porphyritic Granite, Biotite Granite, Bima Sandstone and basalt) of the Kaltungo area which is part of the Upper Benue Trough. Eight (8) fresh samples (two from each lithologic unit) were collected and analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICPOES) for arsenic (As). The results were presented using graphical presentations and this revealed that rocks in the study area host high concentration of arsenic (As) (87.54-237.65 ppm) compared with the average crustal abundance of 2ppm. These values can be attributed to high concentration of the element in the initial magma and/or hydrothermal and weathering processes which acted on the rocks. The high concentration of arsenic (As) in the rocks of Kaltungo area calls for further studies on its distribution and concentration in the soils, stream sediments and ground water. Keywords: Arsenic, Kaltungo, Upper Benue trough, environment

Ashano, E.C

Mboringong, M.N

Olasehinde, A.

Tabale, R.P.

Yusuf, A.

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.4, 2013  25 Evaluation of Arsenic Concentration in Rocks of Kaltungo Area, Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria  M.N Mboringong1, A.Olasehinde1*, R.P.Tabale1 A.Yusuf1  and  E.C Ashano2 1. Gombe State University, P.M.B 127, Gombe, Nigeria. 2. University of Jos, P.M.B 2084, Jos, Nigeria. * yinka516@gmail.com  1. Abstract This research aimed at investigating the concentration of arsenic (As) due to their potential environmental impact and contamination, in the rocks (Coarse Porphyritic Granite, Biotite Granite, Bima Sandstone and basalt) of the Kaltungo area which is part of the Upper Benue Trough. Eight (8) fresh samples (two from each lithologic unit) were collected and analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICPOES) for arsenic (As). The results were presented using graphical presentations and this revealed that rocks in the study area host high concentration of arsenic (As) (87.54-237.65 ppm) compared with the average crustal abundance of 2ppm. These values can be attributed to high concentration of the element in the initial magma and/or hydrothermal and weathering processes which acted on the rocks. The high concentration of arsenic (As) in the rocks of Kaltungo area calls for further studies on its distribution and concentration in the soils, stream sediments and ground water.  Keywords: Arsenic, Kaltungo, Upper Benue trough, environment.  2. Introduction There is a considerable interest in the study of arsenic (As) distribution within the kaltungo area due to their potential environmental impact and contamination. In the study area a lot is known about the tectonic evolution and origin but little has been done on the natural variability of the toxic elements in the rocks. Reasons for this include the interest in the exploration for oil which include sedimentary, stratigraphy and paleontological studies (Allix and Poppof, 1983; Benkhelil, 1982; Benkhelil and Robineau, 1983; Benkhelil, 1986; Benkhelil et al., 1988; Enu, 1980; Guiraud, 1990; Guiraud, 1993; Lawal and Moullade, 1986; Maurin et al, 1986; Zaborski, 1990; 1993; Zaborski et al., 1997) and limited value for chemical classification or petrogenitic studies. The present work tend to study the distribution of arsenic (As) in the rocks of Kaltungo to evaluate its concentration due to their potential for environmental contamination, which will in turn serve as baseline for further studies in its distributions in the soil and ground water respectively.  3. The geology  The Benue Trough of Nigeria is an intracontinental Cretaceous basin about 1000kilometres in length elongated in the NE-SW directions which overlies the Precambrian shield of the West African mobile belt( Maurin et al., 1986; Guiraud, 1990) . Reviews and the origin and the evolution of this linear NE-SW trending megastructure were provided by Benkhelil ,1989; Freeth, 1990; Guiraud and Maurin, 1991; 1992, Genik, 1992, 1993. The sedimentary sequence infilling the Upper Benue Trough includes continental and marine deposits ranging from Upper Aptian to Paleocene in age. The Bima Formation were laid unconformably on the basement in the fitted Wrench – fault basin. The study area consists partly of the basement complex and cretaceous sediments in the Upper Benue Trough (Figure 1). This transgressive episode caused the deposition of Yolde, Dukul, Jessu, Sekule and Numanha sedimentary Formations, all of which outcrop as inliers to Bima Formation in Dadiya syncline (Figure 2). These Formations are shallow marine depositions of limestone, shale and mudstone and they are foundmainly as narrow strips of rocks in the study area, such as Banju, Guyuk, and Shellen. The Longuda Basalt of tertiary age terminates the lithological succession in the area. The  Coarse Porphyritic Granite, Biotite Granite, Bima Sandstone and Basalts represent the  rocks of the Kaltungo area (Figure 3).    4.Chemistry of Arsenic Arsenic is situated in the 33rd spot on the periodic table, right next to Germanium and Selenium. It has atomic weight of 74.92, with Electron Configuration [Ar] 4s23d104p3 , Density 5.727 g/cm3, Oxidation States 5, 3, 2, 1,-3 and Rhombohedral Crystal Structure. It is a chalcophile element being usually found in sulphide minerals. They exhibit similar or identical atomic radii (As, 1.5 Å; Sb, 1.6 Å and Bi 1.7Å), electronegativity (2, 1.9, 1.9) but dissimilar ionic radii (0.47,0.62. 0.77 Å)( Heydemann, 1969).   Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.4, 2013  26 5. Methodology Eight (8) Fresh surface rock samples were collected from outcrops of all lithologic units (two per each lithologic unit) in the study area (Figure 3) which includes the Coarse Porphyritic Granite, Biotite Granite, Bima Sandstone and Basalts. Arsenic (As) was determined using the Inductively Coupled Plasma optical Emission Spectrophotometer, (ICPOES), after HF / HClO4 dissolution at the PTDF Geochemistry Laboratory of Department of Geology and Mining, University of Jos. Analytical precision for the instrument was 0.5 – 1% and an accuracy of 2% - 5%. Quality control procedure was by the simultaneous analysis of international standards and blanks and calculated after the method of Ashano (1996).  6. Result and Discussion The result of the analysis is presented table 1. The concentration Arsenic in all the rock types shows much higher concentration than the Average Crustal Abundant (ACA) of 2ppm.  The concentration varies from 87.54ppm in K3 to 235.2 ppm in K1 with mean concentration 194.05ppm in K1, 237.65ppm in K2, 158.120ppm in K3 and 163.10 ppm respectively. K1 = Coarse Porphyritic Granite; K2= Biotite Granite; K3= Bima Sandstone; K4= Basalts  CA= Crustal Abundant Arsenic may be lost from soils by two sources, either by streams, which happens rapidly but only low levels of arsenic accumulate, or by groundwater, which is very slow, however comparatively high levels of arsenic may build up. Arsenic is released into ground and surface waters by the erosion, dissolution and weathering of rocks which is highly concentrated in the rocks of the study area. Arsenic can stick to mineral surfaces from circulating groundwater.   7. Human health effects According to a 1999 study by the National Academy of Sciences, arsenic in drinking water causes bladder, lung and skin cancer, and may cause kidney and liver cancer. The study also found that arsenic harms the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as heart and blood vessels, and causes serious skin problems. It also may cause birth defects and reproductive problems. According to this same study, an arsenic concentration of 50 ppb, gives you a 1/100 lifetime chance of developing cancer. Even an arsenic concentration as low as 1 ppb gives you a 1/1000 lifetime chance of developing cancer, which is 10 times higher than the EPA standard. Therefore it is necessary that people have access to water which complies with the WHO standard for arsenic of <10 ppb and the arsenic concentration should be kept as low as possible.  8.Conclusion we have reported the anomalous concentration of arsenic in the rocks of kaltungo area which varies from 87.54-237.65ppm. This work would serve as a baseline for further studies of the concentration of this element in soil, stream sediments and ground water of the area.   References Allix, P. and Poppof, M (1983):  Le Cretace inferieur de la partie nord-orientale du fosse de la Benoue (Nigeria). Un exemple de la relation etroite entre tectonique et sedimentation. Bulletin des Centres de Researches Exploration –production Elf- Aquitaine 7, 349-359 Ashano, E. C., (1996): Sampling Variability in Exploration Geochemistry: An Estimation Model. Jour. Min and Geol. 32, 27 – 33. Benkhelil, J., (1982): Benue Trough and Benue Chain. Geological Magazine  119, 155-168 Benkhelil J, Robineau B (1983) Le fosse de la Benoue est il um rift? Centre Rech Eplor Prod Elf  Aquitaine Bull 7, 315–321 Benkhelil, J.,(1986): Structure et Evolution geodynamique du basin intracontinental de la Benoue (Nigeria). Theses de Doctrat d’ Etat, Universite de Nice, 226p   Benkhelil, J., Dainelli, P., Ponsardd, J.F., Popoff, M., Saugy, L.,(1988): The Benue Trough: Wrengh fault related basin on the border of the Equatorial Atlantic. In: Manspezier, W., (Ed), Triassic- Jurassic rifting-continental break-up and the origin of the Atlantic Ocean and passive margins, Development in geotectonics, 22, 789-819. BenkhelilJ(1989)The origin and evolution of the Cretaceous Benue Trough, Nigeria. J. Afr Earth  Sci 8, 251–Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.4, 2013  27 282  Coulon, C., Vida, P., Dupuy, C., Baudin, P., Popoff, M., Maluski, H., and Hermite, D.,(1996). The Mesozoic to early Cenozoic agmatism of the Benue trough (Nigeria); geochemical evidence for the involvement of the St Helena plume. J. Petrol., 37, 1341-1358. Enu, E.L. (1980): Sukuliye (Sekule) Formation, facies equivalent of the Numanha Formation in the upper Benue Trough, Nigeria. J. min. Geol  17, 91-95 Freeth, S.J.(1990): The origin of Benue Trough-In: Ofueogbu, C.O(ed): The Benue Trough: Structure and evolution. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 217-228 Genik, G.J.(1992): Regional framework, structural and petroleumaspect of rift basins in Niger, Chad and the Central African republic (C.A.R). Tectonophysics  213, 169-185 Genik, G.J.(1993): Petroleum geology of Cretaceous-Tertiary rift basins in Niger, Chad, and Central Africa Republic. Bull. Amer.Assoc.Petroleum Geol. 77,1405-1434 Guiraud, M.,(1990): Tectono-sedimentary framework of Early Cretaceous Continental Bima Formation(Upper Benue trough NE Nigeria) Journ. Afri. Earth Sciences(Special  publication) 10, 341-353  Guiraud, R. and Maurin, J.C,(1991): Le rifting en Afrique au Cretace inferieur: Synthese  structurale, mise en evidence de deux etapes dans la genese des basins, relations avec les ouvertures oceanique peri-africaines. Bull.Soc.geol.France, 16, 811-823 Guiraud, R. and Maurin, J.C.,(1992): Early Cretaceous rifts of Western and Central Africa: An  overview. Tectonophysics  213, 811-823   Guiraud, M (1993) Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous rifting and Late Cretaceous transpressionalinversion inthe Upper Benue Basin, NE Nigeria. Bull Rerch Elf Aquitaine 17, 371–383. Heydemann, A. 1969. In: Wedepohl, K.H. (ed.) Handbook of geochemistry. 1. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 376-412. Hughes, M. F. (2002). Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action. Toxicol. Lett.Vol 135, 1–16. Maurin, J.C., Beenkhelil,J., and Robineau, B.(1986): Fault Rocks of the Kaltungo Area  Lineaments N.E Nigeria, and their relationship with the Benue Trough Tectonics. Journ. Geol. Soc. London.  143,587-599 Samaila, N.K, Dike, E.F.C., Obaje, N.G.,(2007): Microstructure in the Cretaceous Bima  Sandstone, Upper Benue Trough, N.E. Nigeria: Implication for hydrocarbon migration. Journ. Of Afri. Earth Sci. 50, p6-15 Zaborsky, P.M., Ugodunluwa, F., Idornigie, A., Nnabo, P., Ibe, K.,(1997):Stratigraphy and structure of the Cretaceous Gongola Basin(N.E Nigeria). Bulletin des centres de  Researches Exploration Production Elf-Aquitaine 21 (1), 153-177.     Table 1. Concentration of arsenic (As) within the Rocks of Kaltungo Samples (ppm) Coarse Porphyritic Granite (K1) Biotite Granite (K2) Bima Sandstone (K3) Basalts (K4)  1 2  152.900 235.200  232.200 243.100  228.700 087.540 174.600 151.600        Mean 194.0500 237.650 158.120 163.100 Median 194.0500 237.650 158.120 163.100 K1 = Coarse Porphyritic Granite; K2 = Biotite Granite; K3= Bima Sandstone; K4= Basalts Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.4, 2013  28 Table 2. Summary of health effect of arsenic (Adopted from Hughes 2002). System  Effect         Skin  Skin lesions—keratosis, hyperkeratosis Cardiovascular  Blackfoot disease Nervous  Peripheral neuropathy, encephalopathy Hepatic  Cirrhosis, hepatomegaly Hematological Bone marrow depression Endocrine  Diabetes Renal Proximal tubule degeneration, papillary and cortical necrosis     Figure 1.The Benue trough (after Coulon et al 1996) Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.4, 2013  29   Figure 2. Stratigraphic succession of the Upper Benue Trough (after Samaila et al, 2007)   Figure 3. The Geological map of the study area showing sampling location Journal of Natural Sciences Research                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper)   ISSN 2225-0921 (Online) Vol.3, No.4, 2013  30     Figure 4. Histogram plots of Arsenic distribution in the rocks of katungo K1, K2, K3, and K4 in ppm            Figure 5. Line plots of the Arsenic concentration in the rock samples of Kaltungo compared with the Crustal Abundant of 2.0 ppm   K1300.00250.00200.00150.00100.00Frequency1.21.00.80.60.40.20.0K1Mean =194.05 Std. Dev. =58.195 N =2K2250.00245.00240.00235.00230.00225.00Frequency1.21.00.80.60.40.20.0K2Mean =237.65 Std. Dev. =7.707 N =20 50 100 150 200 250 300 K1 K2 K3 K4 CA Sample 1 (ppm) Sample 2(ppm) Mean(ppm) K3300.00250.00200.00150.00100.0050.000.00Frequency1.21.00.80.60.40.20.0K3Mean =Std. DevN K3300.00250.00200.00150.00100.0050.000.00Frequency1.21.00.80.60.40.20.0K3Mean =Std. Dev.N This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE).  The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe.  The aim of the institute is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.  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Evaluation of Arsenic Concentration in Rocks of Kaltungo Area, Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria

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Evaluation of Arsenic Concentration in Rocks of Kaltungo Area, Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria

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