Merriam, Charles E.

University of Chicago Law School: Chicago Unbound

BOOK REVIEWSprofoundly the Russian willingness to abide by agreements. For different rea-sons, but sufficient for themselves, the Russian regime seems to have a similarmistrust of the West. These conditions, therefore, make it essential that sureguarantees of observance be provided." sAt several points, Mr. Clark, while insisting on the moral strength of theAmerican position, recognizes that our suspicions may have contributed greatlyto Russian suspicions of our purposes. His observations recall one of Mr.Truman's speeches in the campaign of 1948. Addressing the American Legionin Miami, the candidate in effect promised to take steps to dispel "the presentpoisonous atmosphere of distrust which now surrounds the negotiations be-tween the Western Powers and the Soviet Union." Instead, he turned im-mediately on his inauguration to the policy of "overwhelming force" which inthe past three years may have cost us the peace for which the President hasworked. Mr. Clark, like Mr. Truman in 1948, seems to have isolated the gen-eral character of the phenomenon which so far has made the hope of worldgovernment a poet's enthusiasm or a lawyer's draft.The difficulty is psychological, not administrative. The real obstacle to Mr.Clark's simple and sensible solution is that combination of pugnacity and fear,but mostly pugnacity, which contributes to the formation of suspicion. There isan occasional simple marauder in history, like Genghis Khan; but the common-est situation is one in which a number of peoples and their leaders are expressingunconscious dispositions, whether innate or conditioned, in the permittedmutual hatreds of foreigner for foreigner.MALCOLM SHARP*Public and Republic: Political Representation in America. By Alfred de Grazia.New York: Alfred A. Knopf, i95i. Pp. xiii, 262. $3.50.Dr. de Grazia's topic of representation is very old but also very new. Weare called upon today to discuss ward representation and world representation;to discuss state representation and the national legislature; and many otherdiverse forms of representative agencies. We must deal with the initiative andreferendum and with a hundred bewildering varieties of proportional representa-tion. Furthermore, we must deal with private governments as well as publicgovernments; with corporations, with unions, with countless societies, repre-senting interests which are territorial, professional, religious, grouped in end-less forms, demi- and semi-political. And again we find demands for "represen-tation" in administrative agencies far and wide.We may diligently inquire: just what does a representative body do? What'swhat and who's who in representation? In our system the executive may alsobe a representative. The mayor, governor, the President of the United States iss Page 66. See also pages 36, 49-50, 52, 55, 59, 62-63, 64-67, 71.* Professor of Law, University of Chicago Law School.826 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LAW REVIEW,each a representative of his unit taken as a whole. We have a legislative bodywith executive powers and an executive with veto and other legislative powersas provided in the original Constitution. In any system operating under theconsent of the governed the problem is great because of the effort to deal withthe community ends and means. Some may rashly assert that representativeagencies have no known use and might better be forgotten. But if they were alldestroyed, then conciliar and representative bodies would spring up again; forthey serve a very fundamental purpose.Dr. de Grazia has a tough job which he attacks valiantly-that of definingthe concept of representation, tracing the growth of American representationover some three centuries of changing conditions, and finally undertaking toindicate modestly what is coming or what the shape of things might be. Thecontrasting theories of representation are examined; the trends of thought uponrepresentation are classified, described, and interpreted. The development oflobbies into interest representation over the last fifty years is depicted. Dr. deGrazia employs psychological, social, and magical influences in interpretingthe continual struggle in men's minds over representing the whole public or aworkable combination of major value interests.I have wandered over this field for a long time, beginning with a study ofrepresentative government in Virginia in the 17th Century, down to the presenthour when lobbies, pressure groups, and political parties weave their waythrough our 150,000 independent governments. I can sympathize with theworthy and energetic doctor in his battle not only with semantics and theories,but with "pluralisms" of various sorts, "integrated" and otherwise. Theseforms and forces leave him sometimes wearied, and sometimes a little worried.Readers might find aid and comfort in The Political Community (1949) bySebastian de Grazia, a very near relative of the writer.All scholars in the field of political science and particularly those in the areaof representation are under lasting obligation to the writer of this volume for alearned and helpful treatment of one of the major problems of our times. Thebook will enrich the literature on this very important subject. Fortunately thewriter does not attempt to solve all the problems. This is for another day;speriamo. CHARLES E. ME1RL4t*Security, Loyalty, and Science. By Walter Gellhorn. Ithaca: Cornell UniversityPress, 1950. Pp. viii, 300. $3.00.This is the first product of a Rockefeller Foundation grant to Cornell Uni-versity for a study of "the impact upon our civil liberties of current govern-mental programs designed to ensure internal security and to expose and con-trol disloyal or subversive conduct." It confirms the wisdom of the grant.Gellhorn's assignment deals primarily with government security activities infields relating to science--atomic energy, military research and development,and traditional government scientific activities ranging from the Fish and Wild-* Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, University of Chicago.

Review of \u3ci\u3ePublic and Republic: Political Representation in America\u3c/i\u3e by Alfred de Grazia

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