Tamangapa Antang landfill in its operation was conducted by open dumping, which potentially contaminate the surrounding soil. Research has been conducted on the distribution of Coliform bacteria as soil contaminants around Antang Landfill in Makassar City. This research aimed to determine to what extent the distribution of Coliform bacteria contaminate the soil around Antang Landfill. The sampling was divided into 4 Lines, 2 Lines were in the direction of the groundwater flow (Line A and Line C) and 2 Lines were perpendicular to the groundwater flow (Line B and Line D), at the depth of 0 to 10 cm, 10 to 20 cm and 20 to 30 cm. Samples were analyzed using Nutrient Agar and Biochemical Test method. The results show that Coliform Bacteria have spread vertically on Topsoil. The highest abundance population of Coliform bacteria was detected in Line B (240 cfu/gr) at 10 to 20 cm depth, Line D (210 cfu/gr) at 0 to 10 cm depth, Line A (110 cfu/gr) at 10 to 20 cm depth and Line B (23 cfu/gr) at 0 to 10 cm depth. The abundance of Coliform bacteria in the soil is very potential to contaminate the bio-soil environment, plants, damage the soil surface and structure around the Antang Landfill

Artiningsih, A.

Imran, A. M.

Widodo, S.

Zubair, H.

English

Hasanuddin University Graduate School: Open Journal Systems

IJEScAInternational Journal of Engineering and Science Application vol.4, 2, Nov 2017ISSN 2406-983397Coliform Distribution Around The Antang Landfill Soil MakassarCity, South SulawesiA. Artiningsih1,5, H. Zubair2, A.M. Imran3, S. Widodo41Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, University of Muslim Indonesia2Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Hasanuddin University3Geological Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University4Mining Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University5Doctoral student of Earth Sciences and Environment, Hasanuddin University Makassar 90245email: andi.artiningsih@umi.ac.idABSTRACTTamangapa Antang landfill in its operation was conducted by open dumping, which potentiallycontaminate the surrounding soil. Research has been conducted on the distribution of Coliform bacteriaas soil contaminants around Antang Landfill in Makassar City. This research aimed to determine towhat extent the distribution of Coliform bacteria contaminate the soil around Antang Landfill. Thesampling was divided into 4 Lines, 2 Lines were in the direction of the groundwater flow (Line A andLine C) and 2 Lines were perpendicular to the groundwater flow (Line B and Line D), at the depth of 0to 10 cm, 10 to 20 cm and 20 to 30 cm. Samples were analyzed using Nutrient Agar and BiochemicalTest method. The results show that Coliform Bacteria have spread vertically on Topsoil. The highestabundance population of Coliform bacteria was detected in Line B (240 cfu/gr) at 10 to 20 cm depth,Line D (210 cfu/gr) at 0 to 10 cm depth, Line A (110 cfu/gr) at 10 to 20 cm depth and Line B (23cfu/gr) at 0 to 10 cm depth. The abundance of Coliform bacteria in the soil is very potential tocontaminate the bio-soil environment, plants, damage the soil surface and structure around the AntangLandfill.Keywords: Antang Landfill, Open Dumping, Topsoil, Coliform bacteria, Makassar.1. INTRODUCTIONLandfill for Makassar City communityis an important requirement to createenvironmental comfort in big city. Even if it isonly one day the garbage in Makassar City isnot transferred to the landfill, the city will befull of garbage which will be very disturbingthe public convenience. Garbage production inMakassar City is constantly increasingdrastically [1]. Piles of garbage in landfill aremedium for breeding of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes [2]. Tamangapa Antanglandfill is the center of landfill of all MakassarCity areas. Since the opening of TamangapaAntang landfill, it is estimated that 1.240.000tons of organic waste have been disposed [3].In its operation, Open Dumping method wasused which potentially contaminate the soil.The location of Tamangapa Antanglandfill in Bangkala Sub-District, ManggalaMakassar District, South Sulawesi province,has been used since 1995 until today with anIJEScAInternational Journal of Engineering and Science Application vol.4, 2, Nov 2017ISSN 2406-983398area of 18.8 Hectare. In addition, Tamangapalandfill which was originally designed for 10years need, but in fact the landfill is still in useuntil today, meaning that the landfill is now 21years old, unable to accommodate the garbagevolume anymore which reaching to 800 tons orabout 4,000 cubic per day. Based on therecords of Department of Hygiene andEnvironment, Makassar with a total populationof approximately 1.3 million people isproducing about 3.800 m3 or equal to 300 Tonsurban garbage daily, whereas the maximumcapacity of Tamangapa landfill is only about2.800 m3 of urban garbage daily. Additionallandfill is needed for the disposal of 1000 m3of garbage. About 87% of garbage in Makassaris organic waste and about 13% is inorganicwaste, such as plastic and paper.Impacts that can be caused byTamangapa Antang garbage landfill isprimarily on shallow groundwater quality.According to Arifin, et al., 2014, the directionof groundwater flow that carries leachate atAntang landfill is in the same direction with theslope of rock layers, which is northwest –southeast. Contamination to shallowgroundwater caused by liquid wastepermeation from garbage landfill may alsocontaminate the surrounding community wells.This contamination has been felt by residentsaround the landfill, especially those who usedfree groundwater as a source of drinking water.Leachate movement has spread to thenorthwest – southeast, contamination around(300 to 450) meters from Tamangapa garbagelandfill which following the direction ofgroundwater flow [4].Coliform as soil contaminants aroundlandfill has been conducted a lot, but inIndonesia, especially in Makassar City, SouthSulawesi is still lacking. Contaminations inlandfill area are not only in water, but also inthe soil. One of the detected contaminants inthe soil is Coliform. Some previous studiesfocused solely in leachate contamination andair contamination. The purpose of this studywas to determine the extent to which thedistribution of Coliform bacteria cancontaminate the soil around Antang landfill.This study was focused on the distribution ofColiform bacteria as soil contaminants aroundAntang landfill at 0 to10 cm, 10 to 20 cm and20 to 30 cm depth.2. METHODSThe study area is administrativelylocatet in Bangkala District, Manggala Sub-District, Makassar city, South SulawesiProvince. Geographically located at coordinatepoints of 119o, 29’, 10” to 119o, 29’,40” EastLongitude and 5o, 10’,20” to 5o, 10’, 40”South Latitude. The study area was shown inFig 1.Soil sample on taken Topsoil at 0 to 10cm, 10 to 20 cm and 20 to 30 cm depth, bydividing it into 4 Lines, 2 Lines were in theIJEScAInternational Journal of Engineering and Science Application vol.4, 2, Nov 2017ISSN 2406-983399direction of the groundwater flow, that is LineA and Line C; and 2 Lines were perpendicularto the groundwater flow, that is Line B andLine D. 12 soil samples were analyzedbiochemically. Each sample was collected asmuch as 0.5 kg by using a stainless steelshovel. Subsequently, soil samples were putinto a sterile container and labelled containinglocation, ianalysis. During soil samplecollection, soil type, soil color, soil conditionsand temperature were recorded [5; 6].Fig. 1. Map of location and retrieval point Sample3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA. ResultsTo count the number of Coliformbacteria population, MacKonkey media wasused with reference to Cowan (1974) manualfor the identification of medical bacteria [7].The calculation results of Coliform bacteriapopulation in 0 m point for Line A, Line B,Line C and Line D at 0 to 10 cm, 10 to 20 cmand 20 to 30 cm depth was show in Fig. 2.It can be seen in fig 2 that thepopulation of Coliform bacteria for Line A, at0 to10 cm depth is 43 cfu/gr, at 10 to 20 cmdepth is increased to 110 cfu/gr and at 20 to 30cm depth decreased to 23 cfu/gr. This isbecause 0 to 10 cm and 20 to 30 cm depthcontains little soil organic compounds,IJEScAInternational Journal of Engineering and Science Application vol.4, 2, Nov 2017ISSN 2406-9833100insufficient oxygen and nutrients intake tosustain bacterial life, consequently the growthand reproduction of bacteria in the soil will runslowly. While at 10 to 20 cm depth contains alot of soil organic compounds, n sufficientoxygen intake, abundant nutrients and haverelative humidity, therefore the growth andreproduction of bacteria very rapidly willmultiply in the soil.Fig. 2. Calculation results of Coliform bacteriapopulation in 0 m point for Line A, LineB, Line C and Line D at 0 to 10 cm, 10 to20 cm and 20 to 30 cm depth.There is no bacterial growth in Line Bat 0 to 10 cm and 20 to 30 cm depth.  This isbecause at that depth does not contain soilorganic compounds, no oxygen intake, anddoes not contain nutrients to sustain bacteriallife, consequently the bacterial growth andreproduction cannot multiply in the soil. Whileat 10 to 20 cm depth contains a lot of soilorganic compounds, sufficient oxygen intake,abundant nutrients and have relative humidity,therefore bacterial growth and reproduction inthe soil will multiply so fast.There is no bacterial growth for Line Cat 10 to 20 cm and 20 to 30 cm depth. This isbecause at that depth does not contain soilorganic compounds, no oxygen intake, anddoes not contain nutrients to sustain bacteriallife, as a consequence the bacterial growth andreproduction cannot multiply in the soil. Whileat 0 to 10 cm depth contains a lot of soilorganic compounds, sufficient oxygen intake,abundant nutrients and have relative humidity,therefore bacterial growth and reproduction inthe soil will multiply very quickly.For Line D at 0 to 10 cm depth asmany as 210 cfu/gr bacteria are found, this isbecause at 0 to 10 cm depth contains a lot ofsoil organic compounds, sufficient oxygenintake, abundant nutrients as well as relativehumidity, therefore the growth andreproduction of bacteria in the soil willmultiply very quickly. At 10 to 20 cm depth,there is no bacterial growth because at thatdepth does not contain soil organic compounds,no oxygen intake, and does not containnutrients to sustain bacterial lide, consequentlythe bacterial growth and reproduction in thesoil cannot multiply. While at 20 to 30 cmdepth, 9 cfu/gr bacteria are found, this isbecause at that depth contains very little soilorganic compounds, insufficient oxygen intakeand nutrients to sustain bacterial life,consequently the growth and reproduction ofbacteria in the soil will be slow-moving.IJEScAInternational Journal of Engineering and Science Application vol.4, 2, Nov 2017ISSN 2406-9833101B. DiscussionFrom the research results, it can beseen that Coliform population in Line A, LineB, Line C and Line D have spread vertically onTopsoil. This is because the sampling point isclose to the residents’ environments, and isinfluenced by human activities. The soil aroundthe landfill may be bacteriologicallycontaminated through permeation from thesewage channels such as septic tank [8; 9].Distribution of bacteria populationsuch as Coliform is determined by a number ofenvironmental factors such as water content,pH, temperature, light, soil organic compoundsas well as nutrients. The average pH in Antanglandfill soil is ranging from 4.82 to 6 withaverage temperature ranging between 25 to 36oC. At low pH, the availability of nutrients isvery high therefore the bacterial activity willincrease. Additionally, temperature also playsan important role in regulating the course ofmetabolic reactions of all living thingsincluding bacteria. When the ambienttemperature is higher than temperature that canbe tolerated by bacteria, it will causedenaturation of protein and other essentialcomponents which cause the bacteria to die.Similarly, if the ambient temperature is belowthe tolerance limit, cytoplasmic membrane willnot be in liquid form, which causes thenutrients transportation halted and the cell lifeprocess will stop [10; 11]. Antang landfill hasrelative humidity, therefore it will affect thegrowth and reproduction of bacteria. Topsoillayer contains high soil organic matter, as wellas sufficient soil humidity, thus providing anopportunity for microorganism to decomposecomplex organic residues into simpler forms,therefore, the amount of microbes a generallyhigher in the topsoil layer [12]. The abundanceof Coliform bacteria vertically around thelandfill site indicates the effect of soil humidityand soil wetting. Line A, Line B, Line C andLine D indicate the development of Coliformwhich is influenced by leachate flow direction.Antang landfill has been operating for 21 years,Antang landfill is Utisol soil (reddish soil thatcontains clay and acidic). The color occurs dueto the metal content especially Fe and Al whichare oxidized. Antang landfill is acidic, lack ofNutrients contain of N, P and K very acidic,and lack of organic material [4].Coliform is a class of intestinalbacteria, which live in the digestive tract ofhuman and animals [7]. Coliform is anindicator of pathogen bacterial contamination,pathogenic bacteria is more resistant to wet andmoist soil. Coliform is rod-shaped anaerobic oranaerobic facultative gram-negative bacteria,does not form spores, and can ferment lactoseto produce acids and gases at 35 to 37 °C [13].The higher the contamination level ofColiform bacteria, the higher the risk of otherpathogenic bacteria presence that normally livein human and animal feces [14].IJEScAInternational Journal of Engineering and Science Application vol.4, 2, Nov 2017ISSN 2406-98331024. CONCLUSIONThe research results showed thatColiform bacteria population aroung Antanglandfill has spread vertically on Topsoil.Isolation and identification were conductedthrough observation of morphology,physiology, gram staining using Nutrient Agarmethod and biochemical testing. The highestcoliform bacterial population was detected inLine B (240 cfu/gr) at 10 to 20 cm depth, LineD (210 cfu/gr) at 0 to 10 cm depth, Line A (110cfu/gr) at 10 to 20 cm and Line B (23 cfu/gr) at0 to 10 cm depth. The abundance of coliformbacteria is strongly influenced byenvironmental factors such as water content,pH, temperature, light, soil organic matter,humidity, and nutrients to sustain bacterial lifein the soil.REFERENCES[1]. Arifin M. F.,  Imran A.M., Ramli M;Mukhsan Putra Hatta; Prosiding SeminarNasional Geofisika 2014.OptimalisasiSains dan Aplikasinya Dalam PeningkatanDay Saing Bangsa Makassar, 13September 2014 135 TinjauanGeohidrologi Lokasi TPA Sampah KotaMakassar, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan(Studi Kasus TPA Sampah TamangapaAntang).[2]. Nasution H. I, 2012; “Analisis kandunganlogam berat Besi (Fe) dan Seng (Zn) padaair sumur gali disekitar TempatPembuangan Akhir Sampah,” JurnalSaintika volume 12 (2): 165-169; ISSN1412-2995.[3]. Peraturan daerah Kota Makassar Nomor 6Tahun 2006, Tentang Rencana taa RuangWilayah Kota makassar 2005-20015.[4]. 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Jurnal IlmiahFarmasi- Unsrat, Vol.3 No.3 Agustus;2014 ISSN 2302-2493.IJEScAInternational Journal of Engineering and Science Application vol.4, 2, Nov 2017ISSN 2406-9833104

Coliform Distribution Around The Antang Landfill Soil Makassar City, South Sulawesi

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Coliform Distribution Around The Antang Landfill Soil Makassar City, South Sulawesi

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