Research has been conducted to determine the radiographic density value resulting from tube voltage variation (kV) and current time strength (mAs) with 15% rule. The method used in this research is descriptive method with direct experiment. The study used tubular (kV) and strong current time times (mAs) with a 15% rule of 60 kV 10 mAs, 51 kV 20 mAs, 69 kV 5 mAs, 80 kV 6 mAs, 68 kV 12 mAs and 92 kV 3 mAs . Instead of the object is a step wedge. The results of this study can be concluded that the density value with the use of 15% rule on radiography is no difference

Musdalifah, I.

Rauf, N.

Suryani, S.

English

Hasanuddin University Graduate School: Open Journal Systems

International Journal of Engineering and Science ApplicationsISSN 2406-98335IJEScAImplementation of the Theory of Terri L. Fauber on VariousTube Voltage (KV) and Current (mAs) on Radiographic DensityI. Musdalifah1,*, S. Suryani2, N. Rauf21Academy of Radiodiagnostic Engineering and Radiotherapy of Muhammadiyah, MakassarIndonesia2Department of Physics, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, IndonesiaE-mail: *indahmusdalifah86@yahoo.comABSTRACTResearch has been conducted to determine the radiographic density value resulting from tube voltagevariation (kV) and current time strength (mAs) with 15% rule. The method used in this research isdescriptive method with direct experiment. The study used tubular (kV) and strong current time times(mAs) with a 15% rule of 60 kV 10 mAs, 51 kV 20 mAs, 69 kV 5 mAs, 80 kV 6 mAs, 68 kV 12 mAsand 92 kV 3 mAs . Instead of the object is a step wedge. The results of this study can be concluded thatthe density value with the use of 15% rule on radiography is no difference.Keywords: Tube Voltage, Strong Flow and Exposure Time, Density, Rule 15%Article history: received January 10th 2018, received in revised May 05th, 20181. INTRODUCTIONIn line with the development of scienceand technology in the field of health,technology in the field of radiology alsoexperienced a drastic change. Beginning withthe discovery of X-rays by German physicistWilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895 [1]. Thefirst object to be Roentgen's experiment washis wife's hand that was wearing a metal ring.But the first radiographic image produced byRoentgen certainly does not have the samequalities compared to the quality of theradiographs produced in today's sophisticatedtimes. The quality of a radiograph isdetermined by the exposure factor setting. Theexposure factor is a factor that determines thequality and quantity of X-ray radiationradiation required in the manufacture ofradiography. The exposure factor is the factorthat influences and determines the quality andquantity of X-ray radiation radiation requiredin the manufacture of radiography [7].Exposure factors are divided into twoparts, namely the main factor and factors thataffect the system characteristics ofradiography. According to Bushong (245-250)[4], the main factors affecting the quality andquantity of X-rays are kVp (kilovolt peak) orkV, mA (milli Ampere), s (second), anddistance (FFD) while influencing factors onradiographic characteristic system ie focal spotsize, filter use, high level generator. In additionInternational Journal of Engineering and Science ApplicationsISSN 2406-98336IJEScAthere are several other factors that also affectthe formation of radiography, the collimation,the use of grids, the use of a combination ofscreen film and film prosessing [6].Giving exposure factor to get certaindensity value is used some variation choicesuch as tube voltage variation (kV),milliampere times second (mAs), FFD (focusfilm distance), filter usage, radiation field(collimation) and grid usage. Another literatureis also found a rule of exposure value variationknown as the 15% rule, which states that if kVis increased by 15% to produce the samedensity on the radiograph then mAs is halvedwhereas if kV is decreased by 15% to producethe same density on radiography then mAsduplicated [5].The use of this 15% rule is to maintainthe same density value on a radio. Kilovolt(kV) not only affects the density but also otheraspects of the radiograph. So kilovolt (kV) isnot a major factor in manipulating radiographyin density changes. However, it is sometimesnecessary to manipulate kilovolt (kV) tomaintain or adjust the density [10].Maintaining or adjusting radiographic densitycan be achieved using the 15% rule. The 15%rule is a rule that states that if kV is raised by15% to produce the same density on theradiograph then mAs is halved whereas if kV isdecreased by 15% to produce the same densityon radiography then mAs is doubled.The change in tube voltage is thepreferred method to change the desired densityof the image, as a result by using the 15% rulewill always change the contrast of the image.Then formulated as follows by increasing kVby 15% then mAs decreased by half. If the kVdecreases by 15% then the mAs is doubled.The effects of changes in kV are not uniformacross the kV range. When low or high kV isused, the amount of kV change necessary tomaintain the density may be more or less than15% [5]. To meet the high quality of theradiograph image, a radiograph must meetseveral aspects to be assessed on a radiographthat is density, contrast, sharpness and detai[8].A. DensityDensity is the degree of blackness inthe film. The result of the exposure of the filmafter being processed produces a blackeningeffect because it corresponds to the emulsionnature of the film which will darken whenexposed. This degree of blackness depends onthe level of exposure received in both kV andmAs. This density can be measured so that thedensity itself will have a value. The highestdensity that can be generated is 4 and thelowest density value starts from 0.2. While thevalue of density that can be seen with ordinaryeye ranged between 0.25-2 [8]. Density onradiography is defined as follows:=description:International Journal of Engineering and Science ApplicationsISSN 2406-98337IJEScAd = densityIo= rays leading to the filmIt = rays passed to the filmB. ContrastContrast is the difference in densitybetween two points. a radiograph has a goodcontrast if it can be distinguished between partsof one another. according to nova rahman [8]film contrast is the contrast produced due to thenature of the film. every movie produced by acompany has its own character. There are filmsthat have characters with high film response toexposure by either X-rays or visible light. Thefilm response to this exposure will affect theresulting density value. Films that are highlyresponsive to exposure will produce higherdensities when compared to films that are lessresponsive to exposure. The radiographiccontrast is formulated as follows:= −Description:C = contrastD2 = Density at RegionD1 = Density at Region 1C. SharpnessSharpness notices how the densitychanges on the boundary between adjacentareas. The boundary between the two areas thatappear can be very sharp, this is because thereis a drastic change in the value of density atthat limit. The higher the contrast value thesharper the resulting image [9]. Theirregularities of the radiograph are influencedby several factors, namely geometric factors,movement factors, and photographic effectsconsisting of Intensifying screen and parallax.D. DetailsDetail is the ability to show thesharpness and the smallest structures on aradiograph. In a radiographic examination,there is a portion of the picture that has a verysmall but very important structure in diagnosis.Factors that affect the details of the size offocal spot size, FFD (Focus Film Distance) andOFD (Object Film Distance) [3-2]. In hospitalsthe application of this 15% rule is very rare.Most use of exposure factors is limited only tothe provisions contained in the aircraft controlpanel or solely forecast by Radiogafer. Fromthe research conducted on the implementationof Terri L. Fauber's theory on tube voltagevariation (kV) and strong time-current (mAs)to radiographic density, it was found thatdensity value with the use of 15% rule onradiography was no difference.2. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe research equipment used in thisresearch is x-ray planes, step wedge,Radiographic Cassettes, Automatic Processing,densitometer. In doing this research, theresearcher used Fuji film as much as 3 sheetsmeasuring 24x30 cm with step wedge as theobject exposed with tube voltage (kV) anddifferent current time time (mAs) that is 60 kV10 mAs, 51 kV 20 mAs, 69 kV 5 mAs, 80 kV 6International Journal of Engineering and Science ApplicationsISSN 2406-98338IJEScAmAs, 68 kV 12 mAs and 92 kV 3 mAs with thesame FFD usage at each exposure of 100 cm.After the film is exposed then it is processedthrough processing automatic. 3 pieces of filmconsisting of 6 samples that have beenprocessed then measured the value of eachdensity by using a densitometer tool from step1 to step 11 on the film.Data processing is done by makingtable and comparison graph from result ofcalculation of difference of density value whichresult from different exposure factor. Tosupport the discussion then used the applicationof SPSS or Statistical Product and ServiceSolutions and the method of sensitometry withanalysis of the characteristic curve usingMicrosoft Office Excel program. This researchis done in accordance with the scheme of theresearch flow below.3. RESULTFrom result of measurement done byresearcher then obtained result of measurementfrom population 1 for density value fromsample 1 by using kV and mAs base that is 60kV and 10 mAs as in table 1.Table 1. Results of measurement of density values from sample 1.The contrast value in each sample can beobtained by using the formula :C = Dmax – DminThus, the contrast value for sample 1with the use of 60 kV and 10 mAs was 1.87For sample 2 in population 1 with a decrease ofkV 15% and mAs doubled ie 51 kV and 20mAs obtained by measurement resultsaccording to table 2.STEP Density FogLevel1 2 3 Average1 0,67 0,65 0,70 0,67 0,412 0,87 0,86 0,92 0,88 0,413 1,23 1,22 1,26 1,23 0,414 1,65 1,65 1,68 1,66 0,415 2,05 2,04 2,02 2,03 0,416 2,32 2,33 2,29 2,31 0,417 2,45 2,46 2,44 2,45 0,418 2,51 2,51 2,51 2,51 0,419 2,54 2,54 2,54 2,54 0,4110 2,54 2,55 2,55 2,54 0,4111 2,54 2,55 2,54 2,54 0,41Mean = ∑ =1 1,94Basic deviation = ∑ ( − )= − 0,716International Journal of Engineering and Science ApplicationsISSN 2406-98339IJEScATable 2. Results of measurement of density values from sample 2.From the above measurement resultsobtained the contrast of the sample 2 of 2.08For sample 3 with a 15% increase in kV and areduction in mAs ½ of 69 kV and 5 mAsobtained by measurement results according toTable 3.Table 3. Results of measurement of density values of sample 3.STEP Density Fog Level1 2 3 Average1 0,47 0,46 0,47 0,47 0,402 0,63 0,63 0,64 0,63 0,403 0,98 0,98 0,99 0,98 0,404 1,52 1,54 1,54 1,53 0,405 2,09 2,11 2,09 2,09 0,406 2,27 2,26 2,27 2,27 0,407 2,36 2,36 2,37 2,36 0,408 2,41 2,42 2,41 2,41 0,409 2,51 2,52 2,52 2,51 0,4010 2,54 2,55 2,54 2,54 0,4011 2,55 2,55 2,55 2,55 0,40Mean = ∑ =1 1,84Basic deviation = ∑ ( − )= − 0,803STEPDensityFog Level1 2 3 Average1 1,39 1,39 1,36 1,38 0,352 1,73 1,73 1,70 1,72 0,353 2,01 2,03 2,02 2,02 0,354 2,24 2,25 2,24 2,24 0,355 2,38 2,39 2,39 2,38 0,356 2,46 2,48 2,48 2,47 0,357 2,52 2,53 2,53 2,52 0,358 2,55 2,55 2,55 2,55 0,359 2,56 2,56 2,56 2,56 0,3510 2,57 2,57 2,56 2,57 0,3511 2,57 2,57 2,57 2,57 0,35Mean = ∑ =1 2,27Basic deviation = ∑ ( − )= − 0,401International Journal of Engineering and Science ApplicationsISSN 2406-983310IJEScAFrom table 3 we get contrast valueequal to 1,19. Here is a graph of the averagedensity measurement results of samples 1, 2and 3 ieFig 1. Graph of Radiographic Density of Population 1For the result of measurement frompopulation 2 obtained table as follows.Table 4. The result of measurement of densityvalue from sample 4 by using kV andbase mAs is 80 kV and 6 mAs.From table 4 in population 2 obtained acontrast value of 0.19.Table 5. Results of measurement of densityvalues from sample 5 with decreasedkV 15% and mAs duplicated ie 68kV and 12 mAsSTEP Density FogLevel1 2 3 Average1 2,49 2,49 2,48 2,48 0,502 2,56 2,57 2,56 2,56 0,503 2,60 2,60 2,60 2,60 0,504 2,63 2,63 2,63 2,63 0,505 2,64 2,64 2,64 2,64 0,506 2,64 2,64 2,65 2,64 0,507 2,65 2,65 2,65 2,65 0,508 2,65 2,65 2,65 2,65 0,509 2,66 2,66 2,66 2,66 0,5010 2,66 2,66 2,66 2,66 0,5011 2,66 2,67 2,67 2,67 0,50Mean = ∑ =1 2,62Basic deviation= ∑ ( − )= − 0,056STEP Density FogLevel1 2 3 Average1 2,30 2,32 2,31 2,31 0,352 2,45 2,46 2,45 2,45 0,353 2,54 2,55 2,55 2,54 0,354 2,60 2,60 2,60 2,60 0,355 2,62 2,62 2,62 2,62 0,356 2,64 2,63 2,64 2,63 0,357 2,65 2,64 2,65 2,64 0,358 2,65 2,64 2,65 2,64 0,359 2,65 2,65 2,65 2,65 0,3510 2,66 2,65 2,65 2,65 0,3511 2,65 2,66 2,66 2,65 0,35Mean = ∑ =1 2,58Basic deviation= ∑ ( − )= − 0,108International Journal of Engineering and Science ApplicationsISSN 2406-983311IJEScATable 6. The result of measuring the density value of sample 6 with a 15% increase in KV and areduction of ½ mAs of 92 kV and 3 mAsFig. 2. Graph of Radiographic Density of Population 2STEPDensityFog Level1 2 3 Average1 2,58 2,59 2,59 2,58 0,842 2,62 2,63 2,62 2,62 0,843 2,65 2,64 2,65 2,64 0,844 2,65 2,65 2,65 2,65 0,845 2,66 2,65 2,65 2,65 0,846 2,66 2,66 2,66 2,66 0,847 2,66 2,66 2,66 2,66 0,848 2,67 2,67 2,66 2,67 0,849 2,67 2,67 2,67 2,67 0,8410 2,67 2,67 2,67 2,67 0,8411 2,67 2,67 2,67 2,67 0,84Mean = ∑ =1 2,64Basic deviation = ∑ ( − )= − 0,027International Journal of Engineering and Science ApplicationsISSN 2406-983312IJEScAThe contrasting value of sample 5 withthe use of 68 kV and 12 mAs was 0.34. Thecontrast value of sample 6 with the use of 92kV and 3 mAs was 0.09. Here is a graph of theaverage density measurements of each sampleof 4.5, and 6 ie.An overview of the tables and curvesof samples 1,2 and 3 in population 1 shows aslight difference in the resulting density values.So to ensure there is no significant differencethen the researchers conducted a statistical teston the density value of 3 samples in thepopulation 1. First of all researchers test thedata normality that aims to determine the typeof statistical tests to be used next. Normalitytest using Shapiro-wilk test because sampleless than (<) 50. After normality test is donesignificant value <0,05 so that data is notnormally distributed. then the researchers dothe next statistical test Kruskall-Wallis H testto see the difference in the density value of the3 samples. After testing the significant value is0.240. Because the significance value> 0,05then it is concluded that the three data there isno difference.In the table and curve of samples 4, 5and 6 for population 2, there was no significantdifference in density value, no statistical testswere required and it was concluded that therewere no differences between the films exposedto both basic kV and mAs using the 15% rule.So the relationship of high use of tube voltage(kV) with contrast value is concluded that thehigher the use of kV, the higher the densityvalue produced while the lower the contrast.4. CONCLUSIONBased on the observations made by thetesters it can be concluded that there is nodifference in the average density generated,either by the film exposed by using tubevoltage (kV) and the strong base time current(mAs) or using the tube voltage (kV) and thecurrent strength time (mAs) 15% rule. Thismeans that the resulting density is the same.High kV usage will result in higher densityvalue while the contrast value is lower.REFERENCES[1] Akhadi, Mukhlis. 2001. PengantarDasar-dasar Proteksi Radiasi.Jakarta:Rineka Cipta.[2] Sunyoto, Danang., (2012). StatistikKesehatan, (1). Yogjakarta:NuhaMedika.[3] Bushong, S. Carlyle., (2008). RadiologicScience for Technologist, (9).Canada:Mosby Elsevier.[4] Meredith, W. J. dan Massey, J. B.,(1977). Fundamental Physics ofRadiology, Bristol:John Wright and Sons Ltd.[5] Fauber, Terri L., (2000). RadiographicImaging and Exposure. Toronto:MosbyElsevier.[6] Sartinah, dkk. (2008). Jurnal BerkalaFisika Volume 11, No.2, Hal 45-52,tersedia padahttp://eprints.undip.ac.id/2293 diakses 21April 2018 pukul 10.30.[7] Rahman, Nova, (2009). Radiofotografi.Padang:Universitas Baiturrahmah[8] Fridawanty, Astuty, (2012). JurnalVariasi Pemilihan Faktor Exposeterhadap Kontras pada Teknik RadiografiInternational Journal of Engineering and Science ApplicationsISSN 2406-983313IJEScAJaringan Lunak, tersedia padahttp://repository.unhas.ac.id/ diakses 25April 2018 Pukul 14.10[9] Bushong, S. Carlyle., (2001). RadiologicScience for Technologist, (7).Toronto:Mosby Company[10] Ballinger, P. W dan Frank, E. D., (2003).Merril’s Atlas Of Radiographic Positionsand Radiologic Procedures, Volume I :10. USA:Mosby.International Journal of Engineering and Science ApplicationsISSN 2406-983314IJEScA

Implementation of the Theory of Terri L. Fauber on Various Tube Voltage (KV) and Current (mAs) on Radiographic Density

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Implementation of the Theory of Terri L. Fauber on Various Tube Voltage (KV) and Current (mAs) on Radiographic Density

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