Opaque sets

Abstract

The problem of finding "small" sets that meet every straight-line which intersects a given convex region was initiated by Mazurkiewicz in 1916. We call such a set an {\em opaque set} or a {\em barrier} for that region. We consider the problem of computing the shortest barrier for a given convex polygon with $n$ vertices. No exact algorithm is currently known even for the simplest instances such as a square or an equilateral triangle. For general barriers, we present an approximation algorithm with ratio $1/2 + \frac{2 +\sqrt{2}}{\pi}=1.5867...$. For connected barriers we achieve the approximation ratio 1.5716, while for single-arc barriers we achieve the approximation ratio $\frac{\pi+5}{\pi+2} = 1.5834...$. All three algorithms run in O(n) time. We also show that if the barrier is restricted to the (interior and the boundary of the) input polygon, then the problem admits a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme for the connected case and a quadratic-time exact algorithm for the single-arc case.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures. This version replaces the previous version; Lemma 1 and its proof have been revised and simplifie