Seventy-two commercially available corn hybrids were used to quantify the existing range in kernel characteristics shown to correlate with improved feeding value to cattle. Twelve hybrids were steam flaked at two different bulk densities. Hybrids were tested for kernel size, hardness, in situ digestibility, and starch use. For dry rolled corn, a 27% difference in dry matter disappearance was found across hybrids. For flaking, a 6% to 29% improvement over dry rolled corn was observed. An 8% to 36% advantage for flaking in starch digestibility was also found. The results of this trial suggest there can be an interaction between hybrid value and whether fed as dry-rolled or steam-flaked corn

Clark, Patrick M.

Erickson, Galen E.

Fithian, Wayne A.

Harrelson, Flint W.

Jackson, David S.

Klopfenstein, Terry J.

English

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports Animal Science Department 1-1-2006 Influence of Corn Hybrid, Kernel Traits, and Dry Rolling or Steam Flaking on Digestibility Flint W. Harrelson University of Nebraska-Lincoln Galen E. Erickson University of Nebraska-Lincoln, gerickson4@unl.edu Terry J. Klopfenstein University of Nebraska-Lincoln, tklopfenstein1@unl.edu Wayne A. Fithian Golden Harvest Seed Co., Waterloo, Nebraska Patrick M. Clark Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan. See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr  Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Harrelson, Flint W.; Erickson, Galen E.; Klopfenstein, Terry J.; Fithian, Wayne A.; Clark, Patrick M.; and Jackson, David S., "Influence of Corn Hybrid, Kernel Traits, and Dry Rolling or Steam Flaking on Digestibility" (2006). Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports. 118. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr/118 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Flint W. Harrelson, Galen E. Erickson, Terry J. Klopfenstein, Wayne A. Fithian, Patrick M. Clark, and David S. Jackson This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr/118 © 2005, The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska.  All rights reserved. 2006 Nebraska Beef Report  — Page 45 (Continued on next page)Influence of Corn Hybrid, Kernel Traits, and Dry Rollingor Steam Flaking on DigestibilityFlint W. HarrelsonGalen E. EricksonTerry J. KlopfensteinWayne A FithianPatrick M. ClarkDavid S. Jackson1SummarySeventy-two commercially available corn hybrids were used to quantify the existing range in kernel characteris-tics shown to correlate with improved feeding value to cattle. Twelve hybrids were steam flaked at two different bulk densities. Hybrids were tested for kernel size, hardness, in situ digestibility, and starch use.  For dry rolled corn, a 27% difference in dry matter disappearance was found across hybrids. For flaking, a 6% to 29% improvement over dry rolled corn was observed. An 8% to 36% advantage for flaking in starch digest-ibility was also found. The results of this trial suggest there can be an interaction between hybrid value and whether fed as dry-rolled or steam-flaked corn.IntroductionRecent research has begun to explore corn hybrid testing as an important way to improve cattle performance in the feedlot. Previ-ous hybrid testing data showed how corn hybrid interacts with processing methods. A previous study comparing dry rolled corn with high moisture corn (2003 Nebraska Beef Report, pp. 32-34) illustrated that a harder (flinty) endosperm had improved performance when processed as high moisture corn compared with dry rolled corn.  Another study using HMC (2006 Nebraska Beef Report, pp. 40-42) indicates that processing corn hybrids can increase the feed-ing performance of harder kernels. Evaluating hybrids when processed differently is critical because some poorer performing hybrids fed as dry rolled corn, may be greatly improved when fed as steam flaked corn. Our objective for the first trial was to iden-tify kernel traits that indicate feeding value and how these traits are influ-enced by hybrid as dry rolled corn. Our objective for the second trial was to identify how hybrid kernel charac-teristics affect the flaking process and feeding value of the resulting flakes. ProcedureDry Corn TrialWhole grain samples of 72 com-mercially available corn hybrids were used for Stenvert Hardness tests and in situ analysis. A duplicate analysis was run for the Stenvert Hardness test (procedure detailed in 2006 Nebraska Beef Report, pp. 43-44) since only one sample of each hybrid was present.  After the Stenvert analysis, 24 hybrids were selected for in situ analysis to include a wide range of kernel char-acteristics. A sample of each hybrid was ground through the Wiley Mill to simulate a masticate grind for the in situ analysis. This grind produces a particle size equivalent to a masti-cated, rolled corn. A 10 g sample of ground corn was weighed and placed in an in situ bag for incubation. Each hybrid was replicated six times in two ruminally cannulated steers using an incubation period of 24 hours. After the incubation period each sample was removed, machine washed using five three minute cycles,  and placed in a 60oC oven to dry for 48 hours after which it was weighed and dry matter disappearance (DMD) was calculated. Feed value was measured for each hybrid using an in situ pro-cedure; disappearance was correlated with measured kernel traits. Correla-tion results were compared to previ-ous investigations comparing kernel characteristics with feed efficiency us-ing in situ disappearance and a feedlot pen study.Steam Flaked Corn TrialTwelve hybrids, which were used in the dry corn in situ trial, were sent to the Department of Grain Science and Industry =s Feed Processing Center at Kansas State University (KSU), Man-hattan, Kan., to determine the hybrid effect on flaking characteristics.  Characteristics measured included: bulk density at two levels (light and heavy, 27 lb/bu and 32 lb/bu, respec-tively); electrical consumption of the steam flaking motor to determine kilowatt hours/ton (kWh/ton); and production rates. Corn hybrids were steam flaked on a Roskamp flaker equipped with a 25 HP motor and 16@x 12@(diameter x width)  rolls at 16 grooves/in.  A 12@x15@x72@ stain-less steel steam chamber was used to steam condition all corn before entering the flaking rolls.  The feeder was set at a constant rate to allow for any electrical differences to be mea-sured.  For the drive motor, voltage and amperage across each electrical phase was measured using a record-ing volt-amp meter (Model DM-II Pro, Amprobe, Miami, FL).  Electrical consumption was determined by rela-tive (gross) and specific (net) energy.  Gross energy was defined as the total amount of energy required while the machine was used under a load.  Net energy was defined as the energy required to operate the machine un-der a load, minus the energy required to operate the machine empty. Reten-tion time of the corn in the steam chest before flaking was eight minutes with a steam conditioning tempera-ture of 98.8°C (210°F) for all corn hybrids. After the flaking was conducted at KSU, approximately 30 lb of each hybrid and flake density (n=24) were returned for in situ analysis. The samples were placed in feed bags to cool and dry to prevent spoilage before being shipped. A sub sample Page 46 — 2006 Nebraska Beef Report  © 2005, The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska.  All rights reserved.of the 24 samples was ground in the Wiley Mill without a screen. For the in situ procedure each hybrid was tested as ground dry corn, whole flaked corn, and ground flaked corn. Each flake density for each hybrid was analyzed to compare the densities; as well as flaking versus dry corn. A 5 g sample was placed in an in situ bag for incubation. Each sample was replicat-ed in each of two animals per day over two days (eight total bags), with an incubation period of 24 hours. Starch analysis was conducted on the origi-nal unincubated samples, and the in situ residue samples which were com-posited across animals within days.  ResultsDry Corn TrialA wide range was observed within each kernel trait across hybrid (Table 1). Production related traits of 1,000 kernel weight and test weight were correlated (P < 0.05) to each other and to a few of the Stenvert observations. Kernel weight was negatively correlat-ed (P < 0.01) to test weight, indicating that a higher volume weight does not necessarily indicate heavier kernels. Test weight was positively correlated to the Stenvert grind time (P < 0.01), which indicates that a higher volume weight causes the sample to grind slower. Dry matter digestibility is believed to be the best measure of value to the hybrid for finishing cattle. Therefore, kernel traits that relate to DMD are of primary interest. Test weight was the only kernel trait cor-related to DMD (P = 0.07) and the relationship was not strong (r = 0.4). Previous research showed that softer kernels were more digestible based on Stenvert soft height percentage. The relationship (r = 0.27) between DMD and the percentage soft particles in the kernel was weak and not signifi-cant (P = 0.27). We can contrast some findings from this study with the feedlot trial from 2004. In that trial the relationship (r = 0.85) between gain:feed and soft height percentage was strong and would directly relate to feedlot performance. We did not use these hybrids in a feedlot trial, but did use DMD as an equivalent mea-sure for this analysis. It is also impor-tant to note that our in situ process is designed to mimic what would occur in a feedlot; however, we are only test-ing a small amount of feed, and for a short period, so though helpful, it cannot be evaluated on the same scale as a feedlot trial.Steam Flaking Characteristics Flaked corn production rates fluctuated by corn hybrid (Table 2).  Although there were differences in the production rates, an adjustment was made when calculating kWh/ton to accurately assess the effect of hybrid on kWh/ton. As expected, there was a difference in kWh/ton between light and heavy flakes. The steam flaker consumed more electricity as flaking became more rigorous in creating a lighter flake. There also appeared to be differences among hybrids within each bulk density treatment. For example, hybrid 8700 had an electri-cal consumption of 2.243 kWh/ton and hybrid 9164 had an electrical consumption of 3.258 kWh/ton. This is a difference of 1.1 kWh/ton. A feedlot with 4 flakers operating at 50 ton/hour each, operating 16 hours/day and six days a week, at a $0.07/kW charge has a potential savings of $1,478.40 per week in electrical costs. Replications were not conducted, so statistical differences could not be calculated.Dry Matter DisappearanceA comparison of the mean dry matter disappearances between dry rolled corn and steam-flaked corn is shown in Table 3. Since no effect of grinding on the flakes was present, data are pooled and reported on the basis of bulk density and compared to the dry rolled corn samples for each hybrid. There was a hybrid* process-ing interaction (P < 0.01) for DMD. The bulk densities of flakes (P < 0.01) Table 1. Kernel characteristics of 72 single replicate Golden Harvest hybrids.Trait Mean Standard Dev. Range rbTest Wt., lb/bu 58.7 1.71 55.2-62.5 - 0.38Dry Kernel Wt., g 341 27.4 259-407 0.23RPM 2470 98.0 2240-2720 < 0.01Soft Height % 80.2 2.11 67.9-84.2 - 0.27Grind Time, s 6.27 0.67 5.00-8.00 - 0.11Hard % 82.4 2.81 72.9-89.3 - 0.2724 Hr DMDa 53.8 5.98 44.7-71.0a24 Hr DMD = Percentage dry matter disappearance over 24 hours of incubation.bCorrelation coefficient to DMD; no significance at P < 0.05, but test weight was at P < 0.1.Table 2. Flaking characteristics of 12 Golden Harvest hybrids. Bulk density(lb/bu) Amperage kWh/tonHybrid Light Heavy Light Heavy Prod. Rate a Light Heavy9430 26.0 30.6 17.8 16.7 2200 2.71 2.119485 26.1 30.3 17.9 17.2 2020 3.02 2.589494 26.8 30.6 17.7 16.6 2120 2.79 2.128803 26.1 30.5 18.0 17.0 1940 3.19 2.578906 25.8 30.3 18.3 17.2 2200 3.04 2.398700 27.4 30.1 17.2 16.6 2340 2.24 1.949507 26.8 31.3 17.5 16.7 1760 3.21 2.628562 27.8  31.5 17.6 17.1 1890 3.04 2.699164 26.9 32.2 18.1 16.9 1940 3.26 2.539248 26.5 31.9 18.1 17.1 2090 3.07 2.459209 27.3 30.3 17.3 16.8 2160 2.49 2.229360 27.2 30.3 17.4 16.7 2480 2.23 1.86aProduction Rate in lb/hour.© 2005, The Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska.  All rights reserved. 2006 Nebraska Beef Report  — Page 47 hybrids having the greatest change in DMD. This observation suggests that harder kernels perform better when processed as steam flaked corn than when fed as dry-rolled corn. Clearly, hybrids responded differently to flak-ing. The range in DMD values for DRC is 10.9 percentage units. The range in DMD for light flakes was 11.8 percentage units. This information could be very useful in identifying hybrids for feeders with steam flakers.Starch DigestibilityHybrid starch digestibility for DRC, light flakes, and heavy flakes is represented in Table 4, with the means being 52.6%, 66.5%, and 63.8% respectively. A lighter flake resulted in a significantly higher (P < 0.01) digestibility. There was a significant hybrid*process interaction (P < 0.01) as was also seen with DMD. The ranking of hybrid efficiency changed somewhat, however a strong relation-ship (r = 0.79) between DMD and starch digestibility still exists. Hybrid 8562, which in previous studies had been a good performing hybrid, showed some interesting properties in the flaking trial. It was the only hybrid in which the starch digestibility of the DRC, light, and heavy flakes were not significantly different.1 Flint W. Harrelson, graduate student; Galen E. Erickson, assistant professor; Terry J. Klopfenstein, professor; Animal Science, Lin-coln; Wayne A. Fithian, Golden Harvest Seed Co., Waterloo, Neb.; Patrick M. Clark, graduate student, Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan.; David S. Jackson, professor; Food Science and Technol-ogy, Lincoln.influenced DMD, while the lighter flakes were more digestible than the heavier flakes. The lighter flakes were also more digestible than the dry rolled corn (P < 0.01), which sup-ports performance data on comparing flaked corn with DRC. The second poorest hybrid (DMD) when fed as dry rolled corn, turned out to be the Table 3. In situ DM disappearance and hybrid rank for steam flaked and dry rolled corn from 12 hybrids.aHybrid  DRCb Rank Light Flakec Rank Heavy Flakeb9430 38.5  1 49.5 2 38.09485 42.2 2  59.7 10 45.49494 43.4 3 52.3 3 41.18803 43.4 4 54.3 5 48.08906 43.8 5 58.6 9 46.88700 43.9 6 52.5 4 41.69507 44.9 7 56.4 6 45.88562 45.1 8 47.9 1 38.49164 45.2 9 56.9 7 40.39248 45.9 10 58.6 9 41.29209 47.5 11 57.9 8 49.59360 49.4 12 56.9 7 45.9LSDd 6.00  4.23  4.17aMain effect of hybrid , Main effect of processing, Main effect of hybrid*processing.bDRC not different from heavy flakes, except hybrid 8562.cLight flakes different from both DRC and heavy flakes except hybrid 8562 was not different between DRC and light flakes.dLeast Significant Difference.Table 4. In situ starch digestibility and hybrid rank for steam flaked and dry rolled corn from 12 hybrids.aHybrid DRC Rank Light Flake Rank Heavy Flake8700 42.2b  1 66.2c 5 55.8d9485 46.4b 2 68.7c 8 59.7d9430 48.2b 3 63.7c 3 54.6d8562 52.4b 4 56.8b 1 52.9b8803 53.3b 5 59.5c 2 58.4bc9209 53.8b 6 69.2c 9 67.3c8906   54.0b 7 68.5c 7 56.0b9494 54.1b 8 68.2c 6 52.4b9248 55.3b 9 69.5c 10 46.5d9360 56.4b 10 65.4c  4 47.6d9164 57.5b 11 73.9c 11  46.3d9507 57.9b 12 68.5c 7 48.0dLSDe 5.31  4.50  5.40aMain effect of hybrid, Main effect of processing, Main effect of hybrid*processing.b,c,dMeans within a row with unlike superscripts differ (P < 0.05).eLeast Significant Difference.best hybrid using a light flake, with a 29% improvement in DMD. The hybrid with the least improvement for light flakes over dry rolled corn had a 5% improvement. Another interesting observation was that the two hardest hybrids based upon all of the Stenvert tests, responded the best to flaking with the lighter flakes from these 

Influence of Corn Hybrid, Kernel Traits, and Dry Rolling or Steam Flaking on Digestibility

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Influence of Corn Hybrid, Kernel Traits, and Dry Rolling or Steam Flaking on Digestibility

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