Dalaklis, D.

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World Maritime University

World Maritime UniversityThe Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the WorldMaritime UniversityPresentations Library2019Technology Deployment in Maritime Security:Emerging IssuesD. DalaklisFollow this and additional works at: https://commons.wmu.se/lib_presentationsThis Presentation Open Access is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair useacademic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. Formore information, please contact library@wmu.se.Dimitrios DalaklisAssociate Professor (Safety and Security)TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT IN MARITIME SECURITY: EMERGING ISSUESWorld Maritime UniversityA Specialized UN Institution in Sweden• Introduction, along with a couple (necessary?) clarifications;• Highlight the need for a “pre-emptive” approach in the issue of maritime security;• Limited discussion of the tools and systems supporting today the issue of Maritime Domain Awareness;• Understanding their real potential, as well as limitations;• Identify areas of strategic investment/trends for the future;• Summary & Conclusions…OutlineMaritime Transport:• In the 21st century, maritime transportshould be considered as the backbone ofglobalization and extremely vital for all “justin time economies”…• Extremely large quantities of global trade(by volume) are being carried by sea.• There is special/privileged relationship ofcommerce and maritime transport.• Remember the axioms of geography:o Almost everywhere, excluding the poles (and the on-going reduction ofice-coverage is changing even this situation)• The Gulf of Guinea is a vast and diverse region stretchingfrom Senegal to Angola, including approximately 6,000kmof coastline…• Piracy, armed robbery at sea, illegal fishing, as well assmuggling and trafficking activities are unfortunately ratherfrequently recorded; these “threats” ultimately impactnegatively the economic development of the entire region.Gulf of Guinea:• Among the many rivers that drain into theGulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta;its coastline includes the Bight of Benin andthe Bight of Bonny.• Apart from the truly vast sea area and theextended coastline, the physical landscape isproviding numerous “hideout locations”…Gulf of Guinea:• The Gulf of Guinea (GoG) is abusy shipping area and animportant geo-political chokepoint for vessels transportingoil extracted in the Niger delta,as well as goods to and fromcentral & southern Africa.Crime in the Gulf of Guinea:• The discussion about “crime” or themanifestation of security threatsusually involves two importantelements:o MOTIVE (i.e. easy profit for a pirate orthe person involved in an “armedrobbery”)o OPPORTUNITY (i.e. the influence ofgeography (reducing speed whentransiting a busy waterway, or ifsecurity resources available areimpacting negatively the State’scapability to enforce the “Rule of Law”,or just by taking advantage of existinggaps in the security measures…)• The International Maritime Organization (IMO) definesMaritime Domain Awareness (MDA) as “the effectiveunderstanding of anything associated with the maritimedomain that could impact the security, safety, economy, orenvironment”.• In the above definition, the maritime domain includes allareas and things of, on, under, relating to, adjacent to, orbordering on a sea, ocean, or other navigable waterway,including all maritime-related activities, infrastructure,people, cargo, and vessels and other conveyances.• KEEP IN MIND: The mission of the IMO as a UnitedNations specialized agency is to promote safe, secure,environmentally sound, efficient and sustainable shippingthrough cooperation…Clarifications: MDA• The “Military” Approach (since -in most cases- there arealready various types of sensors available):Clarifications: MSA• For NATO, Maritime Situational Awareness (MSA) is definedas: “the understanding of military and non-military events,activities and circumstances within and associated with themaritime environment that are relevant for current andfuture NATO operations and exercises -where the MaritimeEnvironment (ME) is the oceans, seas, bays, estuaries,waterways, coastal regions and ports”.• FOOD FOR THOUGHT:o In GoG, “Geography” is providing the necessary opportunity for illicit activities!o Is “Anything/Everything” feasible to be “Noticed/Spotted”?o “Noticing/Spotting” is very different than “Understanding”…o Even if we manage to “Understand”, is an appropriate “Response” possible?o Perpetrators are usually holding the initiative, by selecting the time andlocation of their “attack”…o The dilemmas of “Responsive” versus “Proactive” and “Resources Available”!Clarifications: MSA • Are these approaches similar (or different)?• Are they both “wide enough” in terms of scope?• Stakeholders-Contributors-Partners?• In recent years cooperation in GoG has clearly increased…• However, there is still a need to discuss/identify/implementpotential improvements; for example, are the existingsurveillance capabilities “adequate” and more importantly,what type of technology applications can truly facilitate themuch needed “effective understanding” towards MDA.MDA vs MSA Security Collaboration in the GoG• Maritime transport enables trade and contacts between allnations of the World and provides the most cost effectivetool for imports/exports that are serving the needs of theglobal economy!• Maritime surveillance is essential for creating maritimeawareness (also known as “what is happening at sea”);• The IMO defines vessel traffic service (VTS) as: “a serviceimplemented by a competent authority designed to improvethe safety and efficiency of vessel traffic and protect theenvironment. The service shall have the capability tointeract with the traffic and respond to traffic situationsdeveloping in the VTS area”…Maritime Surveillance… • Typical VTS systems use radar, closed-circuit television(CCTV)/Electro-optical sensor(EO), VHF radiotelephony andautomatic identification system to keep track of vesselmovements and provide navigational safety in a limitedgeographical area.Maritime Surveillance: • Framing the different components:Maritime Surveillance: https://www.vissimvts.com/maritime-awareness/• Framing the relevant distances into a common perspective:Maritime Surveillance: • Managing effectively maritimetraffic requires solving immediatechallenges and planning ahead…• A Common Information SharingEnvironment (CISE) is currentlybeing developed jointly by theEuropean Commission andEU/EEA member states; Cuttinga long way short, this initiativewill facilitate the “integration” ofexisting surveillance systems bysetting common standards forthe exchange of information...Maritime Surveillance: Maritime Surveillance… • EU’s approach:o Taking advantage of all existing “tracking” systems such as RADAR, AIS, LRITand the portfolio of VTS already available (provided by individual member-states) and adding on top certain satellite services;o An extended network of trust and collaboration!o “Cost issue” and expected “Return on Investment” (ROI)?Explaining AIS• The Automatic Identification System(AIS) is intended, primarily, to allowships to “view” marine traffic in their areaand to “be seen” by that traffic;• Automated tracking system used on shipsand by Vessel Traffic Services (VTS).Identification, friend or foe (IFF) is an identification system designed for command and control. The specific system enables military and national (civilian air traffic control) interrogation systems to identify aircraft, vehicles or forces as friendly and to determine their bearing and range from the interrogator.Explaining AIS• The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS) requires AIS to be fitted aboard ships engaged ininternational voyages with 300 or more gross tonnage (GT),as well as and on all passenger ships regardless of size.• AIS integrates a standardized VHF transceiver with apositioning system such as a GPS receiver, with otherelectronic navigation sensors (such as a gyrocompass orrate of turn indicator)…What about vessels of a “smaller size”, as well as fishing vessels/boats/canoes?Vessel Monitoring Service (VMS) can help, but not solve each and every case… • AIS information supplements marine radar, which continuesto be a very important tool for monitoring activities withinthe maritime domain;• Vessels fitted with AIS transceivers can be tracked by AISbase stations located along coast lines or, when out ofrange of terrestrial networks, through a growing number ofsatellites that are fitted with special AIS receivers which arecapable of de-conflicting a large number of signatures.• When satellites are used to detect AIS signatures, the termSatellite-AIS (S-AIS) is used…Explaining AIS• AIS is an open-sourced system that relies on VHFbroadcasts on open frequencies.• It is therefore vulnerable to malicious transmissions andruns the risk of being manipulated by individuals seeking todeceive the system…AIS Applications/Potential Problems?• AIS is vulnerable to data manipulation, spoofing andhacking, which can take place within two main components;• The most common and widely recognized issue of AISmanipulation has been with Internet-related usage of AISdata on publically available websites that display datacompiled from multiple sources. (Easiest source tomanipulate, the validity of data used has often been calledinto question).• The other possibility is within the live AIS network oftransmissions to and from vessels via VHF.o Going dark (turning off the AIS), is a very common way to alter AIS data reported…Potential Problems?• The Long Range Tracking and Identification (LRIT) is aninternational tracking and identification system incorporatedby the IMO -under the SOLAS convention- to ensure athorough tracking system for ships across the world.LRIT is solving all these problems!• “Integrated Maritime Surveillance” is about providingauthorities interested or active in maritime safety andsecurity tasks with ways to exchange information and data.• Sharing data will make surveillance cheaper and moreeffective!Summary & Conclusion • Existing tracking systems, such as RADARS and CCTVs/EOs quite often cannot detect each and every activity at sea; especially small in size boats can often move around “unnoticed”…• Automatic Identification System (AIS) can be used to “supplement” the recognised maritime picture, however it is not obligatory for all vessels to be equipped with that system, or simply they can “switch it off”… • Additionally, AIS can easily be manipulated to provide false information; LRIT is a very secure system! • Even if AIS is operating normally, there are two main type of manipulation: o Internet based;o “actually” altering AIS transmissions.Summary & Conclusion• “Building further” and simultaneously“integrating” the already existingmaritime surveillance capabilities canbe made via the creation of acommon network, with suitablylayered information…• This can also facilitate the variousdifferent public actors/stakeholdersto better communicate and exchangeinformation (therefore, paving theway for “effective understanding”);• Future use of drones?• How to achieve optimised/effectiveresponse (almost real time) at sea?Summary & ConclusionSummary & ConclusionCoastGuardMarinePoliceCustom(Marine)PortAuthoritiesNavyShipOwnersSeafarersShipRegistryFisheryAgenciesShipAgenciesInsurance(Marine)Integrating Law Enforcement Agencieswith the Maritime Industry?• Widespread recognition that this cannot be done by security forces alone; dealing effectively with crime, requires the so-called “Holistic/Comprehensive Approach”:Summary & ConclusionThank you for your attention!

Technology Deployment in Maritime Security: Emerging Issues

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Technology Deployment in Maritime Security: Emerging Issues

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