This paper discusses Expectancy Theory, Maslow\u27s Hierarchy of Needs, and how they can be used to motivate the library staff with special focus on the cataloguing staff or those working in the cataloging Department of Libraries

Arua, Uche

Ugah, Akobundu D.

English

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln 4-2011 Expectancy Theory, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, and Cataloguing Departments Akobundu D. Ugah Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, ugahad@yahoo.ca Uche Arua Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, uche.arua@yahoo.com Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac  Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Ugah, Akobundu D. and Arua, Uche, "Expectancy Theory, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, and Cataloguing Departments" (2011). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 637. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/637  http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/Library Philosophy and Practice 2011Expectancy Theory, Maslow'sHierarchy of Needs, andCataloguing DepartmentsAkobundu D. UgahUche AruaUniversity LibraryMichael Okpara University of Agriculture, UmudikeUmuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.IntroductionThis study of motivation and behaviour is the search to the perplexing questionabout the nature of Man. The problem of motivating other people is as old as manhimself at least as old as that point in time when man found he could onlyaccomplish certain tasks by combining his efforts with those of other individuals.The problem was further complicated when large number of people was needed toaccomplish a given task. The situation then arose of providing direction that is,someone telling others what to do and overseeing their efforts. Then the matter ofhow to motivate other people became an issue.A library is an Organization having the purpose of providing professional service toits users. All the library members of staff are the means by which these serviceswill be provided. How well this service will be rendered will depend upon how wellthe various activities are carried out by staff of the library. How adequately thesestaff will perform will depend upon how well they have been motivated.Expectancy Theory and Maslow's HierarchyAn American psychologist named Edward C. Tolman formulated Expectancy theoryin the 1930s. This theory suggests that human behavior will be motivated by theconscious expectation more than response to stimuli. The expectation will be thatthe action in prospect will lead to desired goal or outcome hence the name"Expectancy Theory".If an individual worker for instance, needed more money to meet his needs, whichaccording to Maslow are physiological, safety and security, social, esteem andself-actualization" and he is assured that if he works harder, he will receive moremoney to meet his needs. Then he/she can put in necessary time and effort to winthe desired reward. Expectancy theory can also be used to explain anotherphenomenon. That is, an individual worker seems to adjust his own motivationallevels to those of his/her colleagues and his acceptance by the group within andknows that exceptional output on a unilateral basis will anger his colleagues anddisrupt the group norm of production.But if the individual feels frustrated and unhappy, he will not make the maximumcontribution to either the common task or harmonious relationship in the group,which will affects job performances as well as individual needs. That means, thegroup will fail in its task which infact intensify the disintegrative tendencies in thegroup and diminish the satisfaction of individual needs.Adair (1996) suggested three areas of overlapping needs which are present in anyworking group. Specifically, he mentioned: (a) the need to accomplish the commontask; (b) the needs of the group for unity; (c) and needs individual bring with themby virtue of being human beings.The cycles are dynamic in the sense that each of them possesses its ownmotivational forces in a magnetic field, which it is the immediate work environment.These fields interact positively or negatively. So if there is a positive change in anyone of them, the areas of needs will affect each other.In the concern of general theory of the three interlaced circle, it can be seen howthe meeting of individual needs affects the other areas.What are these individual needs? To answer this question, one needs to studyMaslow's hierarchy of need, which has been briefly discussed in this paper.Cataloguing DepartmentsThis is where library materials are catalogued, and classified (Olanlokun and Salisu1993). It is in this department that other routine processing of materials are donebefore they are made available for public use. In a typical cataloguing department,three types of professional duties and host of other routine activities are carriedout. These professional duties include descriptive cataloguing, subject cataloguingi.e. assigning subject headings and classification which also include assigningclass mark. It is after these that other routine activities like typing, catalogue cardproduction, pasting of book pockets labeling etc. are done. In the cataloguingdepartment, there are many categories of staff with different expertise andschedule of duty, which combines or blends together to achieve the aim andobjective of the department, which is processing the library and informationmaterials and making them available for use by the information seekers and thelibrary users.Apply expectancy theory in this situation, if the individual workers are wellmotivated, work will flow smoothly. But if any individual feels frustrated andunhappy, he will not make his maximum contribution and this will negatively affectthe work, the group, and other individuals that make up this department. If anyindividual worker is highly motivated or raises his own motivational level, thetendency is that his out put will be exceptional and this may anger his colleaguesand will probably adversely affect the general departmental output. If this particularworker values the esteem of other and his acceptance by the group and that hisexceptional output on a unilateral basis, will anger his group, you can predict withhigh level of certainty that such an individual will conform to the groups norm ofproductionRole of Library LeadershipWorking in the cataloguing department is not always easy. Cataloguing andclassification can be difficult and need a suitable working environment. If acataloguers needs are not being met, concern for the work may be swept awaywhich will upset other members of the group, and will result in lower output.As for safety and security, the cataloguer needs these as well. Cataloguing can beexhausting, and involve risk to physical and mental health. If the physiological andsafety needs are met, there are still social needs. Cataloguers will feel keenly theabsence of friends or family, because of the nature of the job which not onlyisolates them during working hours to avoid distractions but also leaves themmentally and physically exhausted, making after work social interactionsimpossible. Social needs are intrinsic to our human nature. We are individuals, butwe never lose our need for each other.The nature of the job also affects esteem needs and the need for self-actualization. These needs, according to Maslow, include the desire for both highevaluation of self and for the esteem of others. Maslow defines self-actualizationas people's desire for self-fulfillment.Although the materials to be processed do have a priority but it can beoveremphasized: There is nothing wrong in library leadership being work focused,but it should not be blind to the needs of the cataloguing staff both as a group andas individuals. The situation is so serious that the individual is subordinated to thework. He becomes a mere means to an end, which is getting the materialsprocessed. Despite poor salary and reward system to such self-subordination, ahigh cost is paid in physical and mental health. That is why trade unions andprofessional bodies come into being to protect the individuals.If the emphasis is on the cataloguing staff as a group it will be at the expense ofthe work and more to the individual on the other hand, if the individual become theprimary concern the work and the group become secondary in importance.The best the library leadership can do is to achieve an equilibrium or balance, andavoid a situation where more attention is on one aspect of the factors at expenseof others. This however does not mean that all the three factors should receiveequal attention at all times. The leadership may have to be work-focused for asustained period. A good leadership should find or create time to strengthen andmotivate the cataloguing team as well as encourage each individual member of theteam.The library leadership must never forget that it is the individual who is being askedto do the job and it is the individual who is in control. He or she makes the finaldecision and determines how little or much he will do.Another fact is that one can not employ only the hand, the owner of the hand mustcome with it. One can only employ a whole person, and when that happens, onehas employed a personality, attitudes, motives, levels of aspiration, goals,ambitions, needs egos, roles, abilities, etc.ConclusionIt the library leadership must be effective, it must have some understanding of theabove factors because it would be in a better position to motivate the work force inthe department. It must be at the back of the mind of the leadership that it is inwork place that the individual worker's hopes and ambitions will be fulfilled ordestroyed. It is here that an aspiration may be achieved or frustration, aggression,hostility, and apathy will develop. Searching deeper to understand this worker, theleadership can see what needs are there.Again, in motivating the staff, certain conditions must be taken into consideration.These include the fact that- leadership cannot blanket all workers by a generalformula. Motivation is an individual matter and one needs to know and understandthe individual to be motivated.Library leaderships will not be able to motivate the cataloguing staff in any lengthof time if such motivation is for selfish reason or personal gains. That is usingworker, for ones own personal gainA most important condition that must not be overlooked is that individuals havetheir own goal objectives, and aspirations.Unfortunately, only the library goals – processing library materials- are oftenconsidered. The cataloguing staff is equally important.ReferencesADAIR, JOHN (1996), Effective motivation: How to get extraordinary results fromeveryone. London: pan Books.ADAIR, JOHN (1997), Effective leadership master class: What every Manager canlearn from the great leaders London. Pan Books.OLADORUN, S. OLAJIRE AND SALISU, TAOFIQ .M. (1993). Understanding theLibrary: a handbook of library use. Lagos. University of Lagos press.

Expectancy Theory, Maslow\u27s Hierarchy of Needs, and Cataloguing Departments

UNL | Libraries

University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln 
4-2011 
Expectancy Theory, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, and 
Cataloguing Departments 
Akobundu D. Ugah 
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, ugahad@yahoo.ca 
Uche Arua 
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, uche.arua@yahoo.com 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac 
 Part of the Library and Information Science Commons 
Ugah, Akobundu D. and Arua, Uche, "Expectancy Theory, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, and Cataloguing 
Departments" (2011). Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 637. 
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/637 
 http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/
Library Philosophy and Practice 2011
Expectancy Theory, Maslow's
Hierarchy of Needs, and
Cataloguing Departments
Akobundu D. Ugah
Uche Arua
University Library
Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike
Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
Introduction
This study of motivation and behaviour is the search to the perplexing question
about the nature of Man. The problem of motivating other people is as old as man
himself at least as old as that point in time when man found he could only
accomplish certain tasks by combining his efforts with those of other individuals.
The problem was further complicated when large number of people was needed to
accomplish a given task. The situation then arose of providing direction that is,
someone telling others what to do and overseeing their efforts. Then the matter of
how to motivate other people became an issue.
A library is an Organization having the purpose of providing professional service to
its users. All the library members of staff are the means by which these services
will be provided. How well this service will be rendered will depend upon how well
the various activities are carried out by staff of the library. How adequately these
staff will perform will depend upon how well they have been motivated.
Expectancy Theory and Maslow's Hierarchy
An American psychologist named Edward C. Tolman formulated Expectancy theory
in the 1930s. This theory suggests that human behavior will be motivated by the
conscious expectation more than response to stimuli. The expectation will be that
the action in prospect will lead to desired goal or outcome hence the name
"Expectancy Theory".
If an individual worker for instance, needed more money to meet his needs, which
according to Maslow are physiological, safety and security, social, esteem and
self-actualization" and he is assured that if he works harder, he will receive more
money to meet his needs. Then he/she can put in necessary time and effort to win
the desired reward. Expectancy theory can also be used to explain another
phenomenon. That is, an individual worker seems to adjust his own motivational
levels to those of his/her colleagues and his acceptance by the group within and
knows that exceptional output on a unilateral basis will anger his colleagues and
disrupt the group norm of production.
But if the individual feels frustrated and unhappy, he will not make the maximum
contribution to either the common task or harmonious relationship in the group,
which will affects job performances as well as individual needs. That means, the
group will fail in its task which infact intensify the disintegrative tendencies in the
group and diminish the satisfaction of individual needs.
Adair (1996) suggested three areas of overlapping needs which are present in any
working group. Specifically, he mentioned: (a) the need to accomplish the common
task; (b) the needs of the group for unity; (c) and needs individual bring with them
by virtue of being human beings.
The cycles are dynamic in the sense that each of them possesses its own
motivational forces in a magnetic field, which it is the immediate work environment.
These fields interact positively or negatively. So if there is a positive change in any
one of them, the areas of needs will affect each other.
In the concern of general theory of the three interlaced circle, it can be seen how
the meeting of individual needs affects the other areas.
What are these individual needs? To answer this question, one needs to study
Maslow's hierarchy of need, which has been briefly discussed in this paper.
Cataloguing Departments
This is where library materials are catalogued, and classified (Olanlokun and Salisu
1993). It is in this department that other routine processing of materials are done
before they are made available for public use. In a typical cataloguing department,
three types of professional duties and host of other routine activities are carried
out. These professional duties include descriptive cataloguing, subject cataloguing
i.e. assigning subject headings and classification which also include assigning
class mark. It is after these that other routine activities like typing, catalogue card
production, pasting of book pockets labeling etc. are done. In the cataloguing
department, there are many categories of staff with different expertise and
schedule of duty, which combines or blends together to achieve the aim and
objective of the department, which is processing the library and information
materials and making them available for use by the information seekers and the
library users.
Apply expectancy theory in this situation, if the individual workers are well
motivated, work will flow smoothly. But if any individual feels frustrated and
unhappy, he will not make his maximum contribution and this will negatively affect
the work, the group, and other individuals that make up this department. If any
individual worker is highly motivated or raises his own motivational level, the
tendency is that his out put will be exceptional and this may anger his colleagues
and will probably adversely affect the general departmental output. If this particular
worker values the esteem of other and his acceptance by the group and that his
exceptional output on a unilateral basis, will anger his group, you can predict with
high level of certainty that such an individual will conform to the groups norm of
production
Role of Library Leadership
Working in the cataloguing department is not always easy. Cataloguing and
classification can be difficult and need a suitable working environment. If a
cataloguers needs are not being met, concern for the work may be swept away
which will upset other members of the group, and will result in lower output.
As for safety and security, the cataloguer needs these as well. Cataloguing can be
exhausting, and involve risk to physical and mental health. If the physiological and
safety needs are met, there are still social needs. Cataloguers will feel keenly the
absence of friends or family, because of the nature of the job which not only
isolates them during working hours to avoid distractions but also leaves them
mentally and physically exhausted, making after work social interactions
impossible. Social needs are intrinsic to our human nature. We are individuals, but
we never lose our need for each other.
The nature of the job also affects esteem needs and the need for self-
actualization. These needs, according to Maslow, include the desire for both high
evaluation of self and for the esteem of others. Maslow defines self-actualization
as people's desire for self-fulfillment.
Although the materials to be processed do have a priority but it can be
overemphasized: There is nothing wrong in library leadership being work focused,
but it should not be blind to the needs of the cataloguing staff both as a group and
as individuals. The situation is so serious that the individual is subordinated to the
work. He becomes a mere means to an end, which is getting the materials
processed. Despite poor salary and reward system to such self-subordination, a
high cost is paid in physical and mental health. That is why trade unions and
professional bodies come into being to protect the individuals.
If the emphasis is on the cataloguing staff as a group it will be at the expense of
the work and more to the individual on the other hand, if the individual become the
primary concern the work and the group become secondary in importance.
The best the library leadership can do is to achieve an equilibrium or balance, and
avoid a situation where more attention is on one aspect of the factors at expense
of others. This however does not mean that all the three factors should receive
equal attention at all times. The leadership may have to be work-focused for a
sustained period. A good leadership should find or create time to strengthen and
motivate the cataloguing team as well as encourage each individual member of the
team.
The library leadership must never forget that it is the individual who is being asked
to do the job and it is the individual who is in control. He or she makes the final
decision and determines how little or much he will do.
Another fact is that one can not employ only the hand, the owner of the hand must
come with it. One can only employ a whole person, and when that happens, one
has employed a personality, attitudes, motives, levels of aspiration, goals,
ambitions, needs egos, roles, abilities, etc.
Conclusion
It the library leadership must be effective, it must have some understanding of the
above factors because it would be in a better position to motivate the work force in
the department. It must be at the back of the mind of the leadership that it is in
work place that the individual worker's hopes and ambitions will be fulfilled or
destroyed. It is here that an aspiration may be achieved or frustration, aggression,
hostility, and apathy will develop. Searching deeper to understand this worker, the
leadership can see what needs are there.
Again, in motivating the staff, certain conditions must be taken into consideration.
These include the fact that- leadership cannot blanket all workers by a general
formula. Motivation is an individual matter and one needs to know and understand
the individual to be motivated.
Library leaderships will not be able to motivate the cataloguing staff in any length
of time if such motivation is for selfish reason or personal gains. That is using
worker, for ones own personal gain
A most important condition that must not be overlooked is that individuals have
their own goal objectives, and aspirations.
Unfortunately, only the library goals – processing library materials- are often
considered. The cataloguing staff is equally important.
References
ADAIR, JOHN (1996), Effective motivation: How to get extraordinary results from
everyone. London: pan Books.
ADAIR, JOHN (1997), Effective leadership master class: What every Manager can
learn from the great leaders London. Pan Books.
OLADORUN, S. OLAJIRE AND SALISU, TAOFIQ .M. (1993). Understanding the
Library: a handbook of library use. Lagos. University of Lagos press.


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Expectancy Theory, Maslow\u27s Hierarchy of Needs, and Cataloguing Departments

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