Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) occur in all major oceans of the world, where most populations typically migrate between high-latitude summer feeding areas and low-latitude wintering grounds (Mackintosh 1942, Clapham and Mead 1999). Historical and contemporary data indicate that a humpback whale population spends the winter breeding season (typically June–November; Martins et al. 2001) in waters over the continental shelf off the eastern coast of South America (5°– 21°S; Williamson 1975, Zerbini et al. 2004, Andriolo et al. 2006). This population migrates through oceanic waters to summer subantarctic feeding destinations near South Georgia (∼54°S, 36°W) and the South Sandwich Islands (∼58°S, 26°W) in the Scotia Sea (Zerbini et al. 2006)

Altmayer Pizzorno, Jose Luis

Andriolo, Artur

Clapham, Phillip

Pinto de sa Alves, Luiz Claudio

Zerbini, Alexandra

English

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University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
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Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. 
Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce 
4-2009 
Record of Feeding by Humpback Whales (Megaptera 
novaeangliae) in Tropical Waters off Brazil 
Luiz Claudio Pinto de sa Alves 
Projeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sat´elite, Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32, Rio de 
Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, Brazil 
Artur Andriolo 
Projeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sat´elite, Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32, Rio de 
Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, Brazil 
Alexandra Zerbini 
Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries 
Jose Luis Altmayer Pizzorno 
Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, Brazil 
Phillip Clapham 
Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub 
 Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons 
Pinto de sa Alves, Luiz Claudio; Andriolo, Artur; Zerbini, Alexandra; Altmayer Pizzorno, Jose Luis; and 
Clapham, Phillip, "Record of Feeding by Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Tropical Waters 
off Brazil" (2009). Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce. 45. 
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/45 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Commerce at 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications, Agencies and 
Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of 
Nebraska - Lincoln. 
Notes
MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 25(2): 416–419 (April 2009)
C© 2009 by the Society for Marine Mammalogy
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00249.x
Record of feeding by humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)
in tropical waters off Brazil
LUIZ CLA´UDIO PINTO DE SA´ ALVES
Projeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sate´lite,
Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, Brazil
E-mail: lcpsalves@yahoo.com.br
ARTUR ANDRIOLO
Projeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sate´lite,
Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, Brazil
and
Departamento de Zoologia,
Instituto de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas,
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universita´rio,
Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, Brazil
ALEXANDRE N. ZERBINI
Projeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sate´lite,
Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, Brazil
and
National Marine Mammal Laboratory,
Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries,
7600 Sand Point Way NE,
Seattle, Washington 98115-6349, U.S.A.
JOSE´ LUI´S ALTMAYER PIZZORNO
Projeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sate´lite,
Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, Brazil
PHILLIP J. CLAPHAM
National Marine Mammal Laboratory,
Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries,
7600 Sand Point Way NE,
Seattle, Washington 98115-6349, U.S.A.
416
NOTES 417
Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) occur in all major oceans of the world,
where most populations typically migrate between high-latitude summer feeding
areas and low-latitude wintering grounds (Mackintosh 1942, Clapham and Mead
1999). Historical and contemporary data indicate that a humpback whale population
spends the winter breeding season (typically June–November; Martins et al. 2001)
in waters over the continental shelf off the eastern coast of South America (5◦–
21◦S; Williamson 1975, Zerbini et al. 2004, Andriolo et al. 2006). This population
migrates through oceanic waters to summer subantarctic feeding destinations near
South Georgia (∼54◦S, 36◦W) and the South Sandwich Islands (∼58◦S, 26◦W) in
the Scotia Sea (Zerbini et al. 2006).
Humpback whale feeding behavior is highly seasonal, and its occurrence is ex-
tremely rare during the period of residency in low-latitude waters, when whales
typically fast for extended periods (Mackintosh 1942, Chittleborough 1965). How-
ever, occasional winter feeding events have been reported in some populations (Baraff
et al. 1991, Gendron and Urba´n 1993, Swingle et al. 1993, Stockin and Burgess 2005).
Here we report the first documented case of humpback whales feeding on a major
wintering ground off Brazil.
The events reported here were opportunistically observed from an oil platform
located at 19◦35′02′′S, 39◦14′37′′W, where the water depth was 67 m. On 8 August
2005, two humpback whales were observed feeding near the platform. Both individ-
uals were estimated visually at approximately 10 m in length, suggesting they were
juveniles. The animals were observed close to the platform for 37 min (between 1322
and 1359), and the observer started registering their behavior as soon as the animals
were observed. During this period, they were observed swimming in a circular fash-
ion and feeding near the surface at least six times (feeding behavior was documented
by photographs and video). The whales were targeting schools of unidentified small
forage fish, which were seen in the waters surrounding the oil platform. The whales
pursued the fish schools, positioned themselves laterally below the surface and then
opened their mouths in typical lunge-feeding behavior. Once the prey was ingested,
the whales returned to a horizontal position to expel the water out of the mouth.
Despite swimming in close proximity, the two individuals were not observed feeding
in synchrony.
During these observations, whales were occasionally out of sight; thus, the number
of feeding occurrences may have been underestimated. When in sight, surfacing
frequency was high, with dive durations shorter than 1 min. Swift kicks of the tail
were also seen, but did not always precede the feeding events; such behavior was also
recorded in a feeding whale in the West Indies (Baraff et al. 1991), and has been
frequently observed as an apparently intentional feeding strategy on feeding grounds
in the Gulf of Maine (Weinrich et al. 1992).
Despite the fact that the platform was operational at the time, the whales ap-
proached it and stayed in the nearby area for at least 2 h (according to platform crew
members). It is hard to say how frequent this behavior occurs near the platform, due
to the fact that generally no specialized observer stays at the platform.
418 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 25, NO. 2, 2009
As here, other previously reported instances of feeding on a breeding ground also
involved presumed juveniles (Baraff et al. 1991, Swingle et al. 1993), judged by the
size of the individuals seen. However, maturity state cannot be confirmed from these
visual observations. Stevick (1999) showed that Northern Hemisphere humpback
whales can be mature at lengths of only 11 m. Whether tropical feeding occurs only
in younger animals which have less incentive to participate in breeding activities is
currently unknown. Juvenile humpback whales, which have thinner blubber layers
than adults, may also be less prepared to withstand a prolonged fast where they live
off of stored energy reserves, and that their smaller size makes it more likely that
sporadic feeding on small prey patches will have a positive effect on their annual
energy budget than in larger adults.
The humpback whales observed in this study exhibited the behavior that was
similar to that in other documented cases of low-latitude feeding (Baraff et al.
1991, Swingle et al. 1993). Unlike in the Northern Hemisphere, feeding on fish is
thought to be rare among Southern Hemisphere humpbacks, whose principal prey
is euphausiids (Evans 1987). That austral populations occasionally prey on fish is
suggested by our Brazilian observations, together with those of Stockin and Burgess
(2005), who recorded opportunistic feeding of an adult humpback whale migrating
along the coast of Australia.
We will likely never understand the mechanisms that initiate and inhibit hunger,
and that are responsible for this apparently abnormal behavior in the tropics. How-
ever, in light of the energetic demands of a winter fast, it is not surprising that
humpback whales occasionally utilize abundant prey resources that become available
during their long residency in tropical waters.
LITERATURE CITED
ANDRIOLO, A., C. C. A. MARTINS, M. H. ENGEL, J. L. PIZZORNO, S. MASROSA, M. E. MORETE
AND P. G. KINAS. 2006. The first aerial survey to estimate abundance of humpback
whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the breeding ground off Brazil. The Journal of Cetacean
Research and Management 8:307–311.
BARAFF, L. S., P. J. CLAPHAM AND D. K. MATTILA. 1991. Feeding behavior of a humpback
whale in low-latitude waters. Marine Mammal Science 7:197–202.
CHITTLEBOROUGH, R. G. 1965. Dynamics of two populations of the humpback whale,
Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Re-
search 16:33–128.
CLAPHAM, P. J., AND J. G. MEAD. 1999. Megaptera novaeangliae. Mammalian Species 604:1–9.
EVANS, P. G. H. 1987. The natural history of whales and dolphins. Christopher Helm Ltd.,
Worcester, U.K.
GENDRON, D., AND J. URBAN. 1993. Evidence of feeding by humpback whales (Megaptera
novaeangliae) in the Baja California breeding ground, Mexico. Marine Mammal Science
9:76–81.
MACKINTOSH, N. A. 1942. The southern stocks of whalebone whale. Discovery Reports
22:197–300.
MARTINS, C. C. A., M. E. MORETE, M. H. ENGEL, A. FREITAS, E. R. SECCHI AND P. G.
KINAS. 2001. Aspects of habitat use patterns of humpback whales in the Abrol-
hos Bank, Brazil, breeding ground. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 47:563–
570.
NOTES 419
STEVICK, P. T. 1999. Age-length relationships in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae):
A comparison of strandings in the western North Atlantic with commercial catches.
Marine Mammal Science 15:725–737.
STOCKIN, K. A., AND E. A. BURGESS. 2005. Opportunistic feeding of an adult humpback
whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrating along the coast of Southeastern Queensland,
Australia. Aquatic Mammals 31:120–123.
SWINGLE, W. M., S. G. BARCO, T. D. PITCHFORD, W A. MCLELLAN AND D. A. PABST. 1993.
Appearance of juvenile humpback whales feeding in the nearshore waters off Virginia.
Marine Mammal Science 9:309–315.
WEINRICH, M. T., M. R. SCHILLING AND C. R. BELT. 1992. Evidence for acquisition of a novel
feeding behaviour: Lobtailing feeding in humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae.
Animal Behaviour 44:1059–1072.
WILLIAMSON, G. R. 1975. Minke whales off Brazil. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research
Institute, Tokyo 27:37–59.
ZERBINI, A. N., A. ANDRIOLO, J. M. DA ROCHA, P. C. SIMO˜ES-LOPES, S. SICILIANO, J. L.
PIZZORNO, J. M. WAITE, D. P. DEMASTER AND G. R. VANBLARICOM. 2004. Winter
distribution and abundance of humpback whales off Northeastern Brazil. Journal of
Cetacean Research and Management 6:101–107.
ZERBINI, A. N., A. ANDRIOLO, M. P. HEIDE-JØRGENSEN, J. L. PIZZORNO, Y. GEYER, G. R.
VANBLARICON, D. P. DEMASTER, P. C. SIMO˜ES-LOPES, S. MOREIRA AND C. BETHLEM.
2006. Satellite-monitored movements of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in
the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 313:295–304.
Received: 25 February 2008
Accepted: 22 July 2008


Record of Feeding by Humpback Whales (\u3ci\u3eMegaptera novaeangliae\u3c/i\u3e) in Tropical Waters off Brazil

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Commerce 4-2009 Record of Feeding by Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Tropical Waters off Brazil Luiz Claudio Pinto de sa Alves Projeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sat´elite, Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, Brazil Artur Andriolo Projeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sat´elite, Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, Brazil Alexandra Zerbini Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Jose Luis Altmayer Pizzorno Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, Brazil Phillip Clapham Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub  Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Pinto de sa Alves, Luiz Claudio; Andriolo, Artur; Zerbini, Alexandra; Altmayer Pizzorno, Jose Luis; and Clapham, Phillip, "Record of Feeding by Humpback Whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Tropical Waters off Brazil" (2009). Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce. 45. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdeptcommercepub/45 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Commerce at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications, Agencies and Staff of the U.S. Department of Commerce by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. NotesMARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, 25(2): 416–419 (April 2009)C© 2009 by the Society for Marine MammalogyDOI: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2008.00249.xRecord of feeding by humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)in tropical waters off BrazilLUIZ CLA´UDIO PINTO DE SA´ ALVESProjeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sate´lite,Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32,Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, BrazilE-mail: lcpsalves@yahoo.com.brARTUR ANDRIOLOProjeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sate´lite,Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32,Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, BrazilandDepartamento de Zoologia,Instituto de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas,Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universita´rio,Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-330, BrazilALEXANDRE N. ZERBINIProjeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sate´lite,Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32,Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, BrazilandNational Marine Mammal Laboratory,Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries,7600 Sand Point Way NE,Seattle, Washington 98115-6349, U.S.A.JOSE´ LUI´S ALTMAYER PIZZORNOProjeto Monitoramento de Baleias por Sate´lite,Instituto Aqualie, Rua Edgard Werneck, 428/32,Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22763-010, BrazilPHILLIP J. CLAPHAMNational Marine Mammal Laboratory,Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries,7600 Sand Point Way NE,Seattle, Washington 98115-6349, U.S.A.416NOTES 417Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) occur in all major oceans of the world,where most populations typically migrate between high-latitude summer feedingareas and low-latitude wintering grounds (Mackintosh 1942, Clapham and Mead1999). Historical and contemporary data indicate that a humpback whale populationspends the winter breeding season (typically June–November; Martins et al. 2001)in waters over the continental shelf off the eastern coast of South America (5◦–21◦S; Williamson 1975, Zerbini et al. 2004, Andriolo et al. 2006). This populationmigrates through oceanic waters to summer subantarctic feeding destinations nearSouth Georgia (∼54◦S, 36◦W) and the South Sandwich Islands (∼58◦S, 26◦W) inthe Scotia Sea (Zerbini et al. 2006).Humpback whale feeding behavior is highly seasonal, and its occurrence is ex-tremely rare during the period of residency in low-latitude waters, when whalestypically fast for extended periods (Mackintosh 1942, Chittleborough 1965). How-ever, occasional winter feeding events have been reported in some populations (Baraffet al. 1991, Gendron and Urba´n 1993, Swingle et al. 1993, Stockin and Burgess 2005).Here we report the first documented case of humpback whales feeding on a majorwintering ground off Brazil.The events reported here were opportunistically observed from an oil platformlocated at 19◦35′02′′S, 39◦14′37′′W, where the water depth was 67 m. On 8 August2005, two humpback whales were observed feeding near the platform. Both individ-uals were estimated visually at approximately 10 m in length, suggesting they werejuveniles. The animals were observed close to the platform for 37 min (between 1322and 1359), and the observer started registering their behavior as soon as the animalswere observed. During this period, they were observed swimming in a circular fash-ion and feeding near the surface at least six times (feeding behavior was documentedby photographs and video). The whales were targeting schools of unidentified smallforage fish, which were seen in the waters surrounding the oil platform. The whalespursued the fish schools, positioned themselves laterally below the surface and thenopened their mouths in typical lunge-feeding behavior. Once the prey was ingested,the whales returned to a horizontal position to expel the water out of the mouth.Despite swimming in close proximity, the two individuals were not observed feedingin synchrony.During these observations, whales were occasionally out of sight; thus, the numberof feeding occurrences may have been underestimated. When in sight, surfacingfrequency was high, with dive durations shorter than 1 min. Swift kicks of the tailwere also seen, but did not always precede the feeding events; such behavior was alsorecorded in a feeding whale in the West Indies (Baraff et al. 1991), and has beenfrequently observed as an apparently intentional feeding strategy on feeding groundsin the Gulf of Maine (Weinrich et al. 1992).Despite the fact that the platform was operational at the time, the whales ap-proached it and stayed in the nearby area for at least 2 h (according to platform crewmembers). It is hard to say how frequent this behavior occurs near the platform, dueto the fact that generally no specialized observer stays at the platform.418 MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, VOL. 25, NO. 2, 2009As here, other previously reported instances of feeding on a breeding ground alsoinvolved presumed juveniles (Baraff et al. 1991, Swingle et al. 1993), judged by thesize of the individuals seen. However, maturity state cannot be confirmed from thesevisual observations. Stevick (1999) showed that Northern Hemisphere humpbackwhales can be mature at lengths of only 11 m. Whether tropical feeding occurs onlyin younger animals which have less incentive to participate in breeding activities iscurrently unknown. Juvenile humpback whales, which have thinner blubber layersthan adults, may also be less prepared to withstand a prolonged fast where they liveoff of stored energy reserves, and that their smaller size makes it more likely thatsporadic feeding on small prey patches will have a positive effect on their annualenergy budget than in larger adults.The humpback whales observed in this study exhibited the behavior that wassimilar to that in other documented cases of low-latitude feeding (Baraff et al.1991, Swingle et al. 1993). Unlike in the Northern Hemisphere, feeding on fish isthought to be rare among Southern Hemisphere humpbacks, whose principal preyis euphausiids (Evans 1987). That austral populations occasionally prey on fish issuggested by our Brazilian observations, together with those of Stockin and Burgess(2005), who recorded opportunistic feeding of an adult humpback whale migratingalong the coast of Australia.We will likely never understand the mechanisms that initiate and inhibit hunger,and that are responsible for this apparently abnormal behavior in the tropics. How-ever, in light of the energetic demands of a winter fast, it is not surprising thathumpback whales occasionally utilize abundant prey resources that become availableduring their long residency in tropical waters.LITERATURE CITEDANDRIOLO, A., C. C. A. MARTINS, M. H. ENGEL, J. L. PIZZORNO, S. MASROSA, M. E. MORETEAND P. G. KINAS. 2006. The first aerial survey to estimate abundance of humpbackwhale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the breeding ground off Brazil. The Journal of CetaceanResearch and Management 8:307–311.BARAFF, L. S., P. J. CLAPHAM AND D. K. MATTILA. 1991. Feeding behavior of a humpbackwhale in low-latitude waters. Marine Mammal Science 7:197–202.CHITTLEBOROUGH, R. G. 1965. Dynamics of two populations of the humpback whale,Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Re-search 16:33–128.CLAPHAM, P. J., AND J. G. MEAD. 1999. Megaptera novaeangliae. Mammalian Species 604:1–9.EVANS, P. G. H. 1987. The natural history of whales and dolphins. Christopher Helm Ltd.,Worcester, U.K.GENDRON, D., AND J. URBAN. 1993. Evidence of feeding by humpback whales (Megapteranovaeangliae) in the Baja California breeding ground, Mexico. Marine Mammal Science9:76–81.MACKINTOSH, N. A. 1942. The southern stocks of whalebone whale. Discovery Reports22:197–300.MARTINS, C. C. A., M. E. MORETE, M. H. ENGEL, A. FREITAS, E. R. SECCHI AND P. G.KINAS. 2001. Aspects of habitat use patterns of humpback whales in the Abrol-hos Bank, Brazil, breeding ground. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 47:563–570.NOTES 419STEVICK, P. T. 1999. Age-length relationships in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae):A comparison of strandings in the western North Atlantic with commercial catches.Marine Mammal Science 15:725–737.STOCKIN, K. A., AND E. A. BURGESS. 2005. Opportunistic feeding of an adult humpbackwhale (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrating along the coast of Southeastern Queensland,Australia. Aquatic Mammals 31:120–123.SWINGLE, W. M., S. G. BARCO, T. D. PITCHFORD, W A. MCLELLAN AND D. A. PABST. 1993.Appearance of juvenile humpback whales feeding in the nearshore waters off Virginia.Marine Mammal Science 9:309–315.WEINRICH, M. T., M. R. SCHILLING AND C. R. BELT. 1992. Evidence for acquisition of a novelfeeding behaviour: Lobtailing feeding in humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae.Animal Behaviour 44:1059–1072.WILLIAMSON, G. R. 1975. Minke whales off Brazil. Scientific Reports of the Whales ResearchInstitute, Tokyo 27:37–59.ZERBINI, A. N., A. ANDRIOLO, J. M. DA ROCHA, P. C. SIMO˜ES-LOPES, S. SICILIANO, J. L.PIZZORNO, J. M. WAITE, D. P. DEMASTER AND G. R. VANBLARICOM. 2004. Winterdistribution and abundance of humpback whales off Northeastern Brazil. Journal ofCetacean Research and Management 6:101–107.ZERBINI, A. N., A. ANDRIOLO, M. P. HEIDE-JØRGENSEN, J. L. PIZZORNO, Y. GEYER, G. R.VANBLARICON, D. P. DEMASTER, P. C. SIMO˜ES-LOPES, S. MOREIRA AND C. BETHLEM.2006. Satellite-monitored movements of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) inthe Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 313:295–304.Received: 25 February 2008Accepted: 22 July 2008

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Record of Feeding by Humpback Whales (\u3ci\u3eMegaptera novaeangliae\u3c/i\u3e) in Tropical Waters off Brazil

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