A new species of gall midge, Schizomyia loroco Gagné (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae), is described from loroco, Fernaldia pandurata (A. DC.) Woodson (Apocynaceae), from El Salvador. Females lay eggs in flower buds that then produce characteristic galls. The new species is described, illustrated, and compared to its congeners

Gagne, Raymond

Menjivar, Rafael

English

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USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous 
2008 
A New Species of Schizomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Pest of 
Fernaldia pandurata (Apocynaceae) in Central America 
Raymond Gagne 
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, c/o U. S. National Museum 
NHB 168, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA, raymond.gagne@ars.usda.gov 
Rafael Menjivar 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/systentomologyusda 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Gagne, Raymond and Menjivar, Rafael, "A New Species of Schizomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Pest of 
Fernaldia pandurata (Apocynaceae) in Central America" (2008). USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory. 
24. 
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/systentomologyusda/24 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous at 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA Systematic 
Entomology Laboratory by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 
PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
110(2), 2008. pp. 284-291
A NEW SPECIES OF SCHIZOMYJA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), A PEST
OF FERNALDJA PANDURA TA (APOCVNACEAE) IN CENTRAL AMERICA
RAYMOND J. GAGNE AND RAFAEL MENJIVAR
(RiG) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service,
USDA, do U. S. National Museum NHB 168, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-
7012, U.S.A. (e-mail: rgagne@sel.barc.usda.gov);  (RM) P.O. Box 3110, Depto.
Protecciôn Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Final 25, Av. Norte, Ciudad
Universitaria, San Salvador, El Salvador (e-mail: rafaelmenjivarrosa(&.yahoo.com)
Abstract—A new species of gall midge, Schizoinyia loroco Gagné (Diptera:
Cecidomyiidae), is described from loroco, Ferna/clia pandurata (A. DC.) Woodson
(Apocynaceae), from El Salvador. Females lay eggs in flower buds that then produce
characteristic galls. The new species is described, illustrated, and compared to its
congeners.
Key Words.' loroco, flower gall, gall midges, Neotropical
ILl
Fernaldia pandurata (A. DC.) Wood-
son, or loroco, is a tall, herbaceous vine,
endemic to lowland wet forest of Central
America and southern Mexico. Flower
buds are commonly used in Salvadoran
cooking and to a lesser extent that of
other Central American countries. Until
recently the plant was grown on small
farms and home gardens in El Salvador,
but is now being extensively bred and
developed as a commercial crop for
domestic consumption and export to
the United States and Canada. A more
ancient common name for the plant is
"quilite," still used instead of loroco in
some parts of El Salvador. The plant
normally flowers in the wet season from
June to October, but with irrigation the
season can be extended somewhat
(Anonymous 2002).
Flowers of this plant are host to a gall
midge that has several generations dur-
ing at least the main growing season of
the plant. Eggs are laid among scales of
flower buds that soon after turn into
characteristic galls (Fig. 1). Two to seven
orange larvae can be found in each gall
in separate elongate chambers. Full-
grown larvae drop to the soil and spin
a cocoon in which they pupate. The
infested buds rot and fall to the ground
after larval drop. Since at least 1965 in
the experience of one of us (RJG), galls
in shipments of loroco from El Salvador
have been intercepted by APHIS inspec-
tors at United States ports-of-entry and
sent to the Systematic Entomology Lab-
oratory (SEL) for identification where
they were identified as Schizoniyia sp. or
Schioinyia n. sp. Since 1993, when
computerized records were begun of
SEL identifications, to the present, lar-
vae from galls were submitted to the SEL
57 times, once each from Costa Rica,
Guatemala, and Honduras, the remain-
der from El Salvador (unpublished). One
of us (RM) succeeded after several years
of attempts to rear adults, a task
hampered by the high level of parasiti-
zation by micro-Hymenoptera. Adults
I
VOLUME 110, NUMBER 2	 285
Figs. 1-2. 1, Deformed flower buds of loroco, one cut open to show larval chambers, the freed larvae
crawling away. 2. Adult female Schi:omyia 1010(0.
are confirmed to be a new species of
Schiomj'ia and are described here.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Full-grown larvae leaving galls were
collected and kept in plastic containers to
obtain pupae and adults. Specimens of
immature stages and adults were pre-
served in 70% isopropyl alcohol and sent
to the Systematic Entomology Labora-
tory for identification. Some samples
were mounted on microscope slides using
the method outlined in Gagne (1989,
1994). Some pupae and larvae were dried
and placed on stubs for scanning elec-
tron microscope study. Terminology for
adult morphology follows usage in
McAlpine et al. (1981) and for larval
morphology that in Gagné (1989). Spec-
imens and information on the life cycle
were obtained by RM. The taxonomic
investigation in this paper was the
responsibility of RiG.
DIAGNOSIS OF ScHJzot1Y74
Schioinyia (Cecidomyiinae: Asphon-
dyliini: Schizomyiina) is a cosmopolitan
genus of 49 described species (Gagné
2004). The 43 species for which the host
is known come from 23 families of plants
(Gagné 2004, Maia & Fernandes 2005).
Fabaceae host eight species, Vitaceae
five, the remaining families host one to
three species each, and only Schiornj'ia
cryptostegiae Gagne from Madagascar is
recorded for more than one genus within
a family. The new species is the first
record of Schiom ia from Apocynaceae.
SchL-oniyia is distinguished from other
cecidomyiids by the combination of the
following features: adults with four-
segmented palpus; male flagellomeres
(Fig. 3) cylindrical with short necks and
anastomozing, raised circumfila; female
flagellomeres (Fig. 4) cylindrical with
short necks and progressively shorter
from antennal base to apex, the last
two flagellomeres abruptly so, with
appressed circumfila, basal circumfilum
of each flagellomere deeply arched; first
tarsomere without spur (except with spur
on the three species from Vitaceae);
tarsal claws hooked and with long
empodia (Fig. 6) or falcate with short
F86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Adult (Fig. 2).—Color: Scape and
pedicel light brown; flagellomeres each
fuscous on basal three-fourths, white
beyond; thoracic sclerites brown; wing
covered with black scales, membrane
fuscous; legs covered with mostly black
scales but white on middle tenth of femur,
and adjacent to all leg joints; legs dull
white when scales rubbed off; abdomen
covered with dark brown scales, beneath
scales tergites and sternites brown and
intersegmental areas orange.
Head: Eyes large, connate, eye bridge
about 10 facets long; facets hexagonal,
closely adjacent throughout. Occiput
without dorsal protuberance. Frons with
8-12 setae per side. Antenna: male third
flagellomere as in Fig. 3; female third
flagellomere as in Fig. 4. Labella hemi-
spherical in frontal view, each with 8-10
lateral setae.
Thorax: Wing length, male 1.8-
2.0 mm (n = 5), female 1.8-2.2 mm (n
= 5). Acropods with claws falciform,
empodia and pulvilli about 1/4 length of
claws (Fig. 5).
Male abdomen: First through fifth
tergites entire, rectangular, each with
single, uninterrupted, posterior row of
setae, no lateral setae, a pair of trichoid
sensilla on anterior margin, and other-
wise evenly covered with scales. Sixth
tergite as for fifth but additonally with
several lateral setae on each side. Seventh
tergite as for sixth but with only partial
single row of posterior setae, many more
lateral setae, both setal groups nearly
contiguous. Eighth tergite membranous,
not pigmented, its only vestiture the
anterior pair of trichoid sensilla demar-
cating anterior margin. Second through
sixth sternites with double row of setae
posteriorly, separated from a horizontal
group of setae at midlength, and with
anterior pair of closely approximated
trichoid sensilla. Seventh and eighth
sternites similar to preceding except with
more numerous setae near midlength and
the anterior pair of trichoid sensilla of
eighth sternite widely separated from one
another. Genitalia (Figs. 10-12): cerci
long with large apical setae; hypoproct
narrow, apically divided into 2 lobes,
each tipped with a seta; aedeagus grad-
ually tapering from wide base to narrow,
acute apex, longer than hypoproct;
gonocoxite greatly produced posteroven-
trally, proximomedial lobe setose; go-
nostylus broad in dorsal view, bilaterally
flattened, apical tooth covering about
half of apical edge, and with short-setose
apicoposterior lobe.
Female abdomen (Figs. 7-9): First
through sixth tergites as for male.
Seventh tergite with single, full row of
posterior setae, these well separated from
the numerous lateral setae. Eighth tergite
with anterior pair of trichoid sensilla the
only vestiture, posterior margin deeply
concave on lateral third and more
shallowly concave medially, the concav-
ity accommodating pair of small dorsal
lobes between tergite and ovipositor.
Second through sixth sternites as in
male. Seventh sternite enlarged, shield-
like, more stongly scierotized than pre-
ceding and completely covered with
setae. Ovipositor elongate, protrusible,
distal half needleform, about 4.3 times
empodia (Fig. 5); gonocoxite produced
posteroventrallY and with proximome-
dial, setose lobe; gonostylus with discrete
denticles (Figs. 10-11); ovipositor distal
half elongate, needleform, flexible, with
greatly reduced cerci (Figs. 7-8); third
instar with 6 lateral papillae in two
triplets on each side of the spatula
(Fig. 13), eighth abdominal segment with
a mediodorsal lobe on the posterior
margin, terminal segment with four pairs
of terminal papillae, three of them seti-
form, one corniform (Figs. 14-16, 20). In
addition the larvae share the feature of
leaving the gall to pupate in the soil.
Schizomyia loroco Gagné, new species
(Figs. 2-5, 7-14, 17-20)
6flU
// 0
d0o
0 000
0000
3
VOLUME 110, NUMBER 2	 287
/
7	 8
Figs. 39. Schi:o,ntia loroco. 3, Male third flagellomere. 4, Female third flagellomere. 5,
Acropod 6, S. ipomorue, acropod. 7-9, S. lOro(0. 7, Female abdomen, sixth segment to cerci (lateral). 8,
Deta i l of female cercj (dorsoventral). 9, Detail of female sixth and seventh tergites.
10 11
13
S	 jJ
14
288	 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Figs. 10-16. 10-14, Schi:om'ia loroco. 10. Male genitalia, one gonopod removed (dorsal). 11. Same,
with cerci also removed (dorsolateral). 12, Hypoproct, gonocoxal lobes, and aedeagus (dorsal). 13. Larval
spatula and adjacent papillae. 14, Larval eighth and terminal segments (dorsal). 15, S. impatientis, larval
eighth and terminal segments (dorsal details not visible on preparation). 16, S. eupator .f7orae, larval
eighth and terminal segments.
PF
VOLUME 110, NUMBER 2 289
I . 7- 20. 5c/iiwijyici torou. 17, Pupal anterior segments (ventral). 18. Same (lateral). 19. Pupal
scutellum through fourth abdominal segment (dorsal). 20, Larval eighth and terminal segments
(dorsoposterior)
length of seventh sternite; cerci separate
for at least distal two-thirds with setae at
midlength, at two-thirds length, and at
apex.
Pupa (Figs. 17-19).---Base of antenna
obtusely triangular at apex in ventral
view, carinate in lateral view. Cephalic
pair of setae nearly twice as long as
distance between them. Frons smooth
with pair of setae anterior to labrum.
Prothoracjc spiracle elongate. Second to
eighth abdominal segments each with
anterodorsal field of several large spines.
Larva.—Third instar (Figs. 13-14,
20): Bright orange in life, elongate,
cylindrical, tapered anteriorly, broadly
rounded posteriorly. Integument com-
pletely verrucose. Spatula robust, with
pair of pointed anterior lobes. Papillar
Pattern typical of supertribe Cecido-
myiidi and Schi-om;'ia (Gagne 1994).
Lateral papillae in 2 triplets on each side
of spatula, each triplet with 2 setose
papillae and 1 asetose papilla. Eighth
abdominal segment with two pairs of
lobes, medial pair conical and bearing
dorsal pair of papillae ventrolaterally,
the other pair less prominent, situated
between pleural papillae on each side.
Terminal segment with papillae as fol-
lows: one pair recurved, corniform, but
diminutive; one pair with short setae
situated below medial lobes of previous
segment; two pairs with setae shorter, no
longer than wide, one pair situated
between corniform papillae, other pair
laterad of corniform papillae.
Holotype.—Male, from larva in flower
galls of Fernaldia pandurata, Chalate-
nango, Nueva Concepción, El Salvador,
from larva collected VIII-23-2006,
emerged IX-16-2006, R. Arce, M. Cas-
290	 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
tellón, & J. Martinez, deposited in the
National Museum of Natural History in
Washington, DC (USNM).
Other material examined.-3 S, 4 ?,
same pertinent data as holotype; 7
larvae, same pertinent data as holotype,
collected IX-6-2006; 1 S, I , Valle de
Zapotitán, La Libertad, El Salvador,
from larvae collected VII-12-2006,
emerged VIII-2-2006, R. Arce, M. Cas-
tellón, & J. Martinez. All deposited in
USN M.
Etymology.—The specific name is a
noun in apposition and the common
name of the host plant.
Remarks.—The new species is the first
Schizomyia recorded from Apocynaceae.
Twenty-one species of this genus were
previously known from the Western
Hemisphere. They are listed with their
hosts in Gagné (2004), except for the
recently described Schizomyia microca-
pillata Maia from Bauhinea brevipes
(Maia & Fernandes 2005). Based on
features of the acropods, these species
can be divided into two groups, one of
10, the other of 11. In the first group the
tarsal claws are hooklike and the empo-
dia nearly as long as the claws (as in
Fig. 6); in the second group, to which S.
loroco belongs, the claws are falcate and
the empodia no more than one-third the
length of the claws (as in Fig. 5). This
latter group also includes SchLomyia
caryaecola Felt, Schizomyia eupa tori-
florae (Felt), Schizomyia impatien (is
(Osten Sacken), SchLomyia maniho ti
Tavares, SchLomyia raceniicola (Osten
Sacken), Schizomyia rivinae Felt, Schi:o-
myia rubi Felt, Schi_omyia speciosa Felt,
Schizomyia viticola (Osten Sacken), Sc/u-
:omyia vitiscoryloides (Packard), and
Sch&omyia vitispomum (Osten Sacken).
Only two of these 11 species, S. impa-
lien tis and S. rivinae, have light and
dark-banded flagellomeres similar to S.
loroco (Fig. 2). Possibly S. manihoti also
has banded flagellomeres, but Tavares
(1925) wrote that he did not describe the
color of his specimens because they had
been stored in alcohol. Nevertheless the
flagellomere banding, where it exists, is
usually retained in alcohol-stored speci-
mens. It is obvious in cleared, slide-
mounted specimens of the other three
species, so Tavares would probably have
noticed it had it been there. For present
purposes, we suppose that the flagello-
meres of S. manihoti are unbanded.
Schi:omyia rivinae is known from only
one specimen, a female, and the tip of its
ovipositor is lost. Its abdomen differs
from that of the other two species only in
having two complete rows of posterior
setae on the seventh tergite rather than
one complete row (as in Fig. 9). No
differences are apparent between females
of S. impatientis and those of S. loroco.
The male is distinguishable in these two
species only from the shape of the
gonostylus that in S. loroco has a
narrower apical tooth (Figs. 10-1I).
The tooth of S. impatien tis extends along
the full width of the gonostylus.
Larvae of Schizomyia offer more
effective distinguishing characters than
adults, chiefly in the makeup of the
eighth and terminal abdominal segments.
Larvae of S. loroco differ from those of
both S. eupatorflorae and S. iinpatien (is
in having pointed instead of rounded
lobes between the spiracles of the eighth
segment and in having an additional pair
of lobes on the eighth segment just
laterad of the spiracles and between the
lateral pairs of pleural papillae (Figs. 14,
20). In addition, the corniform papillae
on the terminal segment are much more
diminutive in S. loroco than in the other
two species (Figs. 15-16), no longer than
the hind spiracles and not so conspicu-
ously recurved. The eighth segment lobes
of S. imp atientis are not so deeply
divided as in the other two species, and
those of S. cup atorijlorae are deeply
divided but not so pointed as in S loroco.
Ideally, collections of new SchLomyia
should include for comparative purposes
VOLUME 110, NUMBER 2	 291
pinned adults with vestiture intact and
slide mounted larvae, pupae, and both
sexes. Specimens destined for slide
mounting can be kept in 70% ETOH.
To obtain the holomorph, of course,
requires knowledge of the host plant.
Only then is it possible to compare
species properly, which one needs to do
when describing new species. It is, of
course, fortunate that in recent years no
one has described any species of this
genus from only trap- or net-caught
specimens.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to Nit Malikul,
Systematic Entomology Laboratory
(SEL), for preparing the microscopic
slides; Marie Metz for arranging the
drawings and photos onto plates; John
Plakidas, Pittsburgh, PA, for kindly
supplying an adult of S. eupatorij7orae,
a species previously known only from its
larval stage; and for their helpful com-
ments on drafts of the manuscript: Keith
M. Harris, Woking, Surrey, United
Kingdom; Stuart H. McKamey and
Allen L. Norrbom, Systematic Entomol-
ogy Laboratory; John Plakidas, Pitts-
burgh, PA; and Makoto Tokuda, Insti-
tute for Biological Resources and
Functions, Tsukuba City, Japan.
LITERATURE CITED
Anonymous. 2002. El Cultivo de Loroco (Fernaldia
pana'urata) en El Salvador. Manual Técnico.
Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad
Agropecuaria - OIRSA. 35 pp.
Gagne, R. J. 1989. The Plant-Feeding Gall Midges
of North America. Cornell University Press,
Ithaca, New York. xi + 356 pp., 4 pls.
1994. The Gall Midges of the Neotropical
Region. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New
York. xv + 352 pp.
2004. A catalog of the Cecidornyiidae
(Diptera) of the world. Memoirs of the
Entomological Society of Washington
No. 23. 408 pp.
McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H.
J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, and D. M. Wood.
eds. 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1.
Research Branch, Agriculture, -Canada
Monograph No 27. vi ± 674 pp.
Maia, V. C. and G. Wilson Fernandes. 2005. Two
new species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Ccci-
domyndae) associated with Bauhinea brevipes
(Fabaceae). Zootaxa 1091: 27-40.
Tavares, J. S. 1925. Nova contribuIcao para o
conhecimento da cecidologia brazileira. Bro-
téria, Série Zoológica 22: 5-48.


A New Species of \u3ci\u3eSchizomyia\u3c/i\u3e (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Pest of \u3ci\u3eFernaldia pandurata\u3c/i\u3e (Apocynaceae) in Central America

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous 2008 A New Species of Schizomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Pest of Fernaldia pandurata (Apocynaceae) in Central America Raymond Gagne Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, c/o U. S. National Museum NHB 168, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA, raymond.gagne@ars.usda.gov Rafael Menjivar Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/systentomologyusda  Part of the Entomology Commons Gagne, Raymond and Menjivar, Rafael, "A New Species of Schizomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Pest of Fernaldia pandurata (Apocynaceae) in Central America" (2008). USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory. 24. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/systentomologyusda/24 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.110(2), 2008. pp. 284-291A NEW SPECIES OF SCHIZOMYJA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), A PESTOF FERNALDJA PANDURA TA (APOCVNACEAE) IN CENTRAL AMERICARAYMOND J. GAGNE AND RAFAEL MENJIVAR(RiG) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service,USDA, do U. S. National Museum NHB 168, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, U.S.A. (e-mail: rgagne@sel.barc.usda.gov);  (RM) P.O. Box 3110, Depto.Protecciôn Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Final 25, Av. Norte, CiudadUniversitaria, San Salvador, El Salvador (e-mail: rafaelmenjivarrosa(&.yahoo.com)Abstract—A new species of gall midge, Schizoinyia loroco Gagné (Diptera:Cecidomyiidae), is described from loroco, Ferna/clia pandurata (A. DC.) Woodson(Apocynaceae), from El Salvador. Females lay eggs in flower buds that then producecharacteristic galls. The new species is described, illustrated, and compared to itscongeners.Key Words.' loroco, flower gall, gall midges, NeotropicalILlFernaldia pandurata (A. DC.) Wood-son, or loroco, is a tall, herbaceous vine,endemic to lowland wet forest of CentralAmerica and southern Mexico. Flowerbuds are commonly used in Salvadorancooking and to a lesser extent that ofother Central American countries. Untilrecently the plant was grown on smallfarms and home gardens in El Salvador,but is now being extensively bred anddeveloped as a commercial crop fordomestic consumption and export tothe United States and Canada. A moreancient common name for the plant is"quilite," still used instead of loroco insome parts of El Salvador. The plantnormally flowers in the wet season fromJune to October, but with irrigation theseason can be extended somewhat(Anonymous 2002).Flowers of this plant are host to a gallmidge that has several generations dur-ing at least the main growing season ofthe plant. Eggs are laid among scales offlower buds that soon after turn intocharacteristic galls (Fig. 1). Two to sevenorange larvae can be found in each gallin separate elongate chambers. Full-grown larvae drop to the soil and spina cocoon in which they pupate. Theinfested buds rot and fall to the groundafter larval drop. Since at least 1965 inthe experience of one of us (RJG), gallsin shipments of loroco from El Salvadorhave been intercepted by APHIS inspec-tors at United States ports-of-entry andsent to the Systematic Entomology Lab-oratory (SEL) for identification wherethey were identified as Schizoniyia sp. orSchioinyia n. sp. Since 1993, whencomputerized records were begun ofSEL identifications, to the present, lar-vae from galls were submitted to the SEL57 times, once each from Costa Rica,Guatemala, and Honduras, the remain-der from El Salvador (unpublished). Oneof us (RM) succeeded after several yearsof attempts to rear adults, a taskhampered by the high level of parasiti-zation by micro-Hymenoptera. AdultsIVOLUME 110, NUMBER 2	 285Figs. 1-2. 1, Deformed flower buds of loroco, one cut open to show larval chambers, the freed larvaecrawling away. 2. Adult female Schi:omyia 1010(0.are confirmed to be a new species ofSchiomj'ia and are described here.MATERIALS AND METHODSFull-grown larvae leaving galls werecollected and kept in plastic containers toobtain pupae and adults. Specimens ofimmature stages and adults were pre-served in 70% isopropyl alcohol and sentto the Systematic Entomology Labora-tory for identification. Some sampleswere mounted on microscope slides usingthe method outlined in Gagne (1989,1994). Some pupae and larvae were driedand placed on stubs for scanning elec-tron microscope study. Terminology foradult morphology follows usage inMcAlpine et al. (1981) and for larvalmorphology that in Gagné (1989). Spec-imens and information on the life cyclewere obtained by RM. The taxonomicinvestigation in this paper was theresponsibility of RiG.DIAGNOSIS OF ScHJzot1Y74Schioinyia (Cecidomyiinae: Asphon-dyliini: Schizomyiina) is a cosmopolitangenus of 49 described species (Gagné2004). The 43 species for which the hostis known come from 23 families of plants(Gagné 2004, Maia & Fernandes 2005).Fabaceae host eight species, Vitaceaefive, the remaining families host one tothree species each, and only Schiornj'iacryptostegiae Gagne from Madagascar isrecorded for more than one genus withina family. The new species is the firstrecord of Schiom ia from Apocynaceae.SchL-oniyia is distinguished from othercecidomyiids by the combination of thefollowing features: adults with four-segmented palpus; male flagellomeres(Fig. 3) cylindrical with short necks andanastomozing, raised circumfila; femaleflagellomeres (Fig. 4) cylindrical withshort necks and progressively shorterfrom antennal base to apex, the lasttwo flagellomeres abruptly so, withappressed circumfila, basal circumfilumof each flagellomere deeply arched; firsttarsomere without spur (except with spuron the three species from Vitaceae);tarsal claws hooked and with longempodia (Fig. 6) or falcate with shortF86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTONAdult (Fig. 2).—Color: Scape andpedicel light brown; flagellomeres eachfuscous on basal three-fourths, whitebeyond; thoracic sclerites brown; wingcovered with black scales, membranefuscous; legs covered with mostly blackscales but white on middle tenth of femur,and adjacent to all leg joints; legs dullwhite when scales rubbed off; abdomencovered with dark brown scales, beneathscales tergites and sternites brown andintersegmental areas orange.Head: Eyes large, connate, eye bridgeabout 10 facets long; facets hexagonal,closely adjacent throughout. Occiputwithout dorsal protuberance. Frons with8-12 setae per side. Antenna: male thirdflagellomere as in Fig. 3; female thirdflagellomere as in Fig. 4. Labella hemi-spherical in frontal view, each with 8-10lateral setae.Thorax: Wing length, male 1.8-2.0 mm (n = 5), female 1.8-2.2 mm (n= 5). Acropods with claws falciform,empodia and pulvilli about 1/4 length ofclaws (Fig. 5).Male abdomen: First through fifthtergites entire, rectangular, each withsingle, uninterrupted, posterior row ofsetae, no lateral setae, a pair of trichoidsensilla on anterior margin, and other-wise evenly covered with scales. Sixthtergite as for fifth but additonally withseveral lateral setae on each side. Seventhtergite as for sixth but with only partialsingle row of posterior setae, many morelateral setae, both setal groups nearlycontiguous. Eighth tergite membranous,not pigmented, its only vestiture theanterior pair of trichoid sensilla demar-cating anterior margin. Second throughsixth sternites with double row of setaeposteriorly, separated from a horizontalgroup of setae at midlength, and withanterior pair of closely approximatedtrichoid sensilla. Seventh and eighthsternites similar to preceding except withmore numerous setae near midlength andthe anterior pair of trichoid sensilla ofeighth sternite widely separated from oneanother. Genitalia (Figs. 10-12): cercilong with large apical setae; hypoproctnarrow, apically divided into 2 lobes,each tipped with a seta; aedeagus grad-ually tapering from wide base to narrow,acute apex, longer than hypoproct;gonocoxite greatly produced posteroven-trally, proximomedial lobe setose; go-nostylus broad in dorsal view, bilaterallyflattened, apical tooth covering abouthalf of apical edge, and with short-setoseapicoposterior lobe.Female abdomen (Figs. 7-9): Firstthrough sixth tergites as for male.Seventh tergite with single, full row ofposterior setae, these well separated fromthe numerous lateral setae. Eighth tergitewith anterior pair of trichoid sensilla theonly vestiture, posterior margin deeplyconcave on lateral third and moreshallowly concave medially, the concav-ity accommodating pair of small dorsallobes between tergite and ovipositor.Second through sixth sternites as inmale. Seventh sternite enlarged, shield-like, more stongly scierotized than pre-ceding and completely covered withsetae. Ovipositor elongate, protrusible,distal half needleform, about 4.3 timesempodia (Fig. 5); gonocoxite producedposteroventrallY and with proximome-dial, setose lobe; gonostylus with discretedenticles (Figs. 10-11); ovipositor distalhalf elongate, needleform, flexible, withgreatly reduced cerci (Figs. 7-8); thirdinstar with 6 lateral papillae in twotriplets on each side of the spatula(Fig. 13), eighth abdominal segment witha mediodorsal lobe on the posteriormargin, terminal segment with four pairsof terminal papillae, three of them seti-form, one corniform (Figs. 14-16, 20). Inaddition the larvae share the feature ofleaving the gall to pupate in the soil.Schizomyia loroco Gagné, new species(Figs. 2-5, 7-14, 17-20)6flU// 0d0o0 00000003VOLUME 110, NUMBER 2	 287/7	 8Figs. 39. Schi:o,ntia loroco. 3, Male third flagellomere. 4, Female third flagellomere. 5,Acropod 6, S. ipomorue, acropod. 7-9, S. lOro(0. 7, Female abdomen, sixth segment to cerci (lateral). 8,Deta i l of female cercj (dorsoventral). 9, Detail of female sixth and seventh tergites.10 1113S	 jJ14288	 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTONFigs. 10-16. 10-14, Schi:om'ia loroco. 10. Male genitalia, one gonopod removed (dorsal). 11. Same,with cerci also removed (dorsolateral). 12, Hypoproct, gonocoxal lobes, and aedeagus (dorsal). 13. Larvalspatula and adjacent papillae. 14, Larval eighth and terminal segments (dorsal). 15, S. impatientis, larvaleighth and terminal segments (dorsal details not visible on preparation). 16, S. eupator .f7orae, larvaleighth and terminal segments.PFVOLUME 110, NUMBER 2 289I . 7- 20. 5c/iiwijyici torou. 17, Pupal anterior segments (ventral). 18. Same (lateral). 19. Pupalscutellum through fourth abdominal segment (dorsal). 20, Larval eighth and terminal segments(dorsoposterior)length of seventh sternite; cerci separatefor at least distal two-thirds with setae atmidlength, at two-thirds length, and atapex.Pupa (Figs. 17-19).---Base of antennaobtusely triangular at apex in ventralview, carinate in lateral view. Cephalicpair of setae nearly twice as long asdistance between them. Frons smoothwith pair of setae anterior to labrum.Prothoracjc spiracle elongate. Second toeighth abdominal segments each withanterodorsal field of several large spines.Larva.—Third instar (Figs. 13-14,20): Bright orange in life, elongate,cylindrical, tapered anteriorly, broadlyrounded posteriorly. Integument com-pletely verrucose. Spatula robust, withpair of pointed anterior lobes. PapillarPattern typical of supertribe Cecido-myiidi and Schi-om;'ia (Gagne 1994).Lateral papillae in 2 triplets on each sideof spatula, each triplet with 2 setosepapillae and 1 asetose papilla. Eighthabdominal segment with two pairs oflobes, medial pair conical and bearingdorsal pair of papillae ventrolaterally,the other pair less prominent, situatedbetween pleural papillae on each side.Terminal segment with papillae as fol-lows: one pair recurved, corniform, butdiminutive; one pair with short setaesituated below medial lobes of previoussegment; two pairs with setae shorter, nolonger than wide, one pair situatedbetween corniform papillae, other pairlaterad of corniform papillae.Holotype.—Male, from larva in flowergalls of Fernaldia pandurata, Chalate-nango, Nueva Concepción, El Salvador,from larva collected VIII-23-2006,emerged IX-16-2006, R. Arce, M. Cas-290	 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTONtellón, & J. Martinez, deposited in theNational Museum of Natural History inWashington, DC (USNM).Other material examined.-3 S, 4 ?,same pertinent data as holotype; 7larvae, same pertinent data as holotype,collected IX-6-2006; 1 S, I , Valle deZapotitán, La Libertad, El Salvador,from larvae collected VII-12-2006,emerged VIII-2-2006, R. Arce, M. Cas-tellón, & J. Martinez. All deposited inUSN M.Etymology.—The specific name is anoun in apposition and the commonname of the host plant.Remarks.—The new species is the firstSchizomyia recorded from Apocynaceae.Twenty-one species of this genus werepreviously known from the WesternHemisphere. They are listed with theirhosts in Gagné (2004), except for therecently described Schizomyia microca-pillata Maia from Bauhinea brevipes(Maia & Fernandes 2005). Based onfeatures of the acropods, these speciescan be divided into two groups, one of10, the other of 11. In the first group thetarsal claws are hooklike and the empo-dia nearly as long as the claws (as inFig. 6); in the second group, to which S.loroco belongs, the claws are falcate andthe empodia no more than one-third thelength of the claws (as in Fig. 5). Thislatter group also includes SchLomyiacaryaecola Felt, Schizomyia eupa tori-florae (Felt), Schizomyia impatien (is(Osten Sacken), SchLomyia maniho tiTavares, SchLomyia raceniicola (OstenSacken), Schizomyia rivinae Felt, Schi:o-myia rubi Felt, Schi_omyia speciosa Felt,Schizomyia viticola (Osten Sacken), Sc/u-:omyia vitiscoryloides (Packard), andSch&omyia vitispomum (Osten Sacken).Only two of these 11 species, S. impa-lien tis and S. rivinae, have light anddark-banded flagellomeres similar to S.loroco (Fig. 2). Possibly S. manihoti alsohas banded flagellomeres, but Tavares(1925) wrote that he did not describe thecolor of his specimens because they hadbeen stored in alcohol. Nevertheless theflagellomere banding, where it exists, isusually retained in alcohol-stored speci-mens. It is obvious in cleared, slide-mounted specimens of the other threespecies, so Tavares would probably havenoticed it had it been there. For presentpurposes, we suppose that the flagello-meres of S. manihoti are unbanded.Schi:omyia rivinae is known from onlyone specimen, a female, and the tip of itsovipositor is lost. Its abdomen differsfrom that of the other two species only inhaving two complete rows of posteriorsetae on the seventh tergite rather thanone complete row (as in Fig. 9). Nodifferences are apparent between femalesof S. impatientis and those of S. loroco.The male is distinguishable in these twospecies only from the shape of thegonostylus that in S. loroco has anarrower apical tooth (Figs. 10-1I).The tooth of S. impatien tis extends alongthe full width of the gonostylus.Larvae of Schizomyia offer moreeffective distinguishing characters thanadults, chiefly in the makeup of theeighth and terminal abdominal segments.Larvae of S. loroco differ from those ofboth S. eupatorflorae and S. iinpatien (isin having pointed instead of roundedlobes between the spiracles of the eighthsegment and in having an additional pairof lobes on the eighth segment justlaterad of the spiracles and between thelateral pairs of pleural papillae (Figs. 14,20). In addition, the corniform papillaeon the terminal segment are much morediminutive in S. loroco than in the othertwo species (Figs. 15-16), no longer thanthe hind spiracles and not so conspicu-ously recurved. The eighth segment lobesof S. imp atientis are not so deeplydivided as in the other two species, andthose of S. cup atorijlorae are deeplydivided but not so pointed as in S loroco.Ideally, collections of new SchLomyiashould include for comparative purposesVOLUME 110, NUMBER 2	 291pinned adults with vestiture intact andslide mounted larvae, pupae, and bothsexes. Specimens destined for slidemounting can be kept in 70% ETOH.To obtain the holomorph, of course,requires knowledge of the host plant.Only then is it possible to comparespecies properly, which one needs to dowhen describing new species. It is, ofcourse, fortunate that in recent years noone has described any species of thisgenus from only trap- or net-caughtspecimens.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSWe are grateful to Nit Malikul,Systematic Entomology Laboratory(SEL), for preparing the microscopicslides; Marie Metz for arranging thedrawings and photos onto plates; JohnPlakidas, Pittsburgh, PA, for kindlysupplying an adult of S. eupatorij7orae,a species previously known only from itslarval stage; and for their helpful com-ments on drafts of the manuscript: KeithM. Harris, Woking, Surrey, UnitedKingdom; Stuart H. McKamey andAllen L. Norrbom, Systematic Entomol-ogy Laboratory; John Plakidas, Pitts-burgh, PA; and Makoto Tokuda, Insti-tute for Biological Resources andFunctions, Tsukuba City, Japan.LITERATURE CITEDAnonymous. 2002. El Cultivo de Loroco (Fernaldiapana'urata) en El Salvador. Manual Técnico.Organismo Internacional Regional de SanidadAgropecuaria - OIRSA. 35 pp.Gagne, R. J. 1989. The Plant-Feeding Gall Midgesof North America. Cornell University Press,Ithaca, New York. xi + 356 pp., 4 pls.1994. The Gall Midges of the NeotropicalRegion. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NewYork. xv + 352 pp.2004. A catalog of the Cecidornyiidae(Diptera) of the world. Memoirs of theEntomological Society of WashingtonNo. 23. 408 pp.McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth, and D. M. Wood.eds. 1981. Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1.Research Branch, Agriculture, -CanadaMonograph No 27. vi ± 674 pp.Maia, V. C. and G. Wilson Fernandes. 2005. Twonew species of Asphondyliini (Diptera: Ccci-domyndae) associated with Bauhinea brevipes(Fabaceae). Zootaxa 1091: 27-40.Tavares, J. S. 1925. Nova contribuIcao para oconhecimento da cecidologia brazileira. Bro-téria, Série Zoológica 22: 5-48.

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A New Species of \u3ci\u3eSchizomyia\u3c/i\u3e (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Pest of \u3ci\u3eFernaldia pandurata\u3c/i\u3e (Apocynaceae) in Central America

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