Antioxidants were evaluated for their potential for retarding the development of rancidity, a major factor affecting field life of fire ant bait. In a modification of the method of Lofgren et al. (1961. Imported fire ant toxic bait studies: the evaluation of various food materials

Banks, W. A.

Hicks, D. M.

Jouvenaz, D. P.

Lofgren, C. S.

English

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University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
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Entomology Papers from Other Sources Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous 
1974 
Antioxidants for Corncob Grit-Soybean Oil Bait Used to Control 
Imported Fire Ants 
D. P. Jouvenaz 
USDA 
W. A. Banks 
USDA 
C. S. Lofgren 
USDA 
D. M. Hicks 
USDA 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyother 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Jouvenaz, D. P.; Banks, W. A.; Lofgren, C. S.; and Hicks, D. M., "Antioxidants for Corncob Grit-Soybean Oil 
Bait Used to Control Imported Fire Ants" (1974). Entomology Papers from Other Sources. 25. 
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyother/25 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous at 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Papers from 
Other Sources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 
The Florida Entomologist 
ANTIOXIDANTS FOR CORNCOB GRIT-SOYBEAN OIL 
BAIT USED TO CONTROL IMPORTED FIRE ANTS (HY- 
MENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)1-(Note.) Antioxidants were evaluated for 
their potential for retarding the development of rancidity, a major factor affecting 
field life of fire ant bait. In a modification of the method of Lofgren et al. (1961. 
Imported fire ant toxic bait studies: the evaluation of various food materials. J. 
Econ. Ent. 45: 1096-1100), fire ants were offered blotting paper saturated with soy- 
bean oil (SBO) with and without antioxidants in replicated feeding tests. Concentra- 
tions of antioxidants in the SBO ranged from 2.0 to 0.25% depending on acceptance. 
Antioxidants that were unacceptable to the ants (50% reduction in feeding) included: 
p-phenylenediamines (N,N'-dicyclohexyl-, N-octyl-N'-phenyl-, and N,N'-bis(1- 
ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-); N-nitrosodiphenylamine; 1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-tri- 
methylquinoline; polymerized trimethylquinoline; 4'-hydroxydodecananilide; 4,4'- 
(2,3-dimethyltetramethylene)dipyrocatechol; p-(benzyloxy)phenol; 3,4-(methylenedi- 
oxy)phenol; 2,4,6-tris[(dimethylamino) methyl]phenyl; a-(dimethylamino)cresol; CAO- 
42("alkylated cresols"); and dimethyl, diethyl, or dibutyl phosphites. 
The rest of the antioxidants were subjected to an accelerated oxidation treatment 
involving exposure in SBO to high intensity UV (545 microwatts/cm2 of 320-400 m,u at 
45.6 cm) and high temperature (88?C). Formulations with a low peroxide value (Anon. 
1967. Active oxygen method for comparing fat and oil stabilities. Tech. Data Sheet 
G-159, Eastman Chem. Prod., Inc., Kingsport, Tenn.) were then tested for acceptability 
to the ants. Four hundred g lots of each formulation were exposed on sand for 24, 48, and 
72 hrs to natural weathering, after which 50 g samples were offered to field colonies (5 
replicates). The formulations all contained Calco( N-1700 red dye in lieu of mirex, and 
acceptability was measured as the percentage of ants containing dye after 24 hrs. 
Antioxidants acceptable to the ants but with high peroxide value after the accel- 
erated oxidation test included: propyl gallate; butylated hydroxyanisole (butylmeth- 
oxyphenols); 6-tert-butyl-2,4-xylenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl- 
a-(dimethylamino)-p-cresol; 4,4'-methylenebis[2,6-di-tert-butylphenol]; 2,2'-methylene- 
bis[6-tert-butyl-p-cresol]; 4,4'-thiobis[6-tert-butyl-o-cresol]; 4,6-dinonyl-o-cresol; a,- 
a',a"-(2,4,6-tetramethyl-s-phenyl)tris[1,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol]; dioctadecyl 3,3'-thio- 
dipropionate (secondary antioxidant and synergist); triisooctyl phosphite; Mark 1089 
("a substituted thiobisphenol C,: alkyl phosphite"); Hallcolife Ultra ("a hindered 
phenol based on wood rosin"); and various proprietary formulations of commercial 
antioxidant or other protective agents (Endox-0 (; Tenox S-1I and Tenox 7 ); 
Topanol AN?, Irganox 858s; Wytox 345() and Wytox 450 ?). 
Antioxidants not acceptable even though the peroxide value was low included 
N,N-dioctyl-p-phenylenediamine; cadmium diamyldithlocarbamate; zinc bis(di- 
phenyldithiocarbamate); zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate; Plastinox 1161 ? ("a hin- 
dered phenol"). 
Only mono-tert-butylhydroquinone warranted testing in bait formulations. None 
of the formulations with this material was superior to the controls in field tests, 
but mono-tert-butylhydroquinone may provide protection against rancidity if used 
in alternative formulations (alternative coatings and/or in conjunction with UV 
light absorbing compounds). Further evaluation of antioxidants has been suspended 
indefinitely due to priority of other research problems. The sources of these anti- 
oxidants and more detailed results of the tests are available from the authors D. P. 
Jouvenaz, W. A. Banks, C. S. Lofgren, and D. M. Hicks, Insects Affecting Man Re- 
search Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Gainesville, Florida 32604. 
Vol. 57, No. 3, 1974 268 
The Florida Entomologist, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Sep., 1974), p. 268
Published by Florida Entomological Society


Antioxidants for Corncob Grit-Soybean Oil Bait Used to Control Imported Fire Ants

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University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Entomology Papers from Other Sources Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous 1974 Antioxidants for Corncob Grit-Soybean Oil Bait Used to Control Imported Fire Ants D. P. Jouvenaz USDA W. A. Banks USDA C. S. Lofgren USDA D. M. Hicks USDA Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyother  Part of the Entomology Commons Jouvenaz, D. P.; Banks, W. A.; Lofgren, C. S.; and Hicks, D. M., "Antioxidants for Corncob Grit-Soybean Oil Bait Used to Control Imported Fire Ants" (1974). Entomology Papers from Other Sources. 25. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyother/25 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology Collections, Miscellaneous at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Entomology Papers from Other Sources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Florida Entomologist ANTIOXIDANTS FOR CORNCOB GRIT-SOYBEAN OIL BAIT USED TO CONTROL IMPORTED FIRE ANTS (HY- MENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)1-(Note.) Antioxidants were evaluated for their potential for retarding the development of rancidity, a major factor affecting field life of fire ant bait. In a modification of the method of Lofgren et al. (1961. Imported fire ant toxic bait studies: the evaluation of various food materials. J. Econ. Ent. 45: 1096-1100), fire ants were offered blotting paper saturated with soy- bean oil (SBO) with and without antioxidants in replicated feeding tests. Concentra- tions of antioxidants in the SBO ranged from 2.0 to 0.25% depending on acceptance. Antioxidants that were unacceptable to the ants (50% reduction in feeding) included: p-phenylenediamines (N,N'-dicyclohexyl-, N-octyl-N'-phenyl-, and N,N'-bis(1- ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-); N-nitrosodiphenylamine; 1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-tri- methylquinoline; polymerized trimethylquinoline; 4'-hydroxydodecananilide; 4,4'- (2,3-dimethyltetramethylene)dipyrocatechol; p-(benzyloxy)phenol; 3,4-(methylenedi- oxy)phenol; 2,4,6-tris[(dimethylamino) methyl]phenyl; a-(dimethylamino)cresol; CAO- 42("alkylated cresols"); and dimethyl, diethyl, or dibutyl phosphites. The rest of the antioxidants were subjected to an accelerated oxidation treatment involving exposure in SBO to high intensity UV (545 microwatts/cm2 of 320-400 m,u at 45.6 cm) and high temperature (88?C). Formulations with a low peroxide value (Anon. 1967. Active oxygen method for comparing fat and oil stabilities. Tech. Data Sheet G-159, Eastman Chem. Prod., Inc., Kingsport, Tenn.) were then tested for acceptability to the ants. Four hundred g lots of each formulation were exposed on sand for 24, 48, and 72 hrs to natural weathering, after which 50 g samples were offered to field colonies (5 replicates). The formulations all contained Calco( N-1700 red dye in lieu of mirex, and acceptability was measured as the percentage of ants containing dye after 24 hrs. Antioxidants acceptable to the ants but with high peroxide value after the accel- erated oxidation test included: propyl gallate; butylated hydroxyanisole (butylmeth- oxyphenols); 6-tert-butyl-2,4-xylenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl- a-(dimethylamino)-p-cresol; 4,4'-methylenebis[2,6-di-tert-butylphenol]; 2,2'-methylene- bis[6-tert-butyl-p-cresol]; 4,4'-thiobis[6-tert-butyl-o-cresol]; 4,6-dinonyl-o-cresol; a,- a',a"-(2,4,6-tetramethyl-s-phenyl)tris[1,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol]; dioctadecyl 3,3'-thio- dipropionate (secondary antioxidant and synergist); triisooctyl phosphite; Mark 1089 ("a substituted thiobisphenol C,: alkyl phosphite"); Hallcolife Ultra ("a hindered phenol based on wood rosin"); and various proprietary formulations of commercial antioxidant or other protective agents (Endox-0 (; Tenox S-1I and Tenox 7 ); Topanol AN?, Irganox 858s; Wytox 345() and Wytox 450 ?). Antioxidants not acceptable even though the peroxide value was low included N,N-dioctyl-p-phenylenediamine; cadmium diamyldithlocarbamate; zinc bis(di- phenyldithiocarbamate); zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate; Plastinox 1161 ? ("a hin- dered phenol"). Only mono-tert-butylhydroquinone warranted testing in bait formulations. None of the formulations with this material was superior to the controls in field tests, but mono-tert-butylhydroquinone may provide protection against rancidity if used in alternative formulations (alternative coatings and/or in conjunction with UV light absorbing compounds). Further evaluation of antioxidants has been suspended indefinitely due to priority of other research problems. The sources of these anti- oxidants and more detailed results of the tests are available from the authors D. P. Jouvenaz, W. A. Banks, C. S. Lofgren, and D. M. Hicks, Insects Affecting Man Re- search Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Gainesville, Florida 32604. Vol. 57, No. 3, 1974 268 The Florida Entomologist, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Sep., 1974), p. 268Published by Florida Entomological Society

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=entomologyother

Antioxidants for Corncob Grit-Soybean Oil Bait Used to Control Imported Fire Ants

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