Part of this article reports original research conducted under the direction of the second and third authors. The initial re search was supported by a contract to Indiana University from General Motors Research Laboratories. The specific analyses of voice recordings of Captain Joseph Hazelwood were conducted by them at the re quest of the National Transportation Safety Board, and are based on tapes and data supplied by the NTSB. The second author may be called as a witness in some of the lawsuits pending against the Exxon Corporation. The opinions expressed in this article concerning whether this evidence meets the legal standards of reliability and admissibility are those of the first author, who is not affiliated with the Speech Research Laboratory and has not participated in either the initial research nor the analysis of the Exxon Valdez tapes
