Three hundred twenty crossbred steer calves were used to evaluate corn processing method and crude protein level in finishing diets that included wet corn gluten feed. There was no response due to crude protein level (14 vs 15%) observed in this trial. As corn processing method became more intensive (fine-grinding, high-moisture ensiling, and steam-flaking corn) compared to dry-rolling, daily intake was reduced. Daily gain was similar across corn processing methods. Feed efficiency and cost of gain improved as corn processing method intensity increased

Macken, Casey

Erickson, Galen E.

Klopfenstein, Terry J.

Stock, Rick

Jaeger, Stephanie

English

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports Animal Science Department January 2003 Effects of Corn Processing Method and Crude Protein Level with the Inclusion of Wet Corn Gluten Feed on Finishing Steer Performance Casey Macken University of Nebraska-Lincoln Galen E. Erickson University of Nebraska-Lincoln, gerickson4@unl.edu Terry J. Klopfenstein University of Nebraska-Lincoln, tklopfenstein1@unl.edu Rick Stock University of Nebraska-Lincoln Stephanie Jaeger University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr  Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Macken, Casey; Erickson, Galen E.; Klopfenstein, Terry J.; Stock, Rick; and Jaeger, Stephanie, "Effects of Corn Processing Method and Crude Protein Level with the Inclusion of Wet Corn Gluten Feed on Finishing Steer Performance" (2003). Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports. 240. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/animalscinbcr/240 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Animal Science Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nebraska Beef Cattle Reports by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Page 25 — 2003 Nebraska Beef Reportreplaced with urea when the cattle wereestimated to weigh 875 lb. Corn silagewas included in all diets, including step-up diets, at 10% (DM basis). Step-updiets contained 35, 25, 15 and 5% alfalfahay (DM basis) replacing the corn ineach treatment diet and fed for 7, 8, 7 and7 days, respectively.Initial weights were determined asthe average of two consecutive earlymorning weights before feeding at theinitiation of the trial. Steers were fedonce daily and allowed ad libitum accessto feed and water. Steers were implantedwith Synovex-C on day 1 and reim-planted with Revalor-S on day 53. Cattlewere fed for 151 days and harvested at acommercial packing plant where car-cass data were collected. Hot carcassweight was collected the day of harvestwith fat, marbling score, and yield gradedata collected following a 24-hour chill.ResultsOverall cattle performance was ex-ceptional for this experiment, presum-ably due to a mild winter/spring with nomud. Final weights, ADG and feed con-version were similar among treatments(Table 2). Dry matter intake was lower(P < 0.10) for 0% WCGF compared tolevels of 20, 25, and 35% WCGF. Drymatter intake was not statistically differ-ent for treatments containing WCGF.Hot carcass weight, marbling, fat thick-ness and YG were similar among treat-ments. These data would suggest levelsup to 35% WCGF can be fed with steam-flaked corn based diets though therewould be a tendency for a decrease inefficiency at 35% WCGF level. Thesedata suggest Sweet Bran® WCGF hasthe feeding value similar to steam-flakedcorn.1Casey Macken, research technician, GalenErickson, assistant professor, Terry Klopfenstein,professor, Animal Science, Lincoln; Rick Stock,Rob Cooper, Cargill Inc., Blair, Nebraska.(Continued on next page)Effects of Corn Processing Method and CrudeProtein Level with the Inclusion of Wet CornGluten Feed on Finishing Steer PerformanceCasey MackenGalen EricksonTerry KlopfensteinRick StockStephanie Jaeger1More intensively processed corn,such as dry fine-grinding, earlyensiling of high-moisture, orsteam-flaking corn improved feedconversion by 3.7, 7.8, or 11.7%,respectively, compared to dry-rolling in finishing diets that con-tained wet corn gluten feed.SummaryThree hundred twenty crossbred steercalves were used to evaluate corn pro-cessing method and crude protein levelin finishing diets that included wet corngluten feed. There was no response dueto crude protein level (14 vs 15%)observed in this trial. As corn process-ing method became more intensive (fine-grinding, high-moisture ensiling, andsteam-flaking corn) compared to dry-rolling, daily intake was reduced. Dailygain was similar across corn process-ing methods. Feed efficiency and cost ofgain improved as corn processingmethod intensity increased.IntroductionUsing products such as wet corngluten feed (WCGF) to replace corn infinishing diets has been shown toimprove feed intake and daily gainwhile maintaining or improving feedefficiency. Most of this work has beendone with dry-rolled corn replacement,although it has been shown that thereare improvements in feed efficiencywhen corn is more intensely processedand WCGF is included in finishingdiets (2001 Nebraska Beef Report, pp.59-63) fed to yearlings or calves.Research at Nebraska has shown thatsteam-flaked corn and high-moisturecorn have similar ruminal starch diges-tion, with both being greater than dry-rolled corn (Cooper et al., 2002 JAS).However, postruminal starch digestionwas higher for steam-flaked corn thanhigh-moisture or dry-rolled corn. High-moisture corn used in the previous trialwas rolled and stored in a bunker at 29%moisture. Harvesting high-moisture cornat an earlier stage and grinding to asmaller particle size may provide someopportunity to increase starch digestionpostruminally. However, when fed tocattle, decreasing particle size raisessome concerns about acidosis and sepa-ration in the feedbunk. Inclusion ofWCGF alleviates these concerns (1995Nebraska Beef Report, pp. 34-36).By controlling acidosis (the increas-ing ruminal pH) with the inclusion ofWCGF, microbial efficiency presum-ably increases. An increase in microbialefficiency will increase degradable in-take protein (DIP) requirements in fin-ishing diets. Previous work (2001Nebraska Beef Report, pp. 54-57)illustrated more intensive corn pro-cessing methods (high-moisture andsteam-flaked corn), compared to DRC,increased DIP requirements. Finishingdiets that contain WCGF and have2003 Nebraska Beef Report — Page 26intensely processed corn may have ahigher DIP requirement than when thatgrain is fed alone. Therefore, the objec-tives of this research were to determine:1) if more intensive processing of HMCcan improve animal performance in di-ets containing WCGF, 2) energy valuesof corn processed by different methodswith the inclusion of WCGF, and 3) DIPrequirement in finishing diets with dif-ferent methods of corn processing infinishing diets containing WCGF.ProcedureThree hundred twenty crossbred steercalves (677 lb) were stratified by weightand assigned randomly to 1 of 40 pens(8 steers/pen). Pens were assigned ran-domly to 1 of 10 treatments. Treatmentswere assigned based on a 2 × 5 factorialdesign with factors of crude protein leveland grain processing method. Crude pro-tein levels were formulated to be 13 or14% with the additional CP supple-mented by urea. However, actual CPanalyses were 13.9 and 14.9% (Table 1).Grain processing methods were dry-rolled (DRC), fine-ground (FGC), high-moisture rolled (RHMC), high-moistureground (GHMC), and steam-flaked corn(SFC). Sweet Bran® wet corn glutenfeed (WCGF) was fed at 25% of the dietdry matter. High-moisture corn was har-vested all in one day at 30% moisture,processed, and stored in silo bags. Alldiets were formulated to contain a mini-mum of 0.70% calcium, 0.51% phos-phorus, 0.65% potassium, 31 g/tonRumensin, and 10 g/ton Tylan (Table 1,DM basis). Feed ingredients weresampled weekly and then composited bymonth for crude protein analysis. Supple-ments were fed in two phases. Phase 1,UIP was supplemented to calves usingfeather and blood meal (50:50) at 1% ofthe dietary DM. Phase 2, UIP was re-placed with urea when the cattle wereestimated to weigh 875 lb. Corn silagewas included in all diets, including step-up diets, at 10% of the DM. Cattle wereadapted to grain by feeding 35%, 25%,15% and 5% alfalfa hay (DM basis)replace with the respective corn treat-ment and fed for 3, 4, 7 and 7 days,respectively.Initial weights were determined asthe average of two consecutive earlymorning weights before feeding at theinitiation of the trial. Steers were fedonce daily and allowed ad libitum accessto feed and water. Steers were implantedwith Synovex-S on day 1 and reimplantedwith Revalor-S on day 51. At reimplant,fecal samples from individual animalswere taken and composited by pen. Onehalf tablespoon of as-is feces was used tocomposite fecal samples by pen. Com-posites were stored frozen, freeze-dried,ground to pass through a 1 mm screenand starch analysis was completed. Netenergy was calculated for the differentcorn processing methods, according tomethods outlined by Owens, et al. (2002Proc. ASAS, abst. 1089). Cattle werefed for 152 days (November 21, 2001 toApril 22, 2002) and harvested at a com-mercial packing plant where carcass datawere collected. Hot carcass weight wascollected the day of harvest with fat,marbling score, and yield grade datacollected following a 24-hour chill.Cost of gain was calculated for eachtreatment by using ration cost adjustedfor processing method. Adjustmentsfor processing were used from pre-vious published 2001 Nebraska BeefReport, pp. 51-54. Dry-rolling corn wasgiven no adjustment and used as thecontrol. Fine-ground corn was calcu-lated with a 10% increase in energy costcompared to dry-rolling which related to$0.09/ton more than dry-rolling. Rolledhigh-moisture corn was calculated at acost of $0.74/ton more than dry-rolling.Ground high-moisture corn was cal-culated with the additional $0.09/tonfor grinding plus $0.74/ton as high-moisture corn compared to the dry-rolling. Steam-flaking corn was calcu-lated at $5.56/ton more than dry-rolling.Ten-year average prices in Nebraska(1992-2001) for alfalfa hay (baled) andcorn were used. Ingredient costs wereground alfalfa hay ($73.75/ton), corn($97.00/ton), corn silage ($67.00/ton),dry supplement ($95.00/ton) andWCGF priced equal to corn.ResultsOverall cattle performance was excep-tional for this experiment, presumablydue to a mild winter/spring with no mud.No significant protein x grain process-ing interactions occurred for any of thevariables observed, therefore only maineffects are presented. Protein level hadno effect on any of the variables mea-sured. Based on analysis of ingredients,finishing diets contained approximately1% unit higher CP levels than formu-lated concentrations. For this reason, thelow protein diets met the DIP require-Table 1. Finishing diet ingredient and nutrient composition.Ingredienta, % DRC FGC RHMC GHMC SFCDRC 60.0 — — — —FGC — 60.0 — — —RHMC — — 60.0 — —GHMC — — — 60.0 —SFC — — — — 60.0Wet corn gluten feed 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0Corn silage 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0Dry meal supplement 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0Nutrientb, %High ProteinCP 15.1 15.1 14.8 14.8 14.8DIP 9.6 9.6 10.6 10.6 9.5Low ProteinCP 14.2 14.1 13.8 13.8 13.8DIP 8.6 8.6 9.6 9.6 8.5aDRC = dry-rolled corn, FGC = fine-ground corn, RHMC = rolled high-moisture corn, GHMC = groundhigh-moisture corn, and SFC = steam-flaked corn.bHigh Protein = high protein diet and Low Protein = low protein diet.Page 27 — 2003 Nebraska Beef Reportments of the animals and the additionalDIP had no effect. Because no differ-ence was observed for the main effectof protein level (P > 0.15), these dataare not shown. The low protein dietssupplied DIP levels that would be simi-lar to requirements stated in previousresearch (2001 Nebraska Beef Report,pp. 54-67, and 2002 Nebraska BeefReport, pp. 68-71).Grain processing methods did havean effect on cattle performance. Drymatter intake decreased as the degree ofprocessing increased (Table 2). Dry-rolled corn and FGC had similar dailyintakes but had higher (P < 0.05) intakesthan RHMC, GHMC, or SFC. Rolledhigh-moisture corn, GHMC, and SFChad similar intakes. Gains were similaracross all treatments. Steam-flaked cornhad the lowest feed conversion com-pared to all other treatments. Steam-flaking corn improved (P < 0.05) feedconversion by 11.7, 7.7, and 3.6% com-pared with dry-rolling, dry fine-grind-ing, or early ensiling of high-moisturecorn, respectively. Fine-grinding dry cornimproved (P = 0.01) feed conversion by3.7% compared to dry-rolling corn. FeedTable 2. Effects of grain processing and protein level on animal performance and carcass characteristics.Treatmentsa P-valuesbItem DRC FGC RHMC GHMC SFC SEM Protein Process InterDays on feed 152 152 152 152 152Initial wt., lb 677 678 678 677 677 1 0.07 0.94 0.78Final wt., lbc 1320 1339 1318 1321 1335 7 0.70 0.15 0.36DMI, lb/day 23.2d 23.0d 21.6e 21.4e 21.3e 0.2 0.18 <0.01 0.89ADG, lb 4.23 4.35 4.21 4.24 4.33 0.05 0.86 0.16 0.39Feed:gain 5.49d 5.29e 5.13f 5.05f 4.91g 0.31 <0.01 0.39NEg, Mcal/cwth 70.0d 73.4e 76.4f 77.7f 80.4g 0.9 0.31 <0.01 0.37Hot carcass, lb 831 843 830 829 838 5 0.75 0.20 0.17Marbling scorei 492 497 508 483 505 9 0.93 0.31 0.48Choice or above, % 47.3 47.8 57.8 42.2 52.5 6.6 0.16 0.54 0.54Fat thickness, in 0.47d 0.56e 0.54f 0.52d 0.53e 0.02 0.89 0.05 0.37Yield grade 2.3d 2.7e 2.6ef 2.4df 2.5de 0.1 0.90 0.02 0.29Cost of gain, $/cwtj 35.34d 34.12e 33.59f 33.21f 33.09f 0.31 0.36 <0.01 0.36Fecal starch, % 19.2d 11.8e 10.6ef 8.4f 4.1g 1.3 0.40 <0.01 0.59aDRC = dry-rolled corn, FGC = fine-ground corn, RHMC = rolled high-moisture corn, GHMC = ground high-moisture corn, SFC = steam-flaked corn.bProtein= main effect of protein level, Process= main effect of processing method, Inter = interaction between protein level and processing method.cFinal weight calculated as hot carcass weight divided by 0.63.d,e,f,gMeans within a row with unlike superscripts differ (P < 0.10).hCalculated net energy values of the processed corn.iMarbling score: 400 = Slight 0, 450 = Slight 50, 500 = Small 0, etc.jValues used in calculation: Ration prices: DRC = $97.91/ton, FGC = $97.98/ton, RHMC = $98.35/ton, GHMC = $98.46/ton, SFC = $101.39/ton; Yardage =0.30/day; and interest on half the feed = 10%. Cattle interest is not include.conversion was similar between the twoprocessing methods for early ensiledhigh-moisture corn, and feeding high-moisture corn improved feed conver-sion by 7.8% compared with dry-rollingcorn. Calculations of net energy valuesfor the processed corns were improvedby 4.8, 9.1, 11.0, and 14.8% for fine-grinding dry, rolling high-moisture, fine-grinding high-moisture, andsteam-flaking corn, respectively, com-pared to dry-rolling corn. Acidosis anddiet separation due to fine particles ap-peared to be controlled using WCGF.Hot carcass weight and marbling scorewere similar among treatments. Fat thick-ness was greater (P < 0.05) for RHMC,FGC, and SFC compared to DRC andGHMC. Dry-rolled corn, GHMC, andSFC had similar USDA yield grades.Dry-rolled corn had lower USDA yieldgrades compared to FGC and RHMC.Fine-ground corn, RHMC, and SFC hadsimilar USDA yield grades.Cost of gain was highest for DRC.Cost of gain was decreased (P < 0.01) by$1.22/cwt when corn was fine-groundcompared to dry-rolling. Cost of gainwas similar for RHMC, GHMC, andSFC though feed cost of gain was de-creased (P < 0.01) by $1.75, 2.13, and2.25/cwt, respectively, compared toDRC. Fine-ground corn had a similarcost of gain compared to RHMC buthigher than GHMC or SFC.Fecal starch content may indicate howmuch starch is used. Fecal starch was thehighest for DRC and the lowest for SFCamong treatments (Table 2). Fine-grind-ing corn reduced fecal starch by 7.4percentage units compared to DRC. Fine-ground corn had similar fecal starch con-tent compared with RHMC, but higherthan GHMC or SFC. Ground high mois-ture corn had similar fecal starch contentcompared to RHMC. Both GHMC andRHMC had higher fecal starch com-pared to SFC. Fecal starch content sup-ports the difference in feed conversionsamong treatments (R2 = 0.95; feed con-version = 0.0394 * % fecal starch +4.7454).1Casey Macken, research technician, GalenErickson, assistant professor, Terry Klopfenstein,professor, Animal Science, Lincoln; Rick Stock,Cargill Inc., Blair, Neb., Stephanie Jaeger, graduateassistant.

Effects of Corn Processing Method and Crude Protein Level with the Inclusion of Wet Corn Gluten Feed on Finishing Steer Performance

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Effects of Corn Processing Method and Crude Protein Level with the Inclusion of Wet Corn Gluten Feed on Finishing Steer Performance

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