Although some form of silvopasture management has been practiced for centuries, silvopasture as an agroforestry practice is specifically designed and managed for the production of trees, tree products, forage, and livestock. Silvopasture results when forage crops are deliberately introduced or enhanced in a timber production system, or timber crops are deliberately introduced or enhanced in a forage production system. As a silvopasture, timber and pasture are managed as a single integrated system.  Silvopastoral systems are designed to produce a high-value timber component, while providing short-term cash flow from the livestock component. The interactions among timber, forage, and livestock are managed intensively to simultaneously produce timber commodities, a high quality forage resource, and efficient livestock production. Overall, silvopastures can provide economic returns while creating a sustainable system with many environmental benefits. Well-managed silvopastures offer a diversified marketing opportunity that can stimulate rural economic development

Anderson, Bruce

Carman, Richard C.

Clason, Terry R.

Garrett, Gene

Klopfenstein, Ned B.

Rietveld, W. J.

Sharrow, Steven H.

English

UNL | Libraries

University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC) U.S. Department of Agriculture: Forest Service -- National Agroforestry Center 
11-1-1997 
Silvopasture: An Agroforestry Practice 
Ned B. Klopfenstein 
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, nklopfenstein@fs.fed.us 
W. J. Rietveld 
University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
Richard C. Carman 
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, rcarman@fs.fed.us 
Terry R. Clason 
Hill Farm Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, LSU Agricultural Center 
Steven H. Sharrow 
Oregon State University, Corvallis 
See next page for additional authors 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agroforestnotes 
 Part of the Forest Sciences Commons 
Klopfenstein, Ned B.; Rietveld, W. J.; Carman, Richard C.; Clason, Terry R.; Sharrow, Steven H.; Garrett, 
Gene; and Anderson, Bruce, "Silvopasture: An Agroforestry Practice" (1997). Agroforestry Notes (USDA-
NAC). 6. 
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agroforestnotes/6 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Forest Service -- 
National Agroforestry Center at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion 
in Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - 
Lincoln. 
Authors 
Ned B. Klopfenstein, W. J. Rietveld, Richard C. Carman, Terry R. Clason, Steven H. Sharrow, Gene Garrett, 
and Bruce Anderson 
This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/
agroforestnotes/6 
Although some form of silvopasture management has been practiced for centuries, sil-
vopasture as an agroforestry practice is specifically designed and managed for the pro-
duction of trees, tree products, forage, and livestock. Silvopasture results when forage
crops are deliberately introduced or enhanced in a timber production system, or timber
crops are deliberately introduced or enhanced in a forage production system. As a sil-
vopasture, timber and pasture are managed as a single integrated system.
Silvopastoral systems are designed to produce a high-value timber component, while
providing short-term cash flow from the livestock component. The interactions among
timber, forage, and livestock are managed intensively to simultaneously produce tim-
ber commodities, a high quality forage resource, and efficient livestock production.
Overall, silvopastures can provide economic returns while creating a sustainable sys-
tem with many environmental benefits. Well-managed silvopastures offer a diversified
marketing opportunity that can stimulate rural economic development.
Before new silvopastoral systems are established, implications of merging forestry and
agricultural systems should be explored thoroughly for economic and environmental
considerations along with local land use, zoning, cost-share program, and tax regula-
tions. Forest and agricultural land may have separate zoning and land-use regulations
Objectives
Definition
Planning
Considerations
Silvopasture: An Agroforestry Practice
National
Agroforestry 
Center
USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station • USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
1
AF Note — 8
November, 1997
Agroforestry Notes 
Silvopasture combines trees with forage and livestock production. The trees are
managed for high-value sawlogs and at the same time provide shade and shel-
ter for livestock and forage.
Plant
Considerations
Livestock
Selection
2
accompanied by divergent tax assessments. Environmental requirements (e.g., planting
trees, stream-side protection, wildlife habitat maintenance, etc.) also may vary with land
use.
When making tree and forage crop selections, consider potential markets, soil type, cli-
matic conditions, and species compatibility. 
The timber component should be: 
• marketable, 
• high quality, 
• fast growing, 
• deep-rooted, 
• drought tolerant, and 
• capable of providing the desired products and environmental services.
On marginally productive lands, conifers are well-suited for silvopastures because they
can adapt to diverse growing sites, respond rapidly to intensive management, and permit
more light to reach the forest floor. Select and use trees and planting/harvesting patterns
that are: a) suitable for the site; b) compatible with planned silvopastoral practices; and c)
provide desired economic and environmental returns.
The forage component should be a perennial crop that is:
• suitable for livestock grazing,
• compatible with the site (soil, temperature, precipitation),
• productive under partial shade and moisture stress, 
• responsive to intensive management, and 
• tolerant of heavy utilization. 
Potential livestock choices include: cattle, sheep, goats, horses, turkeys, chickens, ostrich-
es, emu, rhea, or game animals such as bison, deer, elk, caribou, etc. The selected live-
stock system must be compatible with tree, forage, environment, and land use regula-
tions. In general, browsing animals such as sheep, goats, or deer are more likely to eat
trees; whereas, large grazing animals such as cattle or elk or more likely to step on young
trees. Younger livestock are more prone to damage trees than are older, more experienced
animals. Livestock are more likely to impact hardwood trees than conifers.
Silvopastures can be established on any land capable of simultaneously supporting tree
and forage growth. However, silvopastoral systems can require a relatively large land
base to sustain timber and livestock production continuity. A source of local technical
assistance is essential to develop a silvopastoral system matched to local conditions and
landowner objectives. Appropriate establishment methods depend on: 1) woodland/forest
type (e.g., site conditions, and tree species, age, pattern, and spacing) or existing pasture
situation; 2) whether even-aged or uneven aged silviculture is practiced; and 3) landown-
er objectives (e.g., timber products, environmental benefits, wildlife, etc.). Appropriate
grazing systems depend on climate, terrain, tree species, tree age, other vegetation, kind
of livestock, labor requirements, and extent of fencing, water supplies, and supplemen-
tary equipment.
Tree pattern is an important factor for silvopasture success. Trees can be evenly distrib-
uted over the area, as in Figure 1, to optimize growing space and light for both trees and
forage. Alternatively, grouping trees into rows or clusters concentrates their shade and
root effects while providing open spaces for pasture production. Trees are typically
pruned to increase light penetration and develop high-quality sawlogs. Silvopastures of
varying ages can be merged and managed on a landscape basis.
Design and
Establishment
The establishment of forage in even-aged or uneven aged silvicultural situations
may require thinning and some type of tillage to provide a favorable seedbed for
germination and growth. On rangeland or pasture sites, forage suppression (e.g.,
herbicide, tillage, mulch, etc.) may be required for 2-3 years to establish tree
seedlings, but suppression methods must be carefully selected to avoid damaging
desirable plants. 
Livestock grazing should be intensively managed. A successful silvopasture
requires understanding forage growth characteristics and managing the timing
and duration of grazing to avoid browsing of young tree seedlings or elongating
shoots. Livestock should be excluded from tree plantings during vulnerable peri-
ods. Similar approaches can minimize damage by trampling or rubbing. Improper
management of silvopastures can reduce desirable woody and herbaceous plants
by over-grazing and soil compaction. Thus, proper management is the key to suc-
cess.
Available management tools include:
• tree harvesting, thinning, or pruning;
• fertilization to improve both forage and tree production;
• planting legumes for nitrogen fixation and forage production;
• multi-pasture, rotational grazing;
• rotational burning;
• supplemental feeding;
• developing water sources (e.g., stock tanks, windmills, photovoltaic pumps, 
hydraulic rams, ridge reservoirs, etc.);
• locating salt/mineral licks, and walkways to encourage uniform livestock 
distribution; and
• fencing (e.g., standard or electric), tubing, plastic mesh, repellents, and seasonal
livestock exclusion to reduce damage to young seedlings.
Economic
Integrating trees, forage, and livestock creates a land management system to pro-
duce marketable products while maintaining long-term productivity. Economic
risk is reduced because the system produces multiple products, most of which
have an established market. Production costs are reduced and marketing flexibili-
ty is enhanced by distributing management costs between timber and livestock
components. Comprehensive land utilization in silvopastoral systems provides a
relatively constant income from livestock sale and selective sale of trees and tim-
ber products. Well-managed forage production provides improved nutrition for
livestock growth and production. Potential products of the tree component
include: sawtimber, veneer logs, pulpwood, firewood, pine straw, posts and poles,
harvested game, nuts, fruit, ornamental flowers and greenery, maple syrup, mush-
rooms, organic mulches, and other secondary products. 
Woodland and forage
Grazing can control grass competition for moisture, nutrients, and sunlight, there-
by enhancing tree growth. Well managed grazing provides economical control of
weeds and brush without herbicides, maintains fire breaks, and reduces habitat
for gnawing rodents. Fertilizer applied for forage is also used by trees. In addi-
tion, livestock manure recycles nutrients to trees and forage. 
Livestock
Some forage species tend to be lower in fiber and more digestible when grown in
3
Benefits
Management
4Additional
Information
For more information contact: National Agroforestry Center, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station\ USDA Natual
Resources Conservation Service, East Campus-UNL, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0822. Phone: 402-437-5178; fax: 402-437-5712.
The National Agroforestry Center is a partnership of the USDA Forest Service and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. The
Center’s purpose is to accelerate the development and application of agroforestry technologies to attain more economically, environmentally,
and socially sustainable land-use systems. To accomplish its mission, the Center interacts with a national network of cooperators to conduct
research, develop technologies and tools, establish demonstrations, and provide useful information to natural resource professionals.
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex,
religion, age, disability, political beliefs and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities
who require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA office
of Communications at 202-720-5881 (voice) or 202-720-7808 (TDD).
To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250, or call 202-720-7327 (voice)
or 202-720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an Equal Employment Opportunity employer.
a tree-protected environment. Trees that provide shade or wind protection can have a cli-
mate-stabilizing effect to reduce heat stress and windchill of livestock. Protection from
trees can cut the direct cold effect by 50% or more and reduce wind velocity by as much
as 70%. Livestock require less feed energy, so their performance is improved and mortal-
ity is reduced.
Environmental and Aesthetic
Silvopastures can increase wildlife diversity, and improve water quality. The forage pro-
tects the soil from water and wind erosion, while adding organic matter to improve soil
properties. Silvopastures provide an attractive landscape with an aesthetically pleasing
“park-like” setting. In contrast to concentrated livestock operations, silvopastoral systems
are less likely to raise environmental concerns related to water quality, odors, dust, noise,
disease problems, and animal treatment.
Bezkorowajnyi, P.G.; Gordon, A.M.; McBride, R.A. 1993. The effect of cattle foot traffic
on soil compaction in a silvo-pastoral system. Agroforestry Systems. 21: 1-10.
Clason, T.R. 1995. Economic implications of silvipastures on southern pine plantation.
Agroforestry Systems. 19: 227-238.
Jaindl, R.G.; Sharrow, S.H. 1988. Oak/Douglas-fir/sheep: A three crop silvopastoral sys-
tem. Agroforestry Systems. 6: 147-152.
Lewis, C.E.; Burton, G.W.; Monson, W.G.; McCormick, W.C. 1983. Integration of pines,
pastures, and catte in south Georgia. Agroforestry Systems. 1: 277-297.
Sharrow, S.H.; Fletcher, R.A. 1995. Trees and pastures: 40 years of agrosilvopastoral
experience in western Oregon. In: Rietveld, W.J., tech. coord. Agroforestry and sus-
tainable systems: Symposium proceedings; 1994 August 7-10; Fort Collins, CO.
General Technical Report RM-GTR-261. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station:
47-52.
Wolters, G.L. 1981. Timber thinning and prescribed burning as methods to increase
herbage in grazed and protected longleaf pine ranges. J. Range Management. 34:
494-497.
Authors   *Primary Contacts
Ned B. Klopfenstein, W.J. Rietveld, and Richard C. Carman, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain
Research Station, National Agroforestry Center, East Campus - UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0822 
*Terry R. Clason, Hill Farm Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, LSU Agricultural
Center, Rte. 1, Box 10, Homer, LA 61040 (phone: 318-927-2578; fax: 318-927-9505; E-mail: TCLA-
SON@Agctr.lsu.edu) 
*Steven H. Sharrow, Dept. of Rangeland Resources, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (phone:
541-737-1627; fax: 541-737-0504; E-mail: sharrows@ccmail.orst.edu)
*Gene Garrett, School of Natural Resources, 1-30 Agriculture Bldg., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
65202 (phone: 573-882-3647; fax: 573-882-1977)
*Bruce E. Anderson, Dept. of Agronomy, 353 Keim Hall, East Campus - UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0910
(ph: 402-472-6237; fax: 402-472-7904; E-mail: bandersn@unlvm.unl.edu)


Silvopasture: An Agroforestry Practice

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC) U.S. Department of Agriculture: Forest Service -- National Agroforestry Center 11-1-1997 Silvopasture: An Agroforestry Practice Ned B. Klopfenstein University of Nebraska-Lincoln, nklopfenstein@fs.fed.us W. J. Rietveld University of Nebraska - Lincoln Richard C. Carman University of Nebraska-Lincoln, rcarman@fs.fed.us Terry R. Clason Hill Farm Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, LSU Agricultural Center Steven H. Sharrow Oregon State University, Corvallis See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agroforestnotes  Part of the Forest Sciences Commons Klopfenstein, Ned B.; Rietveld, W. J.; Carman, Richard C.; Clason, Terry R.; Sharrow, Steven H.; Garrett, Gene; and Anderson, Bruce, "Silvopasture: An Agroforestry Practice" (1997). Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC). 6. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agroforestnotes/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Forest Service -- National Agroforestry Center at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agroforestry Notes (USDA-NAC) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Authors Ned B. Klopfenstein, W. J. Rietveld, Richard C. Carman, Terry R. Clason, Steven H. Sharrow, Gene Garrett, and Bruce Anderson This article is available at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agroforestnotes/6 Although some form of silvopasture management has been practiced for centuries, sil-vopasture as an agroforestry practice is specifically designed and managed for the pro-duction of trees, tree products, forage, and livestock. Silvopasture results when foragecrops are deliberately introduced or enhanced in a timber production system, or timbercrops are deliberately introduced or enhanced in a forage production system. As a sil-vopasture, timber and pasture are managed as a single integrated system.Silvopastoral systems are designed to produce a high-value timber component, whileproviding short-term cash flow from the livestock component. The interactions amongtimber, forage, and livestock are managed intensively to simultaneously produce tim-ber commodities, a high quality forage resource, and efficient livestock production.Overall, silvopastures can provide economic returns while creating a sustainable sys-tem with many environmental benefits. Well-managed silvopastures offer a diversifiedmarketing opportunity that can stimulate rural economic development.Before new silvopastoral systems are established, implications of merging forestry andagricultural systems should be explored thoroughly for economic and environmentalconsiderations along with local land use, zoning, cost-share program, and tax regula-tions. Forest and agricultural land may have separate zoning and land-use regulationsObjectivesDefinitionPlanningConsiderationsSilvopasture: An Agroforestry PracticeNationalAgroforestry CenterUSDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station • USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service1AF Note — 8November, 1997Agroforestry Notes Silvopasture combines trees with forage and livestock production. The trees aremanaged for high-value sawlogs and at the same time provide shade and shel-ter for livestock and forage.PlantConsiderationsLivestockSelection2accompanied by divergent tax assessments. Environmental requirements (e.g., plantingtrees, stream-side protection, wildlife habitat maintenance, etc.) also may vary with landuse.When making tree and forage crop selections, consider potential markets, soil type, cli-matic conditions, and species compatibility. The timber component should be: • marketable, • high quality, • fast growing, • deep-rooted, • drought tolerant, and • capable of providing the desired products and environmental services.On marginally productive lands, conifers are well-suited for silvopastures because theycan adapt to diverse growing sites, respond rapidly to intensive management, and permitmore light to reach the forest floor. Select and use trees and planting/harvesting patternsthat are: a) suitable for the site; b) compatible with planned silvopastoral practices; and c)provide desired economic and environmental returns.The forage component should be a perennial crop that is:• suitable for livestock grazing,• compatible with the site (soil, temperature, precipitation),• productive under partial shade and moisture stress, • responsive to intensive management, and • tolerant of heavy utilization. Potential livestock choices include: cattle, sheep, goats, horses, turkeys, chickens, ostrich-es, emu, rhea, or game animals such as bison, deer, elk, caribou, etc. The selected live-stock system must be compatible with tree, forage, environment, and land use regula-tions. In general, browsing animals such as sheep, goats, or deer are more likely to eattrees; whereas, large grazing animals such as cattle or elk or more likely to step on youngtrees. Younger livestock are more prone to damage trees than are older, more experiencedanimals. Livestock are more likely to impact hardwood trees than conifers.Silvopastures can be established on any land capable of simultaneously supporting treeand forage growth. However, silvopastoral systems can require a relatively large landbase to sustain timber and livestock production continuity. A source of local technicalassistance is essential to develop a silvopastoral system matched to local conditions andlandowner objectives. Appropriate establishment methods depend on: 1) woodland/foresttype (e.g., site conditions, and tree species, age, pattern, and spacing) or existing pasturesituation; 2) whether even-aged or uneven aged silviculture is practiced; and 3) landown-er objectives (e.g., timber products, environmental benefits, wildlife, etc.). Appropriategrazing systems depend on climate, terrain, tree species, tree age, other vegetation, kindof livestock, labor requirements, and extent of fencing, water supplies, and supplemen-tary equipment.Tree pattern is an important factor for silvopasture success. Trees can be evenly distrib-uted over the area, as in Figure 1, to optimize growing space and light for both trees andforage. Alternatively, grouping trees into rows or clusters concentrates their shade androot effects while providing open spaces for pasture production. Trees are typicallypruned to increase light penetration and develop high-quality sawlogs. Silvopastures ofvarying ages can be merged and managed on a landscape basis.Design andEstablishmentThe establishment of forage in even-aged or uneven aged silvicultural situationsmay require thinning and some type of tillage to provide a favorable seedbed forgermination and growth. On rangeland or pasture sites, forage suppression (e.g.,herbicide, tillage, mulch, etc.) may be required for 2-3 years to establish treeseedlings, but suppression methods must be carefully selected to avoid damagingdesirable plants. Livestock grazing should be intensively managed. A successful silvopasturerequires understanding forage growth characteristics and managing the timingand duration of grazing to avoid browsing of young tree seedlings or elongatingshoots. Livestock should be excluded from tree plantings during vulnerable peri-ods. Similar approaches can minimize damage by trampling or rubbing. Impropermanagement of silvopastures can reduce desirable woody and herbaceous plantsby over-grazing and soil compaction. Thus, proper management is the key to suc-cess.Available management tools include:• tree harvesting, thinning, or pruning;• fertilization to improve both forage and tree production;• planting legumes for nitrogen fixation and forage production;• multi-pasture, rotational grazing;• rotational burning;• supplemental feeding;• developing water sources (e.g., stock tanks, windmills, photovoltaic pumps, hydraulic rams, ridge reservoirs, etc.);• locating salt/mineral licks, and walkways to encourage uniform livestock distribution; and• fencing (e.g., standard or electric), tubing, plastic mesh, repellents, and seasonallivestock exclusion to reduce damage to young seedlings.EconomicIntegrating trees, forage, and livestock creates a land management system to pro-duce marketable products while maintaining long-term productivity. Economicrisk is reduced because the system produces multiple products, most of whichhave an established market. Production costs are reduced and marketing flexibili-ty is enhanced by distributing management costs between timber and livestockcomponents. Comprehensive land utilization in silvopastoral systems provides arelatively constant income from livestock sale and selective sale of trees and tim-ber products. Well-managed forage production provides improved nutrition forlivestock growth and production. Potential products of the tree componentinclude: sawtimber, veneer logs, pulpwood, firewood, pine straw, posts and poles,harvested game, nuts, fruit, ornamental flowers and greenery, maple syrup, mush-rooms, organic mulches, and other secondary products. Woodland and forageGrazing can control grass competition for moisture, nutrients, and sunlight, there-by enhancing tree growth. Well managed grazing provides economical control ofweeds and brush without herbicides, maintains fire breaks, and reduces habitatfor gnawing rodents. Fertilizer applied for forage is also used by trees. In addi-tion, livestock manure recycles nutrients to trees and forage. LivestockSome forage species tend to be lower in fiber and more digestible when grown in3BenefitsManagement4AdditionalInformationFor more information contact: National Agroforestry Center, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station\ USDA NatualResources Conservation Service, East Campus-UNL, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0822. Phone: 402-437-5178; fax: 402-437-5712.The National Agroforestry Center is a partnership of the USDA Forest Service and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. TheCenter’s purpose is to accelerate the development and application of agroforestry technologies to attain more economically, environmentally,and socially sustainable land-use systems. To accomplish its mission, the Center interacts with a national network of cooperators to conductresearch, develop technologies and tools, establish demonstrations, and provide useful information to natural resource professionals.The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex,religion, age, disability, political beliefs and marital or familial status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilitieswho require alternative means for communication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA officeof Communications at 202-720-5881 (voice) or 202-720-7808 (TDD).To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250, or call 202-720-7327 (voice)or 202-720-1127 (TDD). USDA is an Equal Employment Opportunity employer.a tree-protected environment. Trees that provide shade or wind protection can have a cli-mate-stabilizing effect to reduce heat stress and windchill of livestock. Protection fromtrees can cut the direct cold effect by 50% or more and reduce wind velocity by as muchas 70%. Livestock require less feed energy, so their performance is improved and mortal-ity is reduced.Environmental and AestheticSilvopastures can increase wildlife diversity, and improve water quality. The forage pro-tects the soil from water and wind erosion, while adding organic matter to improve soilproperties. Silvopastures provide an attractive landscape with an aesthetically pleasing“park-like” setting. In contrast to concentrated livestock operations, silvopastoral systemsare less likely to raise environmental concerns related to water quality, odors, dust, noise,disease problems, and animal treatment.Bezkorowajnyi, P.G.; Gordon, A.M.; McBride, R.A. 1993. The effect of cattle foot trafficon soil compaction in a silvo-pastoral system. Agroforestry Systems. 21: 1-10.Clason, T.R. 1995. Economic implications of silvipastures on southern pine plantation.Agroforestry Systems. 19: 227-238.Jaindl, R.G.; Sharrow, S.H. 1988. Oak/Douglas-fir/sheep: A three crop silvopastoral sys-tem. Agroforestry Systems. 6: 147-152.Lewis, C.E.; Burton, G.W.; Monson, W.G.; McCormick, W.C. 1983. Integration of pines,pastures, and catte in south Georgia. Agroforestry Systems. 1: 277-297.Sharrow, S.H.; Fletcher, R.A. 1995. Trees and pastures: 40 years of agrosilvopastoralexperience in western Oregon. In: Rietveld, W.J., tech. coord. Agroforestry and sus-tainable systems: Symposium proceedings; 1994 August 7-10; Fort Collins, CO.General Technical Report RM-GTR-261. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station:47-52.Wolters, G.L. 1981. Timber thinning and prescribed burning as methods to increaseherbage in grazed and protected longleaf pine ranges. J. Range Management. 34:494-497.Authors   *Primary ContactsNed B. Klopfenstein, W.J. Rietveld, and Richard C. Carman, USDA Forest Service, Rocky MountainResearch Station, National Agroforestry Center, East Campus - UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0822 *Terry R. Clason, Hill Farm Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, LSU AgriculturalCenter, Rte. 1, Box 10, Homer, LA 61040 (phone: 318-927-2578; fax: 318-927-9505; E-mail: TCLA-SON@Agctr.lsu.edu) *Steven H. Sharrow, Dept. of Rangeland Resources, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (phone:541-737-1627; fax: 541-737-0504; E-mail: sharrows@ccmail.orst.edu)*Gene Garrett, School of Natural Resources, 1-30 Agriculture Bldg., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO65202 (phone: 573-882-3647; fax: 573-882-1977)*Bruce E. Anderson, Dept. of Agronomy, 353 Keim Hall, East Campus - UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0910(ph: 402-472-6237; fax: 402-472-7904; E-mail: bandersn@unlvm.unl.edu)

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Silvopasture: An Agroforestry Practice

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