Part 4 (pp. 86-114)  Mammals (Figure 10), continued Horse  Human  Mink Opossum Pig  Porcupine.  Prairie Dog Raccoon Big Horn Sheep  Domestic Sheep  Striped Skunk Fox Squirrel Discussio

Oates, David W.

Weigel, Debra L.

English

UNL | Libraries

University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
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Other Publications in Wildlife Management Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for 
January 1976 
BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND 
MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and 
Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard 
Duck Antiserum, part 5 
David W. Oates 
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 
Debra L. Weigel 
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother 
 Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons 
Oates, David W. and Weigel, Debra L., "BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND 
MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, 
Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 5" (1976). Other Publications in Wildlife Management. 12. 
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/12 
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DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Wildlife 
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LITERATURE CITED
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hairs of selected Ontario mammals. Research Report (Wildlife) No. 90. Dept.
of Lands and Forests.
Ashton, G. C, 1958a. Beta-globulin polymorphism in cattle, sheep and goats.
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Ashton, G. C. 1958&~ Serum protein variations in horses. Nature 182:1029.
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age and the plane of nutrition on the blooe chemistry
Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus).
Zool. 35:283.
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of the Columbian
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{
(
j
Boyden, A. A. 1926. The precipitin reaction in the study of human relationships
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Boyden, A. A. 1942. Systematic serology: a critical appreciation. Phys. Zool.
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Brohn, A, and L. J. Korschgen. 1950. Precipitin test---a useful tool in game law
enforcement. Trans. of the 15th North American Wildlife Conference. p. 467.
Chapman, J. A. and R. P. Morgan II. 1973. Systematic status of the cottontail
complex in western Maryland and nearby West Virginia. Wildlife Monogr., 36.
Clarke, F. D. 1914. Forensic value of the precipitin test in the enforcement of
. game laws in California. Univ. of Cal. Publ. in Path., 2: 131.
Cowan, I. McT., and P. A. Johnston. 1962. Blood serum protein variation at the
species and subspecies level in deer of the genus Odocoileus, SY50 Zool,
II(3):131.
Crowle, A. J. 1961 and 1973. Immunodiffusion. Academic Press~ New York.
Cumm1ng~~E. W. 1972. Techniques of game law enforcement using starch gel
electrophoresis. Masters Thesis, Univ. of Ca. at Davis.
Delfaco, R. J. 1940. A serological study of some avian relationships.
Ph.D Thesis. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J.
Gay, F. P. 1908. A contribution to the forensic value of the musculo-precipitin
test. J. Med. Res. 19(1): 219.
Gebott, M. D. 1973. Microzone R Electrophoresis Manual. Beckman Instruments Inc.
Fu 11erton, Ca.
Gilbert, B. M. 1973. Mammalian osteo-archeology: North America. Special
publications. Missouri Archeological Society, Columbia, Mo.
":115-
Grabart P. and P. Burtin. 1964, Immuno-electrophoretic Analysis, Elsevier
Publishing CO,t New York, p, 97.
Haywardt B. J, and R. Augustin, 1957,
assay of antigens and antibodies,
Quantitative gel diffusion methods for
Int, Arch, AllergYt 11 :192,
Hurlbut, H. S, and B. Weitz, 1956, Some observations on the bionomics of the
common mosquitoes of the Nile delta, Am. J, Trap. Med. & Hyg., 5: 901,
Kraus, R. 1897, Ueber specifische reaktionen in keimfrien Fitraten aus Cholera,
Typhus, und Pestbouillonculturen, erzeug durch homologous serum. Wien,
klin, Wchnschr., 10: 736.
Lawrence, B. 1951, Post-cranial skeletal characteristics of deer, pronghorn and
sheep-goatt with notes on Bos and Bison, Papers of the Peabody Museum of
Archeology and Ethnology 35(3), Part II Harvard.
Manlove, M, N" J. C, Arise, H, 0, Hillestad, P. R. Ramsey, M. H. Smith and D, O.
Straney. 1975. Starch gel electrophoresis for the study of population genetics
in white-tailed deer presented at 29th Annual Conference of the Southeastern
Association of Game and Fish Commissioners, St, Louis, Mo.
Moore, T. D.t L, E, Spence, and C, Eo Dugnolle. 1974, Identification of the dorsal
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Myers, M. 1900, Experiments upon the new specific test for blood. Preliminary
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University Press.
Oates, D, W., C. W, Brown, and D. L. Weigel, 1974, Blood and tissue identification
of selected birds and mammals, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, JPR
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southeastern and southwestern United States, Papers of the Peabody Museum
of Archeology and Ethnology 56(1).
Reeves, W. C. and W. McD. Hammon, 1944, Feeding habits of the proven and
possible mosquito vectors of Western equine and St, Louis encephalitis in
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Scheiffarth, D., H, Goty, and K. Soergel,
on heterologous precipitin reaction,
Immunology. 10(2):82,
1957. Immunoelectrophoretic studies
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immobilization on blood analysis of white-tailed deer, J, Wildl, Manage.
36(4):1034.
-116-
Sibley, C. S. and H. T. Hendrickson. 1970, A comparative electrophoretic study
of avian plasma proteins, Condor 72(1): 43.
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Saunders and Company, Philadelphia, Pa. 4th Edition.
Tchistovitch, Th. 1899, Etudes sur 1 'immunization contre le serum d!anguilles.
Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 13: 406.
Tempelis, C. H. and W. C. Reeves, 1962. The production of a specific antiserum
to bird serum. Am. J. of Tropical Med. and Hyg. 11 :294.
Thompson, S., J. F. Foster, J. W. Gowen, and 0, E. Tauher. 1954. Hereditary
differences in serum proteins of normal mice. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. and
Med, 87:315.
Tiselius, A. 1937. Electrophoresis of serum globulin 11. Electrophoretic analysis
of normal and immune sera. Biochem. J. 31 :1464.
VanTets, P. and I. McT. Cowan. 1966. Some sources of variation in the blood
sera of deer (Odocoileus) as revealed ,by starch gel electrophoresis. Can.
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Wetter, L. R., M. Cohn, and N. F. Deutsch. 1952. Immunological studies of egg
whi te protei ns. J. Immun. 69: 109.
Williams, M. Co, B. Weitz and G. A. H. McClelland. 1958. Natural hosts of some
species of Taeniorhynchus Lynch-Arribalzaga (Diptera, Culicidae) collected in
Uganda, as determined by the precipitin test. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.,
52: 186.
Wolfe, H. R. 1939a. Standardization of the precipitin technique and its application
to studies of relationships in mammals, birds and reptiles. Biol. Bull.
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24: 309.
Wright, C. A. (ed.). 1974. Biochemical and Immunological Taxonomy of Animals.
Academic Press London and New York. p. 427.
-117-
APPENDIX
Swelljell*
To prepare Swelljell, dissolve 13,64 grams of acrylamide and 0,368 gm, of
bis-acrylamide in 198 milliliters distilled water, To that solution, add 2 ml,
of 7% ammonium persulfate and 0,5 ml, of N, N, N', N!--Tetramethylenediamine
(TEMED). Place mixture in a breaker, cover, and allow to solidify, Cut into
small pieces, thinly spread on a glass plate, and allow to dehydrate,
*Courtesy of Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Nebraska,
-118-
I
I
I


BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 5

Part 2 (pp. 19-55) Protein Patterns: Birds (Figure 9) The reproductions illustrate avian crossreaction patterns obtained from chicken antiserum and mallard duck antiserum, using immunoelectrophoresis and immuno diffusion. Table 1 summarizes immunoelectrophoresis cross-reactions. Species included in the study are: BIRDS  Chicken Gallus gallus Coot Fulica americana Crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Mourning Dove Zenaidura macoura Mallard Duck Anas platyrhynchos Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Snow Goose Chen hyperborea Eared Grebe Podiceps caspicus Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus White Pelican pelecanus erythrorhynchos Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus Pigeon Columba livia Prairie Chicken Tympanuchus cupido Bobwhite Quail Colinus virginianus Merriam\u27s Turkey Meleagris gallopav

University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
Other Publications in Wildlife Management Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for 
January 1976 
BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND 
MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and 
Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard 
Duck Antiserum, part 2 
David W. Oates 
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 
Debra L. Weigel 
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother 
 Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons 
Oates, David W. and Weigel, Debra L., "BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND 
MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, 
Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 2" (1976). Other Publications in Wildlife Management. 9. 
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/9 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Wildlife 
Management by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 
Figure 9. The following reproductions illustrate avian cross-
reaction patterns obtained from chicken antiserum and mallard duck
antiserum, using immunoelectrophoresis and immuno diffusion. Table
1 summarizes immunoelectrophoresis cross-reactions. Species included
in the study are listed below.
BIRDS
Chicken
Coot
Crow
Mourning Dove
Ma11ard Duck
Golden Eagle
Snow Goose
Eared Grebe
Red-tailed Hawk
Great Horned Owl
White Pelican
Ring-necked Pheasant
Pigeon
Prairie Chicken
Bobwhite Quail
Merriam's Turkey
-19-
Gallus gallus
Fulica americana
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Zenaidura macoura
Anas platyrhynchos
Aquila chrysaetos
Chen hyperborea
Podiceps caspicus
Buteo jamaicensis
Bubo virginianus
pelecanus erythrorhynchos
Phasianus colchicus
Columba livia
Tympanuchus cupido
Colinus virginianus
Meleagris gallopavo
tI
Table 1,
Over 700 immunoelectrophoresis patterns are summarized here.I1
To segregate protein components! the immunoelectrophoretogram was
divided into five areas: (1) pre-albumin, (2) albumin, (3) alpha and
I
\alphal globulins, (4) alpha2 and beta globulins (sometimes it is ~iff1-
cult to determine whether the apex of an arc is anodic or cathodic to
the sample origin, therefore, th se two components were combined),
I
I(5) gamma globulins,
Observations are indicat d as follows:
x = a com only bserved protein arcs = everal commonly obse ved ot in arcsw a we k ot lw ys observable arc 1ws = several weak or not always observable arcs blank = o arcs observed
Pre-albumin
Albu inAlphaoAlpha2Gamma 1
and
andGlobulin
Alphal
Beta
Globullns
Globulins
}C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Chicken
Seru
xx xx s ss
I
x
Dry Blood
w s. xw
Meat
xw xx
Coot
m
x5 Xw
l
ww
t
xx
row
I I
x
I lis wwwMourni g D v wDry Blood wI xxallard Duck s wG lden Eagle x wSn Goose IIs Is w wea wsx-20-
{l
{
,.
Table 1.
Continued
Pre-albumin
AlbuminAlphaoAlpha2Gamma
and
a dGlobulin
Alpha1
Beta
Globullns
Globulins
C*
M* -,c*M*CM* C*C*
Eared Grebe
Serum
xxx wws ss
Dry Blood
, ww ww
Meat
w w x
Red- Ta i1ed Hawk
x wss w
r l
ww x w
Great-Horned Owl
xx xw
White Pelican
xX'vI W X x
Ring-neck d
PheasantSerum
sxs
Pig o
ood
w
airie Chicken
sw
Bobwhi te Quail
Bl
wx
Me !'~\iam~s
Turkey'
s
.
,
*C: chicken; M: mallard duck
-21-
Pre-albumin
Albumin
AlphaoAlpha2
Gamma
and
andGlobulin
Alpha1
Beta
Globullns
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
"'.
Chicken
Serum
xx xx s ss x
Dry Blood
w sw
Meat
xw x
-22-
r
J
t
1
1
1
1
1
)
}
J
1
I
\
j
I
!
I
1

Pre-albumin
AlbuminAlphaoAlpha2Gamma
and
andIGlobul in
Alpha,
Beta
Globullns
Gl obuli ns
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Coot
. Serum
xx xx xs xww
Dry Blood
xw w
Meat
xxx
-24-

Pre-albumin
AlbuminAlphaoAlpha2Gamma
and
andGlobulin
Alphal
Beta
Globulins
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Crow
Serum
xx x ss w
Dry Blood
wx xw w ws
Meat
xw wx
,
-26-
t
1
1
1
1
1
}
I
\!

I
Pre-albumin
AlbuminAlphaoAlpha2Gamma
and
andGlobulin
Alphal
Beta
Globulins
Globulins
C*
M* C*M* C*
Mourning Dove
Serum
wx ss s
Dry Blood
xw x
Meat
ww x
-28-

Pre-albumin
Albumin
AlphaoAlpha2Gamma
and
andGlobul in
Alphal
Beta
Globulins
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Ma11ard Duck
Serum
xx xx xs sSIX
Dry Blood
wws wws
Meat
xw xx
-30-
f
I
I
J
1
J
I
}
1
I
I
!
!
I
j
Il
!
1I

Pre-albumin
AlbuminAlphaoAlpha2Gamma,
and
andGlobul in
Alphal
Beta
Globulins
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Golden Eagle
Serum
ww xx xs xww
Dry Blood
w
Meat
xw x
-32-

Pre-albumin
Albumin
' Al phaoAlpha2,
Gamma
and
and'Globulin
Alphal
Beta
Globulins
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Snow Goose
"Serum wx
xx s ss w
Dry Blood
x ww x
Meat
x wsw
-34-
r
I
I
I
1
I
1
1
1

Pre-albumin
AlbuminAlphaoAlpha2Gamma
and
andGlobulin
Alphal
Beta
Globulins
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Eared Grebe
Serum
xxx wws ss
Dry Blood
ww ww
Meat
w x
-36-
I
}
J
J
!
I
j

Pre-albumin
AlbuminAlphaoAlpha2Gamma
and
andGlobulin
Alpha,
Beta
Globulins
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Red- Ta il ed Hawk
Serum
xxx xs wss w
Dry Blood
www
Meat
wx w
-38-
f
r
I
I
I
I
I
!
I
!
I
!
!.
II

Pre-albumin
AlbuminAlphaAlphaZ
Gamma
and 0
andGlobul in
Alphal
Beta
Globulins
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Great-Horned Ow
Serum
xx xx xs xw
Dry Blood
w ww
Meat
w w
-40-
~
I
!
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
i

Pre-albumin
Albumin -AlphaoAlpha2Gamma
and
andGlobulin
Alphal
Beta
Globulins
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
White Pelican
Serum
xx xx x x x
Dry Blood
wxw w
Meat
xw w
-42-
r-
I
I
r
t
I
\I

Pre-albumin
Albumin
AlphaoAlpha2Gamma
and
andGlobulin
Alpha1
Beta
Globullns
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*!,
Ring-necked PheasantSerum
xx xx ss sx
Dry Blood
ww w
Meat
xw x
-44-
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
j
I
!
I

Pre-albumin
AlbuminAlphaAlpha2
Gamma
and 0
andGlobulin
Alphal
Beta
Globullns
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Pigeon
Serum
xxx xs sww
Dry Blood
wx
Meat
w
. -46-
I
l
I

Pre-albumin
Albumin
AlphaoAlpha2Gamma
and
andGlobulin
Alpha,
Beta
Globullns
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Prairie Chicken
Serum
xxx ss sx
Dry Blood
wx x sw w
Meat
xw
-48-
r
I
f
I
J
1
f
It
I
I
, I
1
t
I
I
J

Pre-albumin
Albumin
AlphaoAlpha2
Gamma
and
andGlobulin
Alpha,
Beta
Globullns
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
Bobwhite Quail
Serum
xx xx ss sxw
Dry Blood
www w
Meat
wxx
-50-
r
f
I
1
J
1
I
1
I
I
~
I
1

!--
Pre-albumin
AlbuminAlphaoAlpha2Gamma
and
andGlobulin
Alphal
Beta
Globulins
Globulins
C*
M* C*M*C* C*C*
~" Merriam'sTurkeySerum
xx xw ss sxx
Dry Blood
xww w
Meat
xw s-" ------------.
-52-
f
f
J
f
I
1
}
J
I
1
I!

DISCUSSION
Avian cross reactions will be covered in less detail then those
for mammals, since all avian species cross-reacted with chicken and
mallard antisera. Although strong cross reactions occur when chicken
and mallard antisera are employed, both chicken and mallard can still
be segregated from other avian species examined in this study.
Several early investigators, using the precipitin reaction, found
that their rabbit-produced antisera also cross-reacted with several
bird species (Reeves and Hammon, 1944; Williams et al., 1958). Hurlbut
and Weitz (1958) found their antiserum reacted with all the tested bird
serums. Tempelis and Reeves (1962) found chicken-produced antiserum
to be more species specific than rabbit-produced antiserum, but
sensitivity was still dependent upon the individual chicken producing
the antiserum.
Defalco (1940) stated, liThe fact that the sera of members of the
various orders of birds reacted with most of the precipitating antisera
is a strong indication of the chemical similarity of all birds".birds
are the most homogeneous class of vertibrates both morphologically and
serologically, II Even earlier, Nuttall (1904) stated there was "a similarity
of the blood constitution of all birds, II Sibley and Hendrickson (1970)
. came to a similar conclusion when using starch gel electrophoresis to
examine approximately 1,500 specimens, representing 450 species of
birds. They concluded that their comparisons revealed a high degree of
individual variation superimposed upon what seemed to be a common basic
pattern. Once the taxonomically nonsignificant variation was eliminated
from the patterns, they found a remarkable similarity in all birds. The
taxonomically nonsignificant variations include genetic polymorphism and
possibly age, sex, condition of health, degree of starvation, reproductive
conditions, and perhaps others.
In our study, both chicken and mallard antisera cross-reacted with
all avian species ~ested, No cross reactions were observed with any of
the mammals examined. Similar observations were noted when snapping
turtle, carp, and catfish were tested against chicken and mallard
antisera, However, chicken antiserum has cross-reacted with snapping
turtle (Wolfe, 1939).
Table I points out protein components observed in the immunoelectro-
phoresis patterns, For most species one or more arcs were evident for
each protein component. Of the species examined, deviations occurred
only in mourning dove and snow goose. No gamma globulin arc was observed
for either snow goose or mourning dove when reacted with chicken antiserum.
However, gamma globulin arcs were often difficult to discern since the
leading edge of the precipitin arc was very weak.
Even though a blank may be shown in Table I for a particular protein
component, it does not preclude the possibility of that arc appearing in
some future test. For example, great-horned owl displayed a weak gamma
globulin arc for both serum and meat when using chicken antiserum, A
gamma globulin arc would also be expected for dry blood but was not
observed. Since the antibodies were produced to serum, one would also
expect a protein component observed in dry blood or meat to occur in
serum unless certain protein constitutents were chemically altered.
-55-


BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 2

Most enforcement cases involving our laboratory deal with the identification of a blood stain or meat sample which is suspected to be deer. Determining whether it is, indeed, from deer is not difficult. But, if the sample is not deer, exact identification can prove to be a more time consuming and tedious process. To eliminate the need to obtain antiserum for each individual species and aid identification, we undertook an investigation on which species and the extent to which several species may cross react with antisera of some common birds and mammals, especially deer. Deer, cow, and raccoon were selected as the basic mammalian species, while chicken and mallard duck were selected for birds. Selection of chicken and bovine antisera was influenced by their commercia1 availability. We hoped to make it possib1e for other laboratories to duplicate some or our patterns, but antisera was found to differ from lot to lot even when purchased from the same serum supply company. Titer differences were also observed in our own antisera from one bleeding period to another.  Part 1 (pp. i-18) includes:  Acknowledgments 0 Introduction Sample Collection Double Diffusion Immunoelectrophoresis Proteins Factors Affecting Protein Patterns Procedures  Characteristic Pattern

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BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 1

University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
Other Publications in Wildlife Management Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for 
January 1976 
BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND 
MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and 
Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard 
Duck Antiserum, part 4 
David W. Oates 
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 
Debra L. Weigel 
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother 
 Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons 
Oates, David W. and Weigel, Debra L., "BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND 
MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, 
Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 4" (1976). Other Publications in Wildlife Management. 11. 
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/11 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Wildlife 
Management by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 
I
00
0"1I
A1PhaR or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetaGlobul'in
Globulins
Globuli s
U'-'"Ifk I{'-'"
u~lP" I{~D~ B* R*0* B* R*0* B* R*
Horse Serum
wwww ww
Dry BloodMeat
w
_ •...:~.•...• t=----~ -. ---

I
co
coI
A1Phag or
A1Pha& or
Gamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp 1a1BetGlobulin
Globulins
Globuli s
0* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*
Human Serum
wwxw w w
Dry Blood
wW \'1 W

I
U)
C>I
A1Pha~ or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp a1Beta
Globulin
Globulins
Globul s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*U"K l"K I{"K
Mlnk Serum
wx wws sx
Dry Blood
xx ws
Meat
w xw
-.•.••..., --~...

I
\0NI
A1PhaR or
A1Pha& or
Gamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetGlobulin
Globulins
Globuli s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*0* B* R*0 B* R*
Opossum Serum
ww
Dry Blood
w
Meat
"'---

.1 .....\0
""'"
1
A1PhaR or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetaGlobulin
Globulins
Globuli s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*
Plg
Serum
xx xw xs s
Dry Blood
xww
Meat
W
[C'.~""';'.\..
~ ..• ~~

I
I.DmI
A1PhaR or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetaGlobulin
Globulins
Globuli s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*
Porcuplne Serum
xwww w
Dry Blo0d
wx w
Meat
x
-

I
to
coI
A1PhaR or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetaGlobulin
Globulins
Globul s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*
Pralrie Dog Serum
wwx w ws w
Dry Blood
xw
Meat

I-'ooI
A1PhaR or
AlphaZ orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp al
BetaGlobulin
Globulins
Globul'lns
D* S* R*
0* B* R*D* B* RAD* B* R*D
Raccoon Serum
wx ws ww x
Dry Blood
s s
Meat
xws

I
... --- ~
v'''~I
A1PhaR or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetaGlobulin
Globulins
Globuli s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*
Big Horn Sheep Serum
ww, xx ss s s
Dry Blood
wsw ws w x
Meat
xx
---" - --.

I--'
C>
-t::>I
A1Phag or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetaGlobulin
Globulins
Globuli s
·IJ:K 81<" I{*
[)* B* Kit1]* B* I{*D B* R*D* B* R*
Domestic Sheep Serum
xxw S5W SS Ss
Dry Blood
wxw ws
Meat
x x
-

I--'
C>
Q)I
A1Phag or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre~Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetaGlobulin
Globulins
Globul s
D* B* R*
0* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*D*
Strl ped Skunk Serum
wx wws wx
Dry Blood
xx sw
Meat
x

I-'o
ex>I
A1Pha~ or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre~Albumin
Albu inAlp la1BetaGlobulin
G1obul'ins
G obul s
0* B* R*
0* B* R*0* B* R*0 B* R*
Fox Squlrre1 Serum
wx w
Dry Blood
w
Meat
-
-

DISCUSSION
Oates et a1. (1974) covered the historical development of immuno diffu~ion
and immunoelectrophoresis techniques and the application of several techniques
for law enforcement purposes.
1, Observations using deer antiserum
A simple scanning of Table 4 would indicate that at least a minor cross-reaction
was observed for each species examined in this study, The notab~e exceptions are jack
rabbit and cottontail, The absence of reactions in these instances may be due to the
host, since domestic rabbit was used to prepare the antiserum, The only other cases
where there were apparently no cross reactions occurred when deer antiserum reacted with
opossum and domestic cat, If an arc should have been observed, an albumin would be
expected for opossum and an alpha2 or beta globulin for domestic cat, Several other
observations from Table 4 are also worthy to note:
The precipitin reaction discovered by Kraus in 1897 was a forerunner to the
techniques used in this study, At the time,precipitin reaction was considered
very specific. This specificity was mistakenly verified by Tchistovitch (1899) in
his comparison of horse and ass serum verses horse antiserum, In theory~ he
shouldn!t even have been able to distinguish between the two with his techniques,
as pointed out by Boyden (1942),
Bordet (1899) found that antisera was not necessarily specific when fowl-
antisera reacted with pigeon serum. Myers (1900) found that sheep antiserum reacted
with cow serum, but not as strongly as with sheep serum, Nuttall (1901) determined
that human antiserum reacted only with the bloods of other primates, These initial
studies led to the use of this technique for both law enforcement (Gay, 1908;
Clarke, 1914; and Borhn and Korschgen, 1950) and taxonomic purposes. Boyden (1942)
gave a good early taxonomic review of the technique, covering its use in systematic
serology,
Findings on the 26 mammals tested in the current study are presented in Table 2
and consolidated in Table 4, which designates a protein component w"ith an IIXII if
it was found in any of the representative samples (serum, dry blood, or meat).
Deer, bovine and raccoon antisera were tested to determine both the type and degree
of cross reaction with various species, Mammalian antisera did not cross-react
with any avian species tested, nor did they cross-react with snapping turtle, catfish
or carp serum,
!
!
I
!
!
I
JI
{
{
j
a,
b,
c.
d,
Only alphaO or alphal globulin arcs were observed for badger,
beaver, human, mink, and fox squirrel;.
Only alpha2 or beta globulin arcs were observed for bobcat
and raccoon;
Pre-albumins were observed only with these ungulates--deer,
elk, pig, big horn sheep, and domestic sheep, Albumin,
alphaO or alphal globulines, alpha2 or beta globulins, and
gamma globulin arcs were also observed for these species;
Only in the ungulates were albumin, alphan or alpha" alphaZor beta globulin, and gamma globulin all Observed,
-111-
Table 4. Synopsis of mammalian observations. 1
Anti-Deer Anti-Bovine Anti -Raccoon
r-
ro
..c::0.
r-
c::r:
~U1
e I o,~
.,..... Or--
E ro::3
::3 ..c ...CI
~ I ;:::::.
c::r:!c::r:~,
x II
<I x I
-. I
I x I'
I x !I X !I
X !II
X !
I
x
x
x i x
i
I x
i
x I
!
I
x x
X i X
X IX
x
I
II
: I x
x I X
x !
i
X I
X
x
x
x
x
II
I
i
X :
x I
xi
x :
!I
I
x
x
x
x
X ,
x !I
X ;!
X '
x !
j
x
x
x
x
x,
, x
X
i X
X
X
X
X
X
X
J
i x
i x
i X :
j X
j X
X
X
X
x
x
XX
x
X
X
X
X
c:'r-
;
;
X f
II
I,Ii,
X i
x J X
X I X
I
I
r-
::3
~U1I-go e i r-
or- I ~
c:--l- I
ro::3jro
..c::...CIIE0.0 , E
~~~ I x
: I
x i x
x i
x ; Xi
!
or-
x I
x II
X !I
xl
x !
x ;
x I
x I
~ I
x Ii
X !;
X !
!,
x f
x i,
x !I
j
I
Il
X !I
~ I
xl
x i!ii
0-
ro::3
..c:: ...CI0.0
r- r-
c::r:~
r-
ro
..c::0.
r-
c::r:
~U1oe
x (
x !
x i
x I
Ii
I
xl
x I
I
I
!
I
!
x
x
x
x ;
x
I x
x I x
I
x
x
e
E
::3
...CI e
r- 'r-
c::r: E
I ::3
QJ ...CI
~ r-
a.. c::r:
'r-
x x
x
x
x
x I x
xl x
x I x
I
\
x !
x I x
!
x I x
x i xi
X ! x
x ; XI
X : x
x I x
x I x
i
!
,,
e'r-
r-
::3
...CI
~U11 0
oelr-'r- ~c:-- -
ro::3lro
..c::...CI1E
0.0 Er- r- ro
c::r:~ ~
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
!
x !
X I
x
x
x
x I
.X
x
x
x
x
x
~I
x jX I
I
I
x I
x I
X I
I
x
x
x
E
::3
...CI
r-
c::r:I
QJ~
a..
'r-e
Antelope
""Badger
Beaver
,Bobcat
I Buffa 10
-Cat (Domestic)
Cow
I~Coyote
Deer I x
Qog
El k I x
Red Fox
Horse
Human
Mink
Opossum
Pi g I x
Porcupine
'Prairie Dog
Rabbit
Cottonta il
Jack Rabbit
Raccoon
Big Horn sheepi xDomestic Sheep x
Striped .Skunk
Fox Squirrel
-112-
2. Observations using bovine antiserum
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Only alphaO or alphal globulin arcs were observed for beaver,
coyote,dog, porcupine, and fox squirrel;
Only an albumin arc was observed for opossum;
With the exception of opossum, an alphaO or alphal globulin
was observed in all species examined;
With the exception of red fox, a gamma globulin arc was
observed only in ungulates;
Pre-albumins were only observed with the same five ungulates
that gave a pre-albumin with deer antiserum (deer, elk, pig,
big horn sheep, and domestic sheep). Albumin, alphaQ or alphal
globulins, alpha2 or beta globulins and gammaglobu11n arcs were
also observed, as they were with deer antiserum;
f.
Only in the ungulates were albumin, alphaO or alpha, globulin,.alpha2 or beta globulin, and gammaglobulln all observed.
3. Observations using raccoon antiserum
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Only an albumin arc was observed for beaver, horse, and opossum;
Only a beta globulin was observed for fox squirrel;
Only an albumin arc was observed for beaver, horse, and
opossum;
An alphaO or alphal globulin was observ.edfor\all species exceptbeaver, norse, opossum, porcupine, and fox squirrel;
No pre-albumins were observed with any species;
f.
t
t
f
rI
With the exception of a gamma globulin arc for pig and an
alpha2 or beta globulin arc for domestic sheep, ungulates
did not give an alpha2, beta, or gamma globulin arc;
g. Albumin, alphaO or alphal globulin, alpha2 or beta globulin, and
gamma globulin were observed in badger, bobcat, coyote, dog,
red fox, mink, raccoon and striped skunk.
As could be expected, species within the order Carnivora showed the greatest
similarity to raccoon. Mammals within the order Artiodactyla showed the greatest
similarity to deer and cow. Using raccoon antiserum, raccoon can be differentiated
--113-
from the other species examined. Using deer antiserum. deer could be differentiated
from all the species examined except elk. Using bovine antiserum, cow could be
differentiated from all the species examined except buffalo.
Boyden (1926 and 1942) and Wolfe (1939a and 1939b) used the precipitin test to
determine animal relationships. Some of their antisera were found to cross-react
with many of the species tested. Red and gray squirrel antiserum reacted strongly
with several species of squirrel but slight reactions were observed against antigen
serum proteins of Artiodactyla and Primata (Wolfe 1939a). When using human antisera
cross-reactions were observed with antigen serum proteins of Artiodactyla and Carnivora
(Wolfe 1939a). Boyden (1942), using pig, sheep, and beef antiserum, found each
antiserum to react the strongest to its homologous antigen, but each also reacted to
a lesser degree with pig, beef, sheep, goat, horse, dog, human, and rat sera.
We, too, commonly observed some cross-reaction with most of the mammalian
species examined, using antiserum to deer, cow, and raccoon. For the most part, the
selected species could be differentiated from deer, cow, and raccoon. Exceptions
were distinguishing deer from elk and cow from buffalo. These mammals could
possibly have been differentiated by using absorption or dilution techniques.
However, methods, such as passive hemagglutination, use of starch gel or acrylamide
gel electrophoresis, or iso-electric focusing, may prove to be better techniques.
-114-


BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 4

Part 3 (pp. 56-85) Mammals (Figure 10) Antelope Badger Beaver Bobcat Buffalo Domestic Cat Cow Coyote White-Tailed Deer Dog  Elk  Red Fo

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Other Publications in Wildlife Management Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for January 1976 BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 3 David W. Oates Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Debra L. Weigel Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother  Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Oates, David W. and Weigel, Debra L., "BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 3" (1976). Other Publications in Wildlife Management. 10. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Wildlife Management by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Figure ZOo The foZZowing reproduetions iZZustrate mammaZian eross-reaetion patterns obtained from deer~ bovine~ andraeeoon antiserum~using immunoeZeetrophoresis and immuno diffusion. TabZe 2 summarizesimmunoeZeetrophoresis eross-reaetions~ whiZe TabZe 3 summarizes thosewith immuno diffusion. TabZe 4 gives a synopsis of mammaZian reaetions.Speeies ineZuded in the study are Zisted beZow.MAMMALSAntelopeBadgerBeaverBobcatBuffaloDomestic CatCowCoyoteWhite-tailed DeerDogEl kRed FoxHorseHumanMinkOpossumPigPorcupinePrairie DogCottontail RabbitJack RabbitRaccoonBig Horn SheepDomestic SheepStriped SkunkFox SquirrelAntiZoeapra amerieanaTaxidea ta:x:usCastor eanadensisLynx rufusBison bisonFe Zis eatusBos taurusCanis ZatransOdoeoiZeus virginianusCanis fami ZiarisCervus eanadensisVuZpes vuZpesEquus eabaZ ZusHomo sapiensMusteZa visonDide Zphis marsupiaZisSus serofaErethizon dorsatumCynomys ZudovieianusSyZviZagus j10ridanusLepus eaZifornieusProcyon ZotorOvis eanadensisOvis ariesMephitis mephitisSeiurus niger-56-I11I(J"J'-II---Table 2.Over 1,400 immunoelectrophoresis patterns are summarized here.To s gregate proteincomponents, the immunoelectrophoretogram was divided into five areas: (1) pre-albumin, (2) albumin,(3) alphaO and alpha, globulins, (4) alpha2 and beta globulins, and (5) gammaglobulins. Alpha2 andbeta globulins were combined, since it is sometimes difficult to determine whether the apex of an arcis anodic or cathodic to the sample origin.Observations are indicated as follows: x = a commonlyobse ved protein arc; s = se ral commonly obs rved protein arcs; w = a weak or n t always obs rvablearc; ws = several weak or not lways observable arcs; blank = no arcs observed.AlphaO orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlphalBetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobulinsD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*Antelope Seruxxw ss s xDry BloodMeatxBadgerww ws wDry BloodIwMeatxxsxBeaver Dry BloodwMeat Bobcatxwx xwuffa 10sDom s ic Catry loodt C wl*D: deer; B: bovine; R: raccoonI()1coITable 2. ContinuedA1Pha~ orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbuminA1ph 1BetaGlobulinGlobullnsGlo linsD* B* R*D* B* R*D* * R*Coyote Serumwx wx wsDry BloodswMeatxDeerxw ss s xDry BloodwMeatDogr ls ws wEl kW 5S Xr lxxRed FoxswD y BloodwxtwHorsewDry BloodMeatwHumanr lwMinkxx sOpossum Dry BloodMeatPigwIU11.0ITable 2. ContinuedAlphaO orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbuminAlphalBetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlo lins.D* B* R*D* B* R*D* * R*Porcupine Serumxw ww wDry Bloodwx wMeatxPrairie Dogx ws w wMeat Raccoonws xDry BloodwsMeatwsBig Horn SheepVolxs s sD y BloodwsMeatxDom stic Sheep100dx xStriped Skunkx xxW IMeatFox Squirr lwwDry BloodwTable 3.Approxlmately 1~200 lmmuno-diffuSlon patterns are summa-rized here.Observations are indicated as follows:N = no reaction;P = possible reaction; F = faint cross-reaction; 0 = definite cross-reaction.Dashed lines show several possibilities were observed orexpected. DeerBovineR ccoonNP F0NPF0Antelope Serumxxx--xDry BloodMeat)(Badgerx--x--x xDry BloodMeatBeaver---xu x--xMeatBobcatuffaloury lx---xDom s ic CatuCowX u Xtx--xxC yote---xry leatD er D oodeaxgX uEl k BlM t--xx-----xRed FoxD l oduxMx---60-(!!I!!!II!fTable 3. Continued.DeerBovineRaccoonNpFD NP0 NHorse SerumXu Xx-----xuxDry Bloodx xMeatHuman ,xx--xry looduMinkxDry BloodMeatOpossum,Pigu-xX'ux -----orcupinex--x xMeaturairie DogxCotton ai RabbitJack Rabblt·Raccoon--", Dry Blood81g H rn SheepxuDo estic luuxStn pe SkunkDry BloodeatF x Squirrel rx- --xUXr lt--61-I(J)NIA1PhaR orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlnhillirisGlobulins0* B* R*D* B* R*0* B* R*0 B* R*0Antelope.Serumxxw ss s xDry BloodMeatxI0'\.p-I......~.,; A1PhaR orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlebulinsGlobul sD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*Badger Serumwx ww wws wDry BloedwMeatxx sx-I(j)(j)IA1PhaH orA1Pha~ orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetGlobulinGlobulinsGlobul s0* B* R*0* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*DBeaver-.- ~~,-'..'Serumxwx wDry BloodwMeat -''''~-''--I0)OJIA1PhaR orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobul sD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*Bobcat Serumwx x wws x xDry loodx wMeatxI......•C>IA1Pha~ orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp a~BetaGlobulinGlobuli sGlobul sD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*BuffaloSerumxxw ss sxDry BloodsMeatw xI-......JNIA1PhaR orA1Pha& orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetGlobulinGlobulinsGlobul sD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*W·W-Domestic CatSerumxws xxDry Bl odw wwMeatI-.....s~II A1Phag orIAlpha2 orGammaPre-A 1bum'lnAlbu inAlp alBetGlobu inGlobul'insGlobuli sD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*1J"iI: B"iI: *Cow SerumxxW 5S S xDry Bloodss sMeatw w x5 XX-I'-I0)IA1PhaA orIAlpha2 or GammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp a,BetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobuli sD* B* R*D* B* R*0* B* R*0 B* R*0Coyote Serumwx wx ws wDry BloodswMeatx,\I•.....•0:>IA1PhaR orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlobulinsG obuli sD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*Deer Serumxxw ss s xDry BloodwMeatw sI(X)oIA1PhaH orA1Pha~ orGammaPre=AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetGlobulinGlobulin~Globul s0* B* R*D* B* R*0* B* R*D B* R*DogSerumwx'"ws ws wDry Bloodwws wsMeatx wIcoNIA1Pha~ orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobul s0* B* R*0* B* R*0* B* R*0 B* R*13Elk Serumxxw ss s xDry BloodxMeatx sIco~IA1Phag orAlpha2 orGammaPre=AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlobul'!nsGlobuli s0* B* R*0* B* R*0* B* R*0 B* R*Red Fox Serumwx ss wws s wDry Bloodww xMeat~

BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 3

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Other Publications in Wildlife Management Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for January 1976 BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 5 David W. Oates Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Debra L. Weigel Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother  Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Oates, David W. and Weigel, Debra L., "BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 5" (1976). Other Publications in Wildlife Management. 12. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Wildlife Management by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. LITERATURE CITEDAdorjan, A. S. and G. B. Kolenosky. 1969. A Manual for the identification ofhairs of selected Ontario mammals. Research Report (Wildlife) No. 90. Dept.of Lands and Forests.Ashton, G. C, 1958a. Beta-globulin polymorphism in cattle, sheep and goats.Science 182:945.Ashton, G. C. 1958&~ Serum protein variations in horses. Nature 182:1029.Bandy, P. J" W. D.Kitts, A. J. Wood, and I. McT. Cowanjage and the plane of nutrition on the blooe chemistryBlack-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus).Zool. 35:283.1957. The effect ofof the ColumbianCanadian Jour,{tf{(jBoyden, A. A. 1926. The precipitin reaction in the study of human relationshipsBio1. Bul1. 50: 73.Boyden, A. A. 1942. Systematic serology: a critical appreciation. Phys. Zool.15(2): 109.Brohn, A, and L. J. Korschgen. 1950. Precipitin test---a useful tool in game lawenforcement. Trans. of the 15th North American Wildlife Conference. p. 467.Chapman, J. A. and R. P. Morgan II. 1973. Systematic status of the cottontailcomplex in western Maryland and nearby West Virginia. Wildlife Monogr., 36.Clarke, F. D. 1914. Forensic value of the precipitin test in the enforcement of. game laws in California. Univ. of Cal. Publ. in Path., 2: 131.Cowan, I. McT., and P. A. Johnston. 1962. Blood serum protein variation at thespecies and subspecies level in deer of the genus Odocoileus, SY50 Zool,II(3):131.Crowle, A. J. 1961 and 1973. Immunodiffusion. Academic Press~ New York.Cumm1ng~~E. W. 1972. Techniques of game law enforcement using starch gelelectrophoresis. Masters Thesis, Univ. of Ca. at Davis.Delfaco, R. J. 1940. A serological study of some avian relationships.Ph.D Thesis. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J.Gay, F. P. 1908. A contribution to the forensic value of the musculo-precipitintest. J. Med. Res. 19(1): 219.Gebott, M. D. 1973. Microzone R Electrophoresis Manual. Beckman Instruments Inc.Fu 11erton, Ca.Gilbert, B. M. 1973. Mammalian osteo-archeology: North America. Specialpublications. Missouri Archeological Society, Columbia, Mo.":115-Grabart P. and P. Burtin. 1964, Immuno-electrophoretic Analysis, ElsevierPublishing CO,t New York, p, 97.Haywardt B. J, and R. Augustin, 1957,assay of antigens and antibodies,Quantitative gel diffusion methods forInt, Arch, AllergYt 11 :192,Hurlbut, H. S, and B. Weitz, 1956, Some observations on the bionomics of thecommon mosquitoes of the Nile delta, Am. J, Trap. Med. & Hyg., 5: 901,Kraus, R. 1897, Ueber specifische reaktionen in keimfrien Fitraten aus Cholera,Typhus, und Pestbouillonculturen, erzeug durch homologous serum. Wien,klin, Wchnschr., 10: 736.Lawrence, B. 1951, Post-cranial skeletal characteristics of deer, pronghorn andsheep-goatt with notes on Bos and Bison, Papers of the Peabody Museum ofArcheology and Ethnology 35(3), Part II Harvard.Manlove, M, N" J. C, Arise, H, 0, Hillestad, P. R. Ramsey, M. H. Smith and D, O.Straney. 1975. Starch gel electrophoresis for the study of population geneticsin white-tailed deer presented at 29th Annual Conference of the SoutheasternAssociation of Game and Fish Commissioners, St, Louis, Mo.Moore, T. D.t L, E, Spence, and C, Eo Dugnolle. 1974, Identification of the dorsalguard hairs of some mammals of Wyoming. Wyoming Game and Fish Department,Bulletin No, 14, Laramie.Myers, M. 1900, Experiments upon the new specific test for blood. Preliminarynote. Brit. Med. Jour., 1: 1141,Nuttall t G, H. F. 1904, Blood immunity and blood relationship, CambridgeUniversity Press.Oates, D, W., C. W, Brown, and D. L. Weigel, 1974, Blood and tissue identificationof selected birds and mammals, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, JPRStudy XII, Project W-38-R, Lincoln, Nebr,Olsen, S, J. 1964, Mammal remains from archeological sitest Part II. Harvardtsoutheastern and southwestern United States, Papers of the Peabody Museumof Archeology and Ethnology 56(1).Reeves, W. C. and W. McD. Hammon, 1944, Feeding habits of the proven andpossible mosquito vectors of Western equine and St, Louis encephalitis inYakima Valley, Washington, Am. J. Trop. Med. 24: 131,Scheiffarth, D., H, Goty, and K. Soergel,on heterologous precipitin reaction,Immunology. 10(2):82,1957. Immunoelectrophoretic studiesInternational Arch, Allergy and Appl.Seal, U,S" J, J, Ozega, A, W, Ericksont and L, J, Verme. 1972. Effects ofimmobilization on blood analysis of white-tailed deer, J, Wildl, Manage.36(4):1034.-116-Sibley, C. S. and H. T. Hendrickson. 1970, A comparative electrophoretic studyof avian plasma proteins, Condor 72(1): 43.Sisson, S. and J. D. Grossman. 1953. The anatomy of the domestic mammals. W. B.Saunders and Company, Philadelphia, Pa. 4th Edition.Tchistovitch, Th. 1899, Etudes sur 1 'immunization contre le serum d!anguilles.Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 13: 406.Tempelis, C. H. and W. C. Reeves, 1962. The production of a specific antiserumto bird serum. Am. J. of Tropical Med. and Hyg. 11 :294.Thompson, S., J. F. Foster, J. W. Gowen, and 0, E. Tauher. 1954. Hereditarydifferences in serum proteins of normal mice. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. andMed, 87:315.Tiselius, A. 1937. Electrophoresis of serum globulin 11. Electrophoretic analysisof normal and immune sera. Biochem. J. 31 :1464.VanTets, P. and I. McT. Cowan. 1966. Some sources of variation in the bloodsera of deer (Odocoileus) as revealed ,by starch gel electrophoresis. Can.J. Zool. 44:631.Wetter, L. R., M. Cohn, and N. F. Deutsch. 1952. Immunological studies of eggwhi te protei ns. J. Immun. 69: 109.Williams, M. Co, B. Weitz and G. A. H. McClelland. 1958. Natural hosts of somespecies of Taeniorhynchus Lynch-Arribalzaga (Diptera, Culicidae) collected inUganda, as determined by the precipitin test. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.,52: 186.Wolfe, H. R. 1939a. Standardization of the precipitin technique and its applicationto studies of relationships in mammals, birds and reptiles. Biol. Bull.76: 108•Wolfe, H. R. 1939b. Serologic relationships among bovidae and cervidae. Zoologica24: 309.Wright, C. A. (ed.). 1974. Biochemical and Immunological Taxonomy of Animals.Academic Press London and New York. p. 427.-117-APPENDIXSwelljell*To prepare Swelljell, dissolve 13,64 grams of acrylamide and 0,368 gm, ofbis-acrylamide in 198 milliliters distilled water, To that solution, add 2 ml,of 7% ammonium persulfate and 0,5 ml, of N, N, N', N!--Tetramethylenediamine(TEMED). Place mixture in a breaker, cover, and allow to solidify, Cut intosmall pieces, thinly spread on a glass plate, and allow to dehydrate,*Courtesy of Nebraska Wesleyan University, Lincoln, Nebraska,-118-III

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Other Publications in Wildlife Management Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for January 1976 BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 2 David W. Oates Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Debra L. Weigel Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother  Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Oates, David W. and Weigel, Debra L., "BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 2" (1976). Other Publications in Wildlife Management. 9. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Wildlife Management by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Figure 9. The following reproductions illustrate avian cross-reaction patterns obtained from chicken antiserum and mallard duckantiserum, using immunoelectrophoresis and immuno diffusion. Table1 summarizes immunoelectrophoresis cross-reactions. Species includedin the study are listed below.BIRDSChickenCootCrowMourning DoveMa11ard DuckGolden EagleSnow GooseEared GrebeRed-tailed HawkGreat Horned OwlWhite PelicanRing-necked PheasantPigeonPrairie ChickenBobwhite QuailMerriam's Turkey-19-Gallus gallusFulica americanaCorvus brachyrhynchosZenaidura macouraAnas platyrhynchosAquila chrysaetosChen hyperboreaPodiceps caspicusButeo jamaicensisBubo virginianuspelecanus erythrorhynchosPhasianus colchicusColumba liviaTympanuchus cupidoColinus virginianusMeleagris gallopavotITable 1,Over 700 immunoelectrophoresis patterns are summarized here.I1To segregate protein components! the immunoelectrophoretogram wasdivided into five areas: (1) pre-albumin, (2) albumin, (3) alpha andI\alphal globulins, (4) alpha2 and beta globulins (sometimes it is ~iff1-cult to determine whether the apex of an arc is anodic or cathodic tothe sample origin, therefore, th se two components were combined),II(5) gamma globulins,Observations are indicat d as follows:x = a com only bserved protein arcs = everal commonly obse ved ot in arcsw a we k ot lw ys observable arc 1ws = several weak or not always observable arcs blank = o arcs observedPre-albuminAlbu inAlphaoAlpha2Gamma 1andandGlobulinAlphalBetaGlobullnsGlobulins}C*M* C*M*C* C*C*ChickenSeruxx xx s ssIxDry Bloodw s. xwMeatxw xxCootmx5 XwlwwtxxrowI IxI lis wwwMourni g D v wDry Blood wI xxallard Duck s wG lden Eagle x wSn Goose IIs Is w wea wsx-20-{l{,.Table 1.ContinuedPre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2Gammaanda dGlobulinAlpha1BetaGlobullnsGlobulinsC*M* -,c*M*CM* C*C*Eared GrebeSerumxxx wws ssDry Blood, ww wwMeatw w xRed- Ta i1ed Hawkx wss wr lww x wGreat-Horned Owlxx xwWhite PelicanxX'vI W X xRing-neck dPheasantSerumsxsPig ooodwairie ChickenswBobwhi te QuailBlwxMe !'~\iam~sTurkey's.,*C: chicken; M: mallard duck-21-Pre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2GammaandandGlobulinAlpha1BetaGlobullnsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*"'.ChickenSerumxx xx s ss xDry Bloodw swMeatxw x-22-rJt11111)}J1I\jI!I1Pre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2GammaandandIGlobul inAlpha,BetaGlobullnsGl obuli nsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*Coot. Serumxx xx xs xwwDry Bloodxw wMeatxxx-24-Pre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2GammaandandGlobulinAlphalBetaGlobulinsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*CrowSerumxx x ss wDry Bloodwx xw w wsMeatxw wx,-26-t11111}I\!IPre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2GammaandandGlobulinAlphalBetaGlobulinsGlobulinsC*M* C*M* C*Mourning DoveSerumwx ss sDry Bloodxw xMeatww x-28-Pre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2GammaandandGlobul inAlphalBetaGlobulinsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*Ma11ard DuckSerumxx xx xs sSIXDry Bloodwws wwsMeatxw xx-30-fIIJ1JI}1II!!IjIl!1IPre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2Gamma,andandGlobul inAlphalBetaGlobulinsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*Golden EagleSerumww xx xs xwwDry BloodwMeatxw x-32-Pre-albuminAlbumin' Al phaoAlpha2,Gammaandand'GlobulinAlphalBetaGlobulinsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*Snow Goose"Serum wxxx s ss wDry Bloodx ww xMeatx wsw-34-rIII1I111Pre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2GammaandandGlobulinAlphalBetaGlobulinsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*Eared GrebeSerumxxx wws ssDry Bloodww wwMeatw x-36-I}JJ!IjPre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2GammaandandGlobulinAlpha,BetaGlobulinsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*Red- Ta il ed HawkSerumxxx xs wss wDry BloodwwwMeatwx w-38-frIIIII!I!I!!.IIPre-albuminAlbuminAlphaAlphaZGammaand 0andGlobul inAlphalBetaGlobulinsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*Great-Horned OwSerumxx xx xs xwDry Bloodw wwMeatw w-40-~I!IIIiIIIIiPre-albuminAlbumin -AlphaoAlpha2GammaandandGlobulinAlphalBetaGlobulinsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*White PelicanSerumxx xx x x xDry Bloodwxw wMeatxw w-42-r-IIrtI\IPre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2GammaandandGlobulinAlpha1BetaGlobullnsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*!,Ring-necked PheasantSerumxx xx ss sxDry Bloodww wMeatxw x-44-IIIiIIIjI!IPre-albuminAlbuminAlphaAlpha2Gammaand 0andGlobulinAlphalBetaGlobullnsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*PigeonSerumxxx xs swwDry BloodwxMeatw. -46-IlIPre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2GammaandandGlobulinAlpha,BetaGlobullnsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*Prairie ChickenSerumxxx ss sxDry Bloodwx x sw wMeatxw-48-rIfIJ1fItII, I1tIIJPre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2GammaandandGlobulinAlpha,BetaGlobullnsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*Bobwhite QuailSerumxx xx ss sxwDry Bloodwww wMeatwxx-50-rfI1J1I1II~I1!--Pre-albuminAlbuminAlphaoAlpha2GammaandandGlobulinAlphalBetaGlobulinsGlobulinsC*M* C*M*C* C*C*~" Merriam'sTurkeySerumxx xw ss sxxDry Bloodxww wMeatxw s-" ------------.-52-ffJfI1}JI1I!DISCUSSIONAvian cross reactions will be covered in less detail then thosefor mammals, since all avian species cross-reacted with chicken andmallard antisera. Although strong cross reactions occur when chickenand mallard antisera are employed, both chicken and mallard can stillbe segregated from other avian species examined in this study.Several early investigators, using the precipitin reaction, foundthat their rabbit-produced antisera also cross-reacted with severalbird species (Reeves and Hammon, 1944; Williams et al., 1958). Hurlbutand Weitz (1958) found their antiserum reacted with all the tested birdserums. Tempelis and Reeves (1962) found chicken-produced antiserumto be more species specific than rabbit-produced antiserum, butsensitivity was still dependent upon the individual chicken producingthe antiserum.Defalco (1940) stated, liThe fact that the sera of members of thevarious orders of birds reacted with most of the precipitating antiserais a strong indication of the chemical similarity of all birds".birdsare the most homogeneous class of vertibrates both morphologically andserologically, II Even earlier, Nuttall (1904) stated there was "a similarityof the blood constitution of all birds, II Sibley and Hendrickson (1970). came to a similar conclusion when using starch gel electrophoresis toexamine approximately 1,500 specimens, representing 450 species ofbirds. They concluded that their comparisons revealed a high degree ofindividual variation superimposed upon what seemed to be a common basicpattern. Once the taxonomically nonsignificant variation was eliminatedfrom the patterns, they found a remarkable similarity in all birds. Thetaxonomically nonsignificant variations include genetic polymorphism andpossibly age, sex, condition of health, degree of starvation, reproductiveconditions, and perhaps others.In our study, both chicken and mallard antisera cross-reacted withall avian species ~ested, No cross reactions were observed with any ofthe mammals examined. Similar observations were noted when snappingturtle, carp, and catfish were tested against chicken and mallardantisera, However, chicken antiserum has cross-reacted with snappingturtle (Wolfe, 1939).Table I points out protein components observed in the immunoelectro-phoresis patterns, For most species one or more arcs were evident foreach protein component. Of the species examined, deviations occurredonly in mourning dove and snow goose. No gamma globulin arc was observedfor either snow goose or mourning dove when reacted with chicken antiserum.However, gamma globulin arcs were often difficult to discern since theleading edge of the precipitin arc was very weak.Even though a blank may be shown in Table I for a particular proteincomponent, it does not preclude the possibility of that arc appearing insome future test. For example, great-horned owl displayed a weak gammaglobulin arc for both serum and meat when using chicken antiserum, Agamma globulin arc would also be expected for dry blood but was notobserved. Since the antibodies were produced to serum, one would alsoexpect a protein component observed in dry blood or meat to occur inserum unless certain protein constitutents were chemically altered.-55-

University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln 
Other Publications in Wildlife Management Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for 
January 1976 
BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND 
MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and 
Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard 
Duck Antiserum, part 3 
David W. Oates 
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 
Debra L. Weigel 
Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother 
 Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons 
Oates, David W. and Weigel, Debra L., "BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND 
MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, 
Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 3" (1976). Other Publications in Wildlife Management. 10. 
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/10 
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at 
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Wildlife 
Management by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 
Figure ZOo The foZZowing reproduetions iZZustrate mammaZian eross-
reaetion patterns obtained from deer~ bovine~ andraeeoon antiserum~
using immunoeZeetrophoresis and immuno diffusion. TabZe 2 summarizes
immunoeZeetrophoresis eross-reaetions~ whiZe TabZe 3 summarizes those
with immuno diffusion. TabZe 4 gives a synopsis of mammaZian reaetions.
Speeies ineZuded in the study are Zisted beZow.
MAMMALS
Antelope
Badger
Beaver
Bobcat
Buffalo
Domestic Cat
Cow
Coyote
White-tailed Deer
Dog
El k
Red Fox
Horse
Human
Mink
Opossum
Pig
Porcupine
Prairie Dog
Cottontail Rabbit
Jack Rabbit
Raccoon
Big Horn Sheep
Domestic Sheep
Striped Skunk
Fox Squirrel
AntiZoeapra amerieana
Taxidea ta:x:us
Castor eanadensis
Lynx rufus
Bison bison
Fe Zis eatus
Bos taurus
Canis Zatrans
OdoeoiZeus virginianus
Canis fami Ziaris
Cervus eanadensis
VuZpes vuZpes
Equus eabaZ Zus
Homo sapiens
MusteZa vison
Dide Zphis marsupiaZis
Sus serofa
Erethizon dorsatum
Cynomys Zudovieianus
SyZviZagus j10ridanus
Lepus eaZifornieus
Procyon Zotor
Ovis eanadensis
Ovis aries
Mephitis mephitis
Seiurus niger
-56-
I
1
1
I
(J"J'-II
---
Table 2.Over 1,400 immunoelectrophoresis patterns are summarized here.To s gregate protein
components, the immunoelectrophoretogram was divided into five areas: (1) pre-albumin, (2) albumin,(3) alphaO and alpha, globulins, (4) alpha2 and beta globulins, and (5) gammaglobulins. Alpha2 andbeta globulins were combined, since it is sometimes difficult to determine whether the apex of an arcis anodic or cathodic to the sample origin.
Observations are indicated as follows: x = a commonly
obse ved protein arc; s = se ral commonly obs rved protein arcs; w = a weak or n t always obs rvablearc; ws = several weak or not lways observable arcs; blank = no arcs observed.
AlphaO or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlphalBetaGlobulin
Globulins
Globulins
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*
Antelope Seru
xxw ss s x
Dry BloodMeat
x
Badger
ww ws w
Dry Blood
Iw
Meat
xxsx
Beaver Dry Blood
w
Meat Bobcat
xwx xw
uffa 10
s
Dom s ic Catry loodt C wl*D: deer; B: bovine; R: raccoon
I
()1
coI
Table 2. Continued
A1Pha~ or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
AlbuminA1ph 1
BetaGlobulin
Globullns
Glo lins
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* * R*
Coyote Serum
wx wx ws
Dry Blood
sw
Meat
x
Deer
xw ss s x
Dry Blood
w
MeatDogr l
s ws w
El k
W 5S X
r l
xx
Red Fox
sw
D y Blood
wx
t
w
Horse
w
Dry BloodMeat
w
Humanr l
w
Mink
xx s
Opossum Dry BloodMeatPig
w
I
U1
1.0I
Table 2. Continued
AlphaO or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
AlbuminAlphalBetaGlobulin
Globulins
Glo lins
.
D* B* R*D* B* R*D* * R*
Porcupine Serum
xw ww w
Dry Blood
wx w
Meat
x
Prairie Dog
x ws w w
Meat Raccoon
ws x
Dry Blood
ws
Meat
ws
Big Horn Sheep
Vol
xs s s
D y Blood
ws
Meat
x
Dom stic Sheep100d
x x
Striped Skunk
x xxW I
Meat
Fox Squirr l
ww
Dry Blood
w
Table 3.Approxlmately 1~200 lmmuno-diffuSlon patterns are summa-
rized here.
Observations are indicated as follows:N = no reaction;
P = possible reaction; F = faint cross-reaction; 0 = definite cross-reaction.
Dashed lines show several possibilities were observed or
expected. Deer
BovineR ccoon
NP F
0NPF0
Antelope Serum
xxx--x
Dry BloodMeat
)(
Badger
x--x--x x
Dry BloodMeatBeaver
---xu x--x
MeatBobcatuffalo
u
ry l
x---x
Dom s ic Cat
u
Cow
X u X
t
x--xx
C yote
---x
ry leatD er D oodea
x
g
X u
El k BlM t
--xx-----x
Red FoxD l od
ux
M
x--
-60-
(!
!
I
!
!
!
I
I
!
f
Table 3. Continued.
Deer
BovineRaccoon
N
pFD NP0 N
Horse Serum
Xu Xx-----xux
Dry Blood
x x
MeatHuman ,
xx--x
ry lood
u
Mink
x
Dry BloodMeatOpossum
,
Pig
u-xX'ux -----
orcupine
x--x x
Meat
u
rairie Dog
x
Cotton ai RabbitJack Rabblt
·
Raccoon
--", Dry Blood
81g H rn Sheep
xu
Do estic l
uux
Stn pe SkunkDry BloodeatF x Squirrel r
x- --xUX
r lt
-
-61-
I
(J)NI
A1PhaR or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetaGlobulin
Glnhilliris
Globulins
0* B* R*
D* B* R*0* B* R*0 B* R*0
Antelope
.
Serum
xxw ss s x
Dry BloodMeat
x

I
0'\
.p-I
......
~
.,
; A1PhaR orAlpha2 or
Gamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetaGlobulin
Glebulins
Globul s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*
Badger Serum
wx ww wws w
Dry Bloed
w
Meat
xx sx
-

I
(j)
(j)I
A1PhaH orA1Pha~ or
Gamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetGlobulin
Globulins
Globul s
0* B* R*
0* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*D
Beaver
-.- ~~,-'..'
Serum
xwx w
Dry Blood
w
Meat -''''~-''-
-

I
0)
OJI
A1PhaR or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetaGlobulin
Globulins
Globul s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*
Bobcat Serum
wx x wws x x
Dry lood
x w
Meat
x

I
......•
C>I
A1Pha~ or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu in
Alp a~
BetaGlobulin
Globuli s
Globul s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*
Buffalo
Serum
xxw ss sx
Dry Blood
s
Meat
w x

I
-......JNI
A1PhaR or
A1Pha& or
Gamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetGlobulin
Globulins
Globul s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*W·W-
Domestic Cat
Serum
xws xx
Dry Bl od
w ww
Meat

I
-.....s~I
I A1Phag or
I
Alpha2 or
Gamma
Pre-A 1bum'ln
Albu inAlp al
BetGlobu in
Globul'ins
Globuli s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*1J"iI: B"iI: *
Cow Serum
xxW 5S S x
Dry Blood
ss s
Meat
w w x5 XX
-

I'-I
0)I
A1PhaA or
IAlpha2 or GammaPre-Albumin
Albu inAlp a,
BetaGlobulin
Globulins
Globuli s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*0* B* R*0 B* R*0
Coyote Serum
wx wx ws w
Dry Blood
sw
Meat
x

,\
I
•.....•
0:>I
A1PhaR or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu in
Alp alBetaGlobulin
Globulins
G obuli s
D* B* R*
D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*
Deer Serum
xxw ss s x
Dry Blood
w
Meat
w s

I
(X)oI
A1PhaH or
A1Pha~ or
Gamma
Pre=Albumin
Albu inAlp al
BetGlobulin
Globulin~
Globul s
0* B* R*
D* B* R*0* B* R*D B* R*
Dog
Serum
wx'"ws ws w
Dry Blood
wws ws
Meat
x w

I
coNI
A1Pha~ or
Alpha2 orGamma
Pre-Albumin
Albu inAlp alBetaGlobulin
Globulins
Globul s
0* B* R*
0* B* R*0* B* R*0 B* R*13
Elk Serum
xxw ss s x
Dry Blood
x
Meat
x s

I
co~I
A1Phag or
Alpha2 orGamma
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University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Other Publications in Wildlife Management Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for January 1976 BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 4 David W. Oates Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Debra L. Weigel Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother  Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Oates, David W. and Weigel, Debra L., "BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 4" (1976). Other Publications in Wildlife Management. 11. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmother/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Other Publications in Wildlife Management by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. I000"1IA1PhaR orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobul'inGlobulinsGlobuli sU'-'"Ifk I{'-'"u~lP" I{~D~ B* R*0* B* R*0* B* R*Horse Serumwwww wwDry BloodMeatw_ •...:~.•...• t=----~ -. ---IcocoIA1Phag orA1Pha& orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp 1a1BetGlobulinGlobulinsGlobuli s0* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*Human Serumwwxw w wDry BloodwW \'1 WIU)C>IA1Pha~ orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp a1BetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobul sD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*U"K l"K I{"KMlnk Serumwx wws sxDry Bloodxx wsMeatw xw-.•.••..., --~...I\0NIA1PhaR orA1Pha& orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetGlobulinGlobulinsGlobuli sD* B* R*D* B* R*0* B* R*0 B* R*Opossum SerumwwDry BloodwMeat"'---.1 .....\0""'"1A1PhaR orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobuli sD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*PlgSerumxx xw xs sDry BloodxwwMeatW[C'.~""';'.\..~ ..• ~~II.DmIA1PhaR orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobuli sD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*Porcuplne Serumxwww wDry Blo0dwx wMeatx-ItocoIA1PhaR orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobul sD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*Pralrie Dog Serumwwx w ws wDry BloodxwMeatI-'ooIA1PhaR orAlphaZ orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobul'lnsD* S* R*0* B* R*D* B* RAD* B* R*DRaccoon Serumwx ws ww xDry Bloods sMeatxwsI... --- ~v'''~IA1PhaR orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobuli sD* B* R*D* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*Big Horn Sheep Serumww, xx ss s sDry Bloodwsw ws w xMeatxx---" - --.I--'C>-t::>IA1Phag orAlpha2 orGammaPre-AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobuli s·IJ:K 81<" I{*[)* B* Kit1]* B* I{*D B* R*D* B* R*Domestic Sheep Serumxxw S5W SS SsDry Bloodwxw wsMeatx x-I--'C>Q)IA1Phag orAlpha2 orGammaPre~AlbuminAlbu inAlp alBetaGlobulinGlobulinsGlobul sD* B* R*0* B* R*D* B* R*D B* R*D*Strl ped Skunk Serumwx wws wxDry Bloodxx swMeatxI-'oex>IA1Pha~ orAlpha2 orGammaPre~AlbuminAlbu inAlp la1BetaGlobulinG1obul'insG obul s0* B* R*0* B* R*0* B* R*0 B* R*Fox Squlrre1 Serumwx wDry BloodwMeat--DISCUSSIONOates et a1. (1974) covered the historical development of immuno diffu~ionand immunoelectrophoresis techniques and the application of several techniquesfor law enforcement purposes.1, Observations using deer antiserumA simple scanning of Table 4 would indicate that at least a minor cross-reactionwas observed for each species examined in this study, The notab~e exceptions are jackrabbit and cottontail, The absence of reactions in these instances may be due to thehost, since domestic rabbit was used to prepare the antiserum, The only other caseswhere there were apparently no cross reactions occurred when deer antiserum reacted withopossum and domestic cat, If an arc should have been observed, an albumin would beexpected for opossum and an alpha2 or beta globulin for domestic cat, Several otherobservations from Table 4 are also worthy to note:The precipitin reaction discovered by Kraus in 1897 was a forerunner to thetechniques used in this study, At the time,precipitin reaction was consideredvery specific. This specificity was mistakenly verified by Tchistovitch (1899) inhis comparison of horse and ass serum verses horse antiserum, In theory~ heshouldn!t even have been able to distinguish between the two with his techniques,as pointed out by Boyden (1942),Bordet (1899) found that antisera was not necessarily specific when fowl-antisera reacted with pigeon serum. Myers (1900) found that sheep antiserum reactedwith cow serum, but not as strongly as with sheep serum, Nuttall (1901) determinedthat human antiserum reacted only with the bloods of other primates, These initialstudies led to the use of this technique for both law enforcement (Gay, 1908;Clarke, 1914; and Borhn and Korschgen, 1950) and taxonomic purposes. Boyden (1942)gave a good early taxonomic review of the technique, covering its use in systematicserology,Findings on the 26 mammals tested in the current study are presented in Table 2and consolidated in Table 4, which designates a protein component w"ith an IIXII ifit was found in any of the representative samples (serum, dry blood, or meat).Deer, bovine and raccoon antisera were tested to determine both the type and degreeof cross reaction with various species, Mammalian antisera did not cross-reactwith any avian species tested, nor did they cross-react with snapping turtle, catfishor carp serum,!!I!!IJI{{ja,b,c.d,Only alphaO or alphal globulin arcs were observed for badger,beaver, human, mink, and fox squirrel;.Only alpha2 or beta globulin arcs were observed for bobcatand raccoon;Pre-albumins were observed only with these ungulates--deer,elk, pig, big horn sheep, and domestic sheep, Albumin,alphaO or alphal globulines, alpha2 or beta globulins, andgamma globulin arcs were also observed for these species;Only in the ungulates were albumin, alphan or alpha" alphaZor beta globulin, and gamma globulin all Observed,-111-Table 4. Synopsis of mammalian observations. 1Anti-Deer Anti-Bovine Anti -Raccoonr-ro..c::0.r-c::r:~U1e I o,~.,..... Or--E ro::3::3 ..c ...CI~ I ;:::::.c::r:!c::r:~,x II<I x I-. II x I'I x !I X !IX !IIX !Ixxx i xiI xix I!Ix xX i XX IXxIII: I xx I Xx !iX IXxxxxIIIiX :x Ixix :!IIxxxxX ,x !IX ;!X 'x !jxxxxx,, xXi XXXXXXXJi xi xi X :j Xj XXXXxxXXxXXXXc:'r-;;X fIII,Ii,X ix J XX I XIIr-::3~U1I-go e i r-or- I ~c:--l- Iro::3jro..c::...CIIE0.0 , E~~~ I x: Ix i xx ix ; Xi!or-x Ix IIX !Ixlx !x ;x Ix I~ Ix IiX !;X !!,x fx i,x !IjIIlX !I~ Ixlx i!ii0-ro::3..c:: ...CI0.0r- r-c::r:~r-ro..c::0.r-c::r:~U1oex (x !x ix IIiIxlx III!I!xxxx ;xI xx I xIxxeE::3...CI er- 'r-c::r: EI ::3QJ ...CI~ r-a.. c::r:'r-x xxxxx I xxl xx I xI\x !x I x!x I xx i xiX ! xx ; XIX : xx I xx I xi!,,e'r-r-::3...CI~U11 0oelr-'r- ~c:-- -ro::3lro..c::...CI1E0.0 Er- r- roc::r:~ ~xxxxxxxx!x !X Ixxxx I.Xxxxxx~Ix jX IIIx Ix IX IIxxxE::3...CIr-c::r:IQJ~a..'r-eAntelope""BadgerBeaver,BobcatI Buffa 10-Cat (Domestic)CowI~CoyoteDeer I xQogEl k I xRed FoxHorseHumanMinkOpossumPi g I xPorcupine'Prairie DogRabbitCottonta ilJack RabbitRaccoonBig Horn sheepi xDomestic Sheep xStriped .SkunkFox Squirrel-112-2. Observations using bovine antiseruma.b.c.d.e.Only alphaO or alphal globulin arcs were observed for beaver,coyote,dog, porcupine, and fox squirrel;Only an albumin arc was observed for opossum;With the exception of opossum, an alphaO or alphal globulinwas observed in all species examined;With the exception of red fox, a gamma globulin arc wasobserved only in ungulates;Pre-albumins were only observed with the same five ungulatesthat gave a pre-albumin with deer antiserum (deer, elk, pig,big horn sheep, and domestic sheep). Albumin, alphaQ or alphalglobulins, alpha2 or beta globulins and gammaglobu11n arcs werealso observed, as they were with deer antiserum;f.Only in the ungulates were albumin, alphaO or alpha, globulin,.alpha2 or beta globulin, and gammaglobulln all observed.3. Observations using raccoon antiseruma.b.c.d.e.Only an albumin arc was observed for beaver, horse, and opossum;Only a beta globulin was observed for fox squirrel;Only an albumin arc was observed for beaver, horse, andopossum;An alphaO or alphal globulin was observ.edfor\all species exceptbeaver, norse, opossum, porcupine, and fox squirrel;No pre-albumins were observed with any species;f.ttfrIWith the exception of a gamma globulin arc for pig and analpha2 or beta globulin arc for domestic sheep, ungulatesdid not give an alpha2, beta, or gamma globulin arc;g. Albumin, alphaO or alphal globulin, alpha2 or beta globulin, andgamma globulin were observed in badger, bobcat, coyote, dog,red fox, mink, raccoon and striped skunk.As could be expected, species within the order Carnivora showed the greatestsimilarity to raccoon. Mammals within the order Artiodactyla showed the greatestsimilarity to deer and cow. Using raccoon antiserum, raccoon can be differentiated--113-from the other species examined. Using deer antiserum. deer could be differentiatedfrom all the species examined except elk. Using bovine antiserum, cow could bedifferentiated from all the species examined except buffalo.Boyden (1926 and 1942) and Wolfe (1939a and 1939b) used the precipitin test todetermine animal relationships. Some of their antisera were found to cross-reactwith many of the species tested. Red and gray squirrel antiserum reacted stronglywith several species of squirrel but slight reactions were observed against antigenserum proteins of Artiodactyla and Primata (Wolfe 1939a). When using human antiseracross-reactions were observed with antigen serum proteins of Artiodactyla and Carnivora(Wolfe 1939a). Boyden (1942), using pig, sheep, and beef antiserum, found eachantiserum to react the strongest to its homologous antigen, but each also reacted toa lesser degree with pig, beef, sheep, goat, horse, dog, human, and rat sera.We, too, commonly observed some cross-reaction with most of the mammalianspecies examined, using antiserum to deer, cow, and raccoon. For the most part, theselected species could be differentiated from deer, cow, and raccoon. Exceptionswere distinguishing deer from elk and cow from buffalo. These mammals couldpossibly have been differentiated by using absorption or dilution techniques.However, methods, such as passive hemagglutination, use of starch gel or acrylamidegel electrophoresis, or iso-electric focusing, may prove to be better techniques.-114-

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BLOOD AND TISSUE IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED BIRDS AND MAMMALS, PART II: Cross Reaction Patterns of Birds and Mammals, Using Deer, Bovine, Raccoon, Chicken and Mallard Duck Antiserum, part 4

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