Fagernäs, Zandra

Hendy, Jessica

Max-Planck-Institut für Menschheitsgeschichte

Warinner, Christina

Digitale Bibliothek Thüringen

A coloring book by NameFuture Archaeological Scientist in TrainingThis book belongs to:Publisher: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human HistoryEditor: Christina WarinnerAssistant Editor: Jessica HendyContributors:Zandra FagernäsJessica HendyAllison MannÅshild VågeneKe WangChristina WarinnerThis coloring book was produced as part of a training course in scientific illustration. Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlikeCC BY-NC-SA!"#$%&$'(&Archaeological scientists are researchers who use scientific methods and cutting-edge techniques to study questions about the human past. In the lab...When handling ancient DNA, scientists must work in cleanrooms and wear special suits, gloves, and boots to protect the ancient samples from modern DNA contamination..Scientists use a wide variety of instruments and equipment to study ancient samples. In the field...Scientists work closely with field archaeologists to excavate and collect samples for further study in a laboratory. This may include sampling burials, collecting residues from ancient pots, identifying animal bones in middens (garbage pits), or sifting sediments for plant fossils. TrowelPipettorTOURIST COPY!"#$%&'()*+*,"-.Archaeological scientists travel all over the world to investigate human history and prehistory. In addition to excavation tools, some places require specialized supplies and equipment. For example, in the Himalayas, archaeologists need trekking permits and mountain climbing gear. !"#$%&'()*+,-".SAMPLEBones and TeethAnimal BonesPottery ResiduesDental Calculus!"#$%&'%($)*+Archaeological scientists use scientific methods and cutting-edge technologies to study questions about the human past. With the right tools, a lot of information can be learned from a small sample, such as a bone, a tooth, or a pot. Also known as tooth tartar, dental calculus is the only part of your body that fossilizes while you are alive. It entraps food and bacteria, and it can be used to reconstruct health and diet. Animal bones can teach us about the diets and economies of past societies. They are also useful for radiocarbon dating and for reconstructing ancient environments.Food crusts and other residues on pottery may contain plant and animal proteins, microscopic plant particles, and traces of cooking fats. Analysis of pottery residues can teach us about the diets and cuisines of ancient peoples. Bones and teeth contain fragments of DNA that can be used to trace the migrations of ancient peoples and reveal traits, such as hair and eye color, as well as genetic adaptations. The teeth of people who died during epidemics may also contain the DNA of the pathogens that infected them.!"#$%&'()*)%+Ancient DNA is helping us to understand our closest evolutionary cousins: Neanderthals. By studying the teeth and bones of ancient humans, we can find out how our ances-tors lived, and how we as humans came to be the species we are today.EvolutionNeanderthals went extinct approximately 40,000 years ago, but Neanderthal DNA lives on in the genomes of most non-African humans.,)-&.'"&/%'01!"#$%"&'($)*+&$,"-Ancient DNA recovered from bones and teeth can be used to reconstruct prehistoric migrations. When combined with isotopic analyses, such as radiocarbon dating and strontium and oxygen isotope analysis, these migrations can be traced through time and space. Radiocarbon DatingRadiocarbon dating is a technique that can be used to determine the ages of people, animals and plants up to 40,000 years old! Radiocarbon, or 14C, is an unstable isotope of carbon that is taken up by plants from the air during photosyn-thesis. Animals incorporate radiocarbon into their tissues when they eat plants. Radio-carbon decays over time.By measuring the amount of 14C in an ancient sample, it is possible to estimate how long ago an organism was alive. .$/'0,1'2",3440 ml302010!"#$%&'()*+,-($.'/+0)&'1.2(+03-*+455+6,Sample ID:Worker Name: Sample type: Date:  !"#$%"&'($%&Scientists can use microscopes to find tiny bits of food on ancient pots and human teeth. This “microfossil” analysis has taught us about the foods eaten by the ancient Maya of Mesoamerica more than 2,000 years ago.Maize phytolithPollenSeed fragmentBean starch!"#$%&'("%)*+$,!-$,,./'0$1$&'23'455Dairy Origins!"#$%&'()&'"*For more than 10,000 years, humans have been selectively breeding plants and animals for particular traits. Cattle were among the first food animals to be domesticated, and early people used them for traction, meat, milk, and hides. Cattle were domesticated from aurochs, a large wild bovid species that is now extinct. The earliest evidence for domesticated cattle comes from the Anatolian peninsula, in present-day Turkey.The origins of dairying are not well known, but archaeological scientists are using a technique called mass spectrometry to detect milk proteins on prehistoric teeth and thus reconstruct the early history of dairying.  !'+,-".,/*"01Protein       model!"#$%&'(()*Dairy MicrobesHorseSheepGoatYakCowLactobacillusLeuconostoc LactococcusStaphylococcusMongoliaDairy foods are an extremely important part of daily life in Mongolia. From archaeological research we know this tradition stretches back to at least 3,500 years ago. A wide variety of animals live on the grassy Mongolian steppe, including horses, cattle, yaks, sheep, goats, reindeer, and camels. Nomadic herders produce dairy products from the milk of each of these animals.Microbes - especially bacteria and yeasts - play an important role in creating a wide variety of familiar dairy foods, such as yoghurt, butter, and cheese, as well as less familiar foods, such as Mongolian aaruul (dried curds) and airag (horse milk beer).!"#$%"&'($)%*)%)Bones, teeth, and tooth tartar preserve valuable information about the health of past people. For example, DNA and proteins preserved in tooth tartar help scientists understand the history of gum disease and dental decay.  Omne BonumThe Omne Bonum is a 14th century encyclopedia about life in the European Middle Ages that is held at the British Library. It includes entries on dentistry and medical care that help us better interpret medieval health and disease.!"#$%&"'()*)+,+-$.%()/Tuberculosis and leprosy are caused by related bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. Both can infect bone, and traces of DNA left behind in the skeleton are helping scientists reconstruct the history of these ancient diseases.0(&('*12'*An unidentified epidemic - named cocoliztli by the Aztecs - killed 60-90% of the population of Mexico between AD 1545 and 1550. Recently, DNA from the pathogen Salmonella enterica Paratyphi C was identified in the teeth of epidemic victims.  3'45"$Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which spreads by infecting fleas that live on rats. Humans bitten by these fleas develop bubonic plague. Plague was the cause of the Black Death (AD 1346-1353) that killed half the people of Europe. Dr. SchnabelDoctors treating plague victims in the 17th century wore bird-like masks to protect them from “bad air.” Codex en CruzThis Aztec document dating to the 1550s depicts the  symptoms of cocoliztli: fever, rash, and severe bleeding. Mycobacterium lepraeSalmonella enterica!"#$%&'()*+,#'-.,-+$Your body is home to trillions of bacterial cells, and together they are called your microbiome. The bacteria that live in your intestines help you digest food and strengthen your immune system. The bacteria on your skin help keep you clean, and the                             bacteria                                 that live in your mouth help protect you                                               from disease. Helicobacter    pyloriBifidobacterium     Prevotella            Lives in the stomach           and can cause ulcers      and some cancersHelps babies digest milkProduces food for    intestinal cells   Breaks down   plant matter and dietary fiberHelps digest fibrous plants/,0*1-2*3"-45 Scientists are studying    dental calculus and    paleofeces in order to     define the ancestral     microbiome and to     better understand    the causes of   diseases. Faecalibacterium   Treponema  Porphyromonas!"#$%&#'Foragers, also known as hunter-gatherers, eat wild foods, and their diets are seasonally variable.Before the onset of agriculture around 10,000 years ago, all humans on earth were foragers. Foragers today have more diverse gut microbiomes than people in industrialized societies.   ()*+',#-$.-/&*0'"1-&,-&'Industrialized societies consume mainly agricultural foods, and food production is a specialized activity performed by only a few. Mechanization, preservation, and storage are key aspects of industrialized food chains, and foods often travel long distances before being consumed.  People in industrialized societies today have less diverse gut microbiomes, which may put them at greater risk for some chronic inflammatory diseases. Hadza woman and baby, TanzaniaAmerican woman, USA!""#$!%&'$%%#$(#)!*!)+,!-$ALL IEASHJ E SS IE K ETINAZANDRAProduced by scientists at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History for the Long Night of Science 24 November 2017, Jena, GermanyLearn how archaeologists and scientists work together to answer questions about the human past! Join us as we explain who we are and what we study, from the origins of humans to medieval plagues. Learn about ancient migrations and radiocarbon dating. See how scientists recon-struct ancient diets from microscopic plant remains. Unearth domestication fun facts and the science behind dairy foods. Explore ancient diseases and epidemics and discover the ancestral human microbiome.Coloring BookAdventures inMax Planck Institute for the Science of Human History## ()#*+ *,-

Adventures in archaeological science

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Adventures in archaeological science

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