Sjollema, Jelmer

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   University of GroningenDirect observation of particle deposition in a parallel plate flow cell; Application to oralstreptococci and polystyrene particlesSjollema, JelmerIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:1990Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Sjollema, J. (1990). Direct observation of particle deposition in a parallel plate flow cell; Application to oralstreptococci and polystyrene particles. s.n.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 08-06-2022J .l s5l_e rnd) .SUMMARYBacter ia l  depos i t ion  is  the  f i rs t  impor tan t  s tep  in  thebac ter j -a l  co lon iza t ion  o f  hos t  sur faces  lead ing  to  fo r  ins tancedenta l  car ies  and many in fec tuous  d iseases .  Depos i t ion  isgoverned by  long range in te rac t ion  fo rces  e .g  e lec t ros ta t i c ,van  der  Waals  and s te r ic  in te rac t ions .  I t  i s  the  f i rs t  s teptowards adhesion which is governed by much shorter range forcese.g .  hydrophob ic ,  hydrogen and chemíca l  bonds .  À  be t te rknowledge o f  the  depos i t ion  process  may cont r ibu te  to  theprevent ion  o f  bac ter ia l  in fec t ion  and car ies .Prev ious  s tud ies  on  bac ter ia l  adhes ion  showed a  re l -a t ionbetween the  number  o f  adher ing  bac ter ia  in  an  equ i l ib r iums j - tua t ion  and the  sur face  f ree  energy  o f  bo th  the  bac ter ia  andthe  so l id  subs t ra ta .  However ,  the  in f luence o f  thehydrodynamic  cond i t ions  dur ing  depos i t ion  as  we l l  as  thecombined in f l -uence o f  van  der  Waals  and e lec t ros ta t i cin te rac t ions  on  bac ter ia l  depos i t ion  is  reJ-a t ive ly  unknown.Th is  i s  the  main  ob jec t ive  o f  the  present  inves t iga t ion  wh ichis  summar ized be1ow.In  chapter  l -  the  th ree  a ims o f  th is  thes is  a re  p resented .  Thef i rs t  a im is  to  cons t ruc t  a  f low ce t t  sys tem a t ] .ow ing  d i rec tobserva t ion  o f  bac ter ia l  depos i t ion .  The second a im is  to  so lvethe  convec t ive  d i f fus ion  equat ion  fo r  th is  f low sys tem,  wh ichenab les  the  theore t ica l  p red ic t ion  o f  the  depos i t ion  ra te  o fco l lo ida l  par t i c les  f rom f low ing  suspens ions .  The th i rd  a im isto  measure  bac ter ia l  depos i t Íon  and to  in te rpre t  the  resu l ts  inte rms o f  a  theore t ica l  mode l .  Fur thermore  i t  i s  po in ted  ou ttha t  in  o rder  to  a11ow theore t ica l  p red ic t ions  andin te rpre ta t ions  i t  i s  use fu l  to  car ry  ou t  exper iments  w i thpo lys ty rene par t i c les  as  a  mode l  sys tem.  For  the  same reasonpo lymers ,  g lass  and mica  were  chosen as  subs t ra tum sur faces .Because the  convec t ive  d i f fus ion  theory  ment ioned does  on lytake  in to  account  co l lo ida l  in te rac t ions ,  the  inves t iga t ionswere  main ly  l im i ted  to  the  in f luence o f  these types  o fin te rac t ions  on  depos i t ion .Chapter  2  g ives  a  l i te ra tu re  survey  o f  var ious  types  o fexper imenta l  sys tems employed fo r  s tudy ing  bac ter ia l  andce l ]u l -a r  adhes ion  to  so l j -d  subs t ra ta .  I t  i s  a rgued tha t  i t  i sadvantageous to  employ  f low sy tems ra ther  than s ta t i c  sys temsbecause f i xa t ion  and s ta in ing  procedures  can o f ten  be  avo idedand hydrodynamíc  cond i t ions  can be  de f ined accura te t -y .Fur thermore  par t i c le  t ranspor t  to  a  so l id  subs t ra tum can beca lcu la ted  theore t ica l l y  f rom the  convec t ive  d i f fus ionequat ion .equationana ly t i ca l  so lu t ion  o f  the  convec t ive  d i f fus ionpresented  fo r  a  paraL le l  p la te  f low ce l1neg lec t ing  par t i c le , /subs t ra tum j .n te rac t ions .  Àn approx imateana ly t i ca l  so lu t ion  tak ing  in to  account  these in te rac t ions  isdescr ibed,  together  w i th  some resu l ts  o f  numer ica l  p rocedures .The in te rac t ion  po ten t ia ls  invo lved in  these ca lcu la t ions  arethe  van der  Waa1s and e lec t r i ca l  doubte  Iayer  in te rac t ionpoten t ia ls ,  wh ich  are  descr ibed in  the  las t  sec t ion  o f  th isAni ^I 5l _55chapter .In  chapter  3  a  descr ip t ion  is  g iven  o f  a  para l le l  p la te  f lov ' rcer f  sys te rn  and i l lumina t ion  fac i l i t i es  employed in  th is  s tudyenab l ing  d i rec t  observa t ion  o f  bac ter ia l  and par t i c ledepos i t ion .  In  add i t ion  a  method fo r  de termin ing  the  number  o fadher ing  mic roorgan isms by  us ing  au tomated image ana lys ís  i -spresented .  Depos i ted  bac ter Ía  a re  observed by  a  v ideo cameramounted on a phase contrast mi-croscope and coupled to an imageana lys ing  computer .  F rom images,  d ig i t i zed  a t  var ious  t imein te rva ls  a f te r  the  onset  o f  the  exper iment ,  ob jec t  a reah is tograms are  genera ted  f rom wh ich  numbers  o f  adher ing  s ing lebac ter ia ,  doub le ts  and h igher  mu l t ip le  aggregates  can bedoub le ts  ca lcu la ted  us ing  a  manua l  ca l ib ra t ion  per fo rmed on al im i ted  number  o f  images s to red  dur j -ng  the  exper iment .In  chapter  4  exper imenta l  depos i t ion  da ta  a re  p resented  o fsevera l  bac ter ia l  s t ra ins  and po lys ty rene par t i c les  on  g lass .Three bac ter ia l  s t ra ins  w i th  known sur face  f ree  energy  and ze tapoten t ia ts  (S t rep tococcus  mutans  NS,  S .  sangru is  CH3 and S.mi t ís  BMS)  and two s t ra ins  w i th  weI I  de f ined sur face  appendages( S .  s a l i v a r í u s  H B  a n d , S .  s a l i v a r í u s  H B - C 1 2 )  h a v e  b e e n  u s e d .  T h ebacter ia f  and par t i c le  depos i t ion  ra tes  have been measured onthe  top  and the  bo t tom p la te  o f  the  ce l l  and were  in te rpre tedon bas is  o f  the  so lu t ion  o f  the  convec t ive-d i f fus ion  equat ionneg lec t ing  par t i c le /subs t ra tum in te rac t ions .  A  markedsed imenta t Íon  has  been observed.  I t  i s  a rgued on  bas is  o f  thehe igh t  o f  po ten t ia l  bar r ie rs  ca lcu la ted  be tween par t i c le  andsubst ra tum and a  compar ison w i th  po lys ty rene par t i c ledepos i t ion  ra tes  tha t  bac ter ia l  ce I I  sur face  appendages ass is tdepos i t ion .  F ina l l y  i t  i s  shown tha t  the  decrease o f  thedepos i t ion  ra te  as  a  func t ion  o f  t ime can be  descr ibed on  bas iso f  a  b lock ing  e f fec t ,  wh ich  is  cons tan t  in  t ime.In  chapter  5  a  new method is  in t roduced fo r  so lv ing  theconvec t ive  d i f fus ion  equat ion  fo r  a  para l le l  p la te  f low ce l1tak ing  in to  account  repu ls ive  par t i c le /subs t ra tum in te rac t ions .Th is  method combines  the  Sur face  Force  Boundary  LayerApprox imat ion  w i th  a  numer ica f  method fo r  so lv ing  the  exac tconvec t ive  d i f fus ion  equat ions .  The resu l ts  o f  th is  method arere la ted  to  depos i t ion  on  po lymethy lmethacry la te  (PMMÀ)  fo r  twotypes  o f  po lys ty rene par t i c les  a t  d i f fe ren t  f low ra tes  andion ic  s t rengths .  The exper imenta l  da ta  ind ica ted  tha t  thetheory  descr ibes  depos i t ion  phenomena cor rec t ly .  Observedd iscrepanc ies  be tween the  theory  and exper iments  a re  ascr ibedto  subs t ra tum and par t i c le  he terogene i ty  and the  ha i r iness  o fthe  po lys ty rene par t i c les .The in f luencê o f  the  subs t ra tum sur face  f ree  energy  and ze tapoten t ia l  on  the  depos i t ion  ra te  o f  po lys ty rene par t i c les  i sd iscussed in  chapter  6 .  The po lys ty rene par t i c le  depos i t ionra te  was measured on  four  d i f fe ren t  types  o f  subs t ra ta :  mica ,g lass  (bo th  possess ing  h igh  sur face  f ree  energy) ,po lymethy lmethacry la te  (PMMA)  and f luore thy lenepropy tene (FEP)(possess ing  in te rmed ia te  and ex t remely  1ow sur face  f reeenerg ies ,  respec t ive ly )  a t  d i f fe ren t  ion ic  s t rengths .  I t  wasobserved,  tha t  the  d isc repancy  be tween the  theore t ica l l ypred ic ted  and exper imenta l ty  de termined c r i t i ca l  ion ic  s t rength1-56fo r  depos i t j -on ,  a t  wh ich  a  t rans i t ion  be tween fas t  depos i t ion(d i f fus ion  and convec t ion  cont ro l led)  and low depos i t i -on( in te rac t ion  cont ro l led)  occurs ,  i s  dependent  on  the  subs t ra tumsur face  f ree  energy .  The depos i t ion  ra te  on  FEp wasunexpected ly  h igh  a t  low ion ic  s t rengths ,  whereas  on  mica  andg lass  the  exper imenta l l y  de termined c r i t i ca l  ion ic  s t rengthco inc ided w i th  theore t ica l  p red ic t ions .  I t  i s  suggested  tha tth is  d Ísc repancy  or ig ina tes  f rom an a t t rac t i ve  long rangehydrophob ic  in te rac t ion  no t  accounted  fo r  in  the  c tass ica lcoL lo ida l  s tab i l i t y  theor ies  (DLVO theory ) .  The a t t rac t i vefo rce  is  poss Íb Iy  due to  a  per tu rba t ion  o f  the  v ic ina l  waterstructure by a hydrophobic surface.In  chapter  7  the  d is t r ibu t ion  o f  depos i ted  po lys ty renepar t i c les  on  FEP,  PMMÀ and mica  is  d iscussed on  the  bas is  o frad ia l  and angu lar  pa i r  d is t r j -bu t ion  func t ions .  The pa i rd is t r ibu t ion  func t ions  ind ica te  the  screen ing  d is tance overwh ich  depos i ted  par t i c l -es  p revent  f low ing  par t i c les  to  depos i t( rad ia l  pa i r  d is t r ibu t ion  func t ions)  and the  occur rence o fpre feren t ia l  angu lar  o r ien ta t ions  o f  depos i ted  par t i c tesre la t i ve  to  the  f low d i rec t ion  (  angu lar  pa i r  d is t r ibu t ionfunc t ions  ) .  F rom the  re la t ion  be tween d is t r ibu t ion  func t ions  o fdepos i ted  par t i c les  and computer  s imu la ted  random d is t r ibu t ionsit  was concluded that the observed unfavourable deposit ion neara l ready  depos i ted  par t i c les  i s  due to  hydrodynamicin te rac t ions .  Angu lar  pa i r  d is t r ibu t ion  func t ions  revea led  tha tpar t i c le  depos i t ion  is  most  un favourab le  ín  nar row angu larsec t ions  in  f ron t  and beh ind  depos i ted  par t i c les  wh ich  isascr ibed to  repu ls ive  in te rac t ions  be tween depos i ted  andf lowing  par t i c les .  These screen ing  e f fec ts  as  expressed by  bo thpa i r  d is t r ibu t ion  func t ions ,  de termined the  spat ia l  a r rangementespec ia l l y  on  PMMA which  is  exp la ined by  a  more  e f fec t i veimmobi l í sa t ion  on  PMMA than on  FEP or  mica .  F ina l l y  i t  i sment ioned tha t  a  d is t inc t ion  shou ld  be  made between thescreen ing  d is tance and the  equ i l ib r ium in te rpar t i c le  d is tance.Large d i - f fe rences  were  measured be tween bo th  parametersind ica t ing  tha t  the  number  o f  depos i ted  par t i c les  inequ i l ib r ium is  ma in ly  de termined by  co l lec to r  sur faceheterogene i ty  and desorp t ion .In  chapter  B  the  depos i t ion  is  s tud ied  o f  two ora lstreptococcal strains with well-  defined surface appendages onfour  d i f fe ren t  subs t ra ta  a t  var ious  bu f fe r  concent ra t ions .  S .sa l i var ius  HB possessed ex tended ce t l  sur face  appendages,whereas  S.  sa l i var ius  HB-C12 $ras  a  comple te ly  bo ld  var ian t .Both  s t ra ins  showed a  fas t  depos i t ion  on  FEP even a t  1ow ion ics t rengths ,  wh ich  was no t  p red ic ted  by  theore t ica l  ca lcu la t ionson bas j -s  o f  the  DLVO theory .  These exper imenta l  resu l ts  wh ichcou ld  on ly  be  exp la ined by  the  in t roduc t ion  o f  an  add i t iona lattract ivê hydrophobic interaction, supported the conclusionsar r ived  a t  in  chapter  6  fo r  po lys ty rene par t i c le  depos i t ion .0n1y S. salívaríus HB showed high deposit ion rates on the othersubs t ra tum mater ia ls  employed:  PMMA,  g lass  and mica ,  p robab lydue to  the  hydrophob ic  charac ter  o f  the i r  ce l I  sur faceappendages,  absent  on  thê  var ian t  s t ra in  S .  sa l i yar ius  HB-CL2.These appendages could give r ise to hydrophobic bonds with theL57subs t ra tum sur face  or  induce a  1ocaI  decrease o f  the  po ten t ia lbar r ie r  he igh t  due to  the i r  smal l  rad ius .In  chapter  9  the  spat ia l  a r rangement  o f  depos i ted  bac ter ia  ong lass  is  s tud ied  on  bas is  o f  rad ia l  and angu lar  pa i rd is t r ibu t ion  func t ions .  For  S .  saT ivar íus  HB a  smal I  sc reen ingd is tance was measured as  compared to  S .  mutans  NS.  A lso  h ighfirst order maxima were observed for S. saTivaríus HB whichr^ rere  prac t ica lJ -y  absent  in  the  d is t r ibu t ion  func t ions  o f  S .mutans NS. In addit ion S. sa7ívaríus HB shor^red an apparentpre ference fo r  depos i t ion  para I Ie1  to  the  f low d i rec t ion  onboth  s ides  o f  a  depos i ted  bac ter ium.  Th is  charac ter is t i cbehav iour  o f  S .  sa7 ívar íus  HB was expLa ined on  bas is  o fcoopera t ive  e f fec ts  invo lved in  i t s  depos i t ion  or ig ina t ing  f romat t rac t i ve  in te rac t ions  be tween ex tended ce l I  sur faces t ruc tures .  Consequent ly ,  the  comple te ly  d i f fe ren t  spa t ia larrangement of ,S. mutans NS was ascribed to the absence of suchex tended ce l l  sur face  s t ruc tu res .Most  o f  the  work  descr ibed in  th is  thes is  i s  based onpo lys ty rene par t i c fes  and mode l  subs t ra ta .  Yet  the  techn iquesand theor ies  deve loped can (and shou ld)  be  used in  the  fu tu retoward studying bacterial adhesion. The technique for theenumera t ion  o f  depos i ted  par t i c lês  in  a  f ) -ow ce1I  i s  p robab lyun ique and can a lso  eas i l y  be  ex tended fo r  the  d i rec tmeasurement  o f  desorp t ion .Furthermore the method of analysing the spatial arrangementby means of pair distr ibution functions can be an importanttool" for studying cooperativi ty and noncooperativi ty which arethought to be important factors in the formation of dentalp l a q u e .1 5 8

Direct observation of particle deposition in a parallel plate flow cell; Application to oral streptococci and polystyrene particles

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Direct observation of particle deposition in a parallel plate flow cell; Application to oral streptococci and polystyrene particles

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