Holubcikova, Jana

English

Healthy eating habits in adolescence support optimal health, growth and intellectual development of the individual. In Slovakia, the prevalence of unhealthy eating habits among adolescents is rather high. During the last decade, regular consumption of soft drinks and energy drinks has become very common in adolescents. This consumption has been found to be strongly associated with a wide range of health and behavioural problems in adolescents. To date only a few studies have explored this relationship. In a study on the sample of more than 8,000 adolescents, we found that adolescents consuming soft drinks and energy drinks on regular basis are at higher risk of multiple negative health and behavioural outcomes. Furthermore, high soft drinks or energy drinks consumption was strongly associated with negative school experiences, such as school dislike, low academic achievement or truancy. Adolescents combining alcohol and energy drinks were more likely to report behaviour problems than consumers of either alcohol only, or energy drinks only, and than non-consumers. We further found that a negative body image was associated with involvement in bullying as victim and as bully-victim. Boys feeling to be too thin were more likely to involve in bullying as a bully-victim. Parents play an important role in the occurrence of unhealthy eating patterns. Adolescents reporting no eating-related parental rules in their families were at higher risk to drink soft drinks and energy drinks regularly. Our findings imply a need for optimising eating habits in adolescence. Public awareness about the negative consequences of regular soft drinks and energy drinks consumption needs to be improved

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   University of GroningenEating habits, body image and health and behavioural problems of adolescentsHolubcikova, JanaIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2016Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Holubcikova, J. (2016). Eating habits, body image and health and behavioural problems of adolescents:The role of school and family context. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 08-06-202215DATA SOURCESEating habits, body image and health and behavioural problems of adolescents  Chapter 2Data sources This chapter provides a description of the study samples (2.1), measures (2.2) and statistical analyses (2.3) as used in this thesis. 2.1. Study samples and proceduresThis thesis is based on two different samples from two surveys of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study, conducted in 2010 and 2014 in Slovakia. Sample 1, from 2010, was used in the Chapters 3 and 4, and sample 2, from 2014, in Chapters 5, 6 and 7. The studies were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty at Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice. Parents were informed about the study via the school administration and could opt out if they disagreed with their child’s participation. Participation in the study was fully voluntary and anonymous, with no explicit incentives provided for participation.  To obtain a representative sample, we used two-step sampling. Firstly, larger and smaller schools located in both rural and urban areas from all regions of Slovakia were randomly selected from a list of all eligible schools in Slovakia obtained from the Slovak Institute of Information and Prognosis for Education and were asked to participate in the study (N=134 in 2010, N=151 in 2014). The school response rates (RR) were 98.1% in 2010 and 86.1% in 2014. In the second step, we obtained data from a representative sample of adolescents from the fifth to ninth grades of elementary schools in Slovakia in the target group of 11- to 15-year-olds (N=8050 in 2010; RR: 79.5%, and N=9250 in 2014; RR: 78.8%). Non-response was mainly due to school absence because of illness or other reasons or the refusals of parents or adolescents to be involved in this study. 2.2 MeasuresThis section provides an overview of the variables used in this study. Brief information on the origin of the measures and a short description is provided in Table 1.16 CHAPTER 2J.HolubčíkováMeasure SourceRole in analysisChaptersShort descriptionFood consumption frequency HBSC 2014Dependent 5Indicator of unhealthy eating behaviourBreakfast consumptionHBSC 2014Dependent 5Indicator of unhealthy eating behaviour Soft drinks consumptionHBSC 2010, 2014Independent 4, 5Indicator of unhealthy eating behaviour  Energy drinks consumptionHBSC 2014Independent 5, 6, 7Indicator of unhealthy eating behaviour Body imageHBSC 2010Independent3Indicator of negative body image Self-rated healthHBSC 2014Dependent 6, 7Indicator of negative health outcomeHealth complaintsHBSC 2010, 2014Dependent/moderator4, 6Indicator of negative health outcomeBullyingHBSC 2010,  2014Dependent 3, 4, 6, 7Indicator of problem behaviourFighting HBSC 2010, 2014Dependent 4, 6, 7Indicator of problem behaviourTruancyHBSC 2014Dependent 6, 7Indicator of negative school experienceAcademic achievementHBSC 2014Dependent 6, 7Indicator of negative school experienceSchool likingHBSC 2014Dependent 6, 7Indicator of negative school experienceAlcohol consumptionHBSC 2014Independent 7Indicator of substance useDrunkennessHBSC 2014Dependent 6Indicator of substance useSmoking statusHBSC 2014Dependent 6Indicator of substance useParental rules on eating HBSC 2014Independent 5Indicator of the parental rule-setting on eatingPerceived family wealthHBSC 2014Confounder5Indicator of subjective socioeconomic statusFamily affluenceHBSC 2010, 2014Confounder4, 6, 7Indicator of socioeconomic statusTable 1 Overview of the variables used in this thesis 17DATA SOURCESEating habits, body image and health and behavioural problems of adolescents2.3 Statistical analysesSeveral statistical methods were used across this study. All analyses were performed using the statistical software package SPSS. Each chapter provides detailed information about the performed statistical analyses. In general, we first described the frequencies and simple prevalence rates of concerned behaviour, usually overall and split for gender or by category of this behaviour. Next, to answer the research questions of each sub-study, the associations between independent and dependent variables were computed using binary logistic or multinomial regressions, crude and adjusted for potential confounders. Potential mediating effects (Chapter 4) were assessed by mediation analyses and the use of Sobel tests. Potential synergy in joint association of variables (Chapter 7) was assessed by the synergy index using the algorithms of Andersson et al. (Andersson, Alfredsson, Källberg, Zdravkovic, & Ahlbom, 2005).  18

Eating habits, body image and health and behavioural problems of adolescents:The role of school and family context

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Eating habits, body image and health and behavioural problems of adolescents:The role of school and family context

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