Pigs of four genetic lines (GL): Anas (A), DanBred (D), Goland (G) and Topigs received either a conventional (140 g CP/kg and 46 g lysine/kg CP; C-CP) or a low protein diet (106 g CP/kg and 46 g lysine/kg CP; L-CP). Body weight (BW) and backfat depth (P2) were individually measured at the start and the end of two growing periods and individual feed intake (FI) was recorded daily. Body protein and lipid mass at the start and at the end of each period were estimated from BW and P2, and hence protein (Pr) and lipid (Lr) retention were computed. Energy requirement for maintenance (MEm), and growth (MEg) were estimated according to National Research Council guidelines, while ME intake (MEI) was computed from measured FI and ME content of the diets. The MEI/(MEm + MEg) ratio was used as index of efficiency. Differences among GL (P<0.001) were observed for Pr, which averaged 103, 113, 108 and 101 g/d for A, D, G and T, respectively, and Lr which averaged 204, 186, 194 and 172 g/d for A, D, G, and T, respectively. The L-CP diet reduced (P = 0.014) Pr by 8% compared to C-CP, but not Lr. Th e MEI/(MEm+MEg) index was influenced by GL (P<0.001) being 0.99, 0.96, 0.99 and 1.03 for A, D, G and T, respectively. Measurements of BW and P2 permits to achieve acceptable quantification of Pr and Lr. In this range of BW (90 to 165kg), gain composition is influenced more by GL than by the substantial reduction of CP and essential amino acids dietary density used in this trial

Franco Tagliapietra

Giacomo Cesaro

Luca Carraro

Luigi Gallo

Lutz Bünger

Stefano Schiavon

Pigs of four genetic lines (GL): Anas (A), DanBred (D), Goland (G) and Topigs received either a conventional (140 g CP/kg and 46 g lysine/kg CP; C-CP) or a low protein diet (106 g CP/kg and 46 g lysine/kg CP; L-CP). Body weight (BW) and backfat depth (P2) were individually measured at the start and the end of two growing periods and individual feed intake (FI) was recorded daily. Body protein and lipid mass at the start and at the end of each period were estimated from BW and P2, and hence protein (Pr) and lipid (Lr) retention were computed. Energy requirement for maintenance (MEm), and growth (MEg) were estimated according to National Research Council guidelines, while ME intake (MEI) was computed from measured FI and ME content of the diets. The MEI/(MEm + MEg) ratio was used as index of efficiency. Differences among GL (P&lt;0.001) were observed for Pr, which averaged 103, 113, 108 and 101 g/d for A, D, G and T, respectively, and Lr which averaged 204, 186, 194 and 172 g/d for A, D, G, and T, respectively. The L-CP diet reduced (P = 0.014) Pr by 8% compared to C-CP, but not Lr. The MEI/(MEm+MEg) index was influenced by GL (P&lt;0.001) being 0.99, 0.96, 0.99 and 1.03 for A, D, G and T, respectively. Measurements of BW and P2 permits to achieve acceptable quantification of Pr and Lr. In this range of BW (90 to 165kg), gain composition is influenced more by GL than by the substantial reduction of CP and essential amino acids dietary density used in this trial

CESARO, GIACOMO

GALLO, LUIGI

CARRARO, LUCA

TAGLIAPIETRA, FRANCO

SCHIAVON, STEFANO

L. Bünger

Archivio istituzionale della ricerca - Università di Padova

Energy balance estimated from individual measurements of body weight and backfat th ickness of heavy pigs of four genetic lines fed different diets

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221Agriculturae Conspectus Scientifi cus . Vol. 78 (2013) No. 3 (221-224)ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERSummaryPigs of four genetic lines (GL): Anas (A), DanBred (D), Goland (G) and Topigs received either a conventional (140 g CP/kg and 46 g lysine/kg CP; C-CP) or a low protein diet (106 g CP/kg and 46 g lysine/kg CP; L-CP). Body weight (BW) and backfat depth (P2) were individually measured at the start and the end of two growing periods and individual feed intake (FI) was recorded daily. Body protein and lipid mass at the start and at the end of each period were estimated from BW and P2, and hence protein (Pr) and lipid (Lr) retention were computed. Energy requirement for maintenance (MEm), and growth (MEg) were estimated according to National Research Council guidelines, while ME intake (MEI) was computed from measured FI and ME content of the diets. Th e MEI/(MEm + MEg) ratio was used as index of effi  ciency. Diff erences among GL (P<0.001) were observed for Pr, which averaged 103, 113, 108 and 101 g/d for A, D, G and T, respectively, and Lr which averaged 204, 186, 194 and 172 g/d for A, D, G, and T, respectively. Th e L-CP diet reduced (P = 0.014) Pr by 8% compared to C-CP, but not Lr. Th e MEI/(MEm+MEg) index was infl uenced by GL (P<0.001) being 0.99, 0.96, 0.99 and 1.03 for A, D, G and T, respectively.Measurements of BW and P2 permits to achieve acceptable quantifi cation of Pr and Lr. In this range of BW (90 to 165kg), gain composition is infl uenced more by GL than by the substantial reduction of CP and essential amino acids dietary density used in this trial.Key wordsheavy pig, genetic line, growth performance, low-protein dietsEnergy Balance Estimated from Individual Measurements of Body Weight and Backfat Th ickness of Heavy Pigs of Four Genetic Lines Fed Diff erent Diets Giacomo CESARO 1 ( )Luigi GALLO 1Luca CARRARO 1Franco TAGLIAPIETRA 1Lutz BÜNGER 2Stefano SCHIAVON 11 Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy e-mail: giacomo.cesaro@studenti.unipd.it2 Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UKReceived: March 30, 2013 | Accepted: June 17, 2013ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This experiment was supported by AGER, grant n. 2011-0280.Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 78 (2013) No. 3222 Giacomo CESARO, Luigi GALLO, Luca CARRARO, Franco TAGLIAPIETRA, Lutz BÜNGER, Stefano SCHIAVONAimTh is work aimed to test the eff ects of a 25% reduction of di-etary crude protein and essential amino acids, with respect to 145 g CP/kg of conventional diets, on growth performance of pigs from 90 to 165 kg BW belonging to four genetic lines and to evaluate the use of simple body measurements (BW and backfat depth) as predictors of body composition, body status changes and energy balance.Material and methodsAll experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee for the Care and Use of Experimental Animals (CEASA) of Padua University. Pigs, diets and experimental design. In two batches a total of 184 gilts and barrows were reared at the experimental farm of the University of Padova. Th e pigs belonged to three genetic lines commonly used in the Italian pig industry for high qual-ity dry-cured ham production (DOP), Anas (A), Goland (G) and Topigs (T), and an additional line the DanBred (D) with an higher potential lean growth compared to the others. Within each batch, the piglets, barrows and gilts equally represented in each genotype and born in the same week, were moved to the experi-mental farm at an average weight of 30 kg. Th e pigs were housed in 8 pens (10 to 12 pigs/pen) equipped with a feeding station (Compident Pig – MLP, SchauerAgrotronic, Austria) recording individual daily FI, and raised on a conventional feeding regime till about 80 kg BW. Starting from 80 kg BW, the experimental diets were introduced and all pigs received a restricted feeding regime adjusted every 2 weeks. Th e amount of pellet diet per pig increased from 2.4 to 3.2 kg/d from the fi rst to the last week on trial, when the pigs were about 90 and 165 kg BW, respective-ly. During early (90 to 120 kg BW) and late (120 to 165 kg BW) fi nishing the conventional diet (C-CP) contained 147 and 132 g CP/kg, respectively, whereas the low-protein and low-essential amino acids diet (L-CP) contained 112 and 100 g CP/kg, respec-tively. Both C-CP and L-CP diets contained 50 and 41 g lysine/kg CP in early and late fi nishing, respectively. Th e L-CP diets were formulated from C-CP by replacing soybean with wheat meal, and diet compositions are given in Table 1. Water was freely available from a nipple drinker. Every 3 weeks pigs were individually weighed and backfat thickness was measured at the P2 point (last rib, 6 to 8 cm from midline, left  side) with an ul-trasound device (Renco Lean-Meater series 12, Renco corpora-tion, Minneapolis, USA). Th e ME intake (MEI) was computed from measured feed intake and ME content of dietary ingredi-ents (Sauvant et al., 2004).Body and gain composition and ME requirements. According to Schiavon et al. (2007), at the start and the end of each fi n-ishing period body lipid mass (L) was estimated as L = (9.17 + 0.70×P2)×BW/100, fat free empty BW (FFEBW) was estimated as FFEBW = (BW×0.95 – L) and protein mass (P) was estimated as P = 0.1277 × FFEBW1.11. Within period, the mean daily pro-tein (Pr) and lipid (Lr) retentions were computed from changes of body chemical status and period duration. Th e mean protein mass was computed within period and the ME need for mainte-nance (MEm) was calculated as MEm = 1.85×P0.78 (NRC, 1998). Th e ME need for growth (MEg), were computed assuming to be necessary 44.4 and 52.3 MJ ME/kg of Pr and Lr, respectively (NRC, 1998). Th e MEI/(MEm+MEg) ratio was considered as an index of energy effi  ciency.Chemical analysis. During manufacturing, 10 samples of each diet were collected on line, pooled and sampled to achieve 1 kg of feed sample and sub-sampled. Sub-samples were ana-lysed in 3 independent replications for their proximate compo-sition (AOAC, 2003) and NDF content (Van Soest et al., 1991). Starch content was determined, aft er its hydrolysis to glucose (AOAC, 2003), by liquid chromatography (Bouchard et al., 1988). Th e ME and amino acid contents were assessed from di-etary ingredient composition and tabled values of ingredients (Sauvant et al., 2004).Statistical analysis. Statistical analysis of performance and simulated N balance traits was based on the following linear model using the statistical package of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC, USA): Early finisher diets Late finisher diets C-CP L-CP C-CP L-CPAnalysed nutrient composition2:  DM 881 882 885 889CP (N × 6.25) 147 112 132 100Starch 423 478 450 501NDF 162 163 151 152Ether extract 39 38 38 35Computed nutrient composition  ME3, MJ/kg 13.0 13.0 13.1 13.1Lysine4 7.3 5.6 5.6 4.1Methionine4 2.3 1.8 2.1 1.6Threonine4 5.2 4.0 4.6 3.7Tryptophan4 1.8 1.4 1.6 1.21 C-CP: conventional feeds; L-CP: low protein feeds.2 Analytical results (AOAC, 2003) obtained fromthree independent replications.3 Computed from chemical composition of feeds according to NRC (1998). 4 Computed from tabulated values of dietary feed ingredients (Sauvant et al., 2004). Table 1. Chemical composition (g/kg as fed, unless otherwise indicated) of early (90 to 120 kg average BW) and late fi nisher diets (over 120 kg average BW)1Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 78 (2013) No. 3223Energy Balance Estimated from Individual Measurements of Body Weight and Backfat Thickness of Heavy Pigs ofFour Genetic Lines Fed Different DietsYijklmn = μ + batchi + GLJ + dietk +sexl + pen (batch×diet) ikm + (GL×diet)jk+ (GL×sex)jl + (diet×sex)kl + (batch×GL)ij+ (batch× diet)ik + eijklmnWhere yijklmn is the single observation; μ is the intercept, batch is the fi xed eff ect of round (i = 1, 2); GL is the fi xed eff ect of the genetic line (j = 1,…,4); diet is the fi xed eff ect of the feed-ing treatment (k = 1, 2); sex is the eff ect of gender (l = 1, 2); pen is the eff ect of pen (m = 1,…, 8) within batch×diet; GL×diet is the interaction eff ect between GL and diet, GL×sex is the inter-action eff ect between GL and gender; diet×sex is the interac-tion eff ect between diet and gender, batch×GL is the interaction eff ect between batch and GL; batch×diet is the interaction eff ect between round and diet and is the random residual. Th e eff ect of the diet was tested using the pen (batch×diet) as error line.Results and discussionSignifi cant GL eff ects were observed for almost all the growth traits considered, except for MEI intake as the pigs received re-stricted amounts of feed (Table 2). Th e greater ability for lean growth of the D pigs was refl ected by greater initial and fi nal BW, and thinner backfat thickness, so that the resulting Pr was greater and Lr was smaller compared to the pigs of other GL. Across GL, in early and late fi nishing periods Pr averaged 120 and 98 g/d, respectively, and Lr aver-aged 157 and 210 g/d, respectively. Th e eff ects of feed were much smaller than those observed for GL, and indicated that the re-duction of dietary CP only slightly decreased Pr in the late fi n-ishing period (P = 0.022), and consequently over the entire trial (P = 0.014). Th e MEI/(MEm + MEg) ratio averaged 0.993, and it was lower for D (0.96), greater for T (1.03) and intermediate for the A and G pigs (0.99). Th e reduction of the dietary CP level slightly worsened energy effi  ciency from 0.98 to 1.00 (P = 0.044). Overall, the growth performance obtained in this trial was in agreement with that commonly observed in the heavy pig production system and described elsewhere (e.g. Xiccato et al. 2005; Ceolin et al., 2005; Tagliapietra et al., 2005). Energy re-quirements indirectly computed from individual body measure-ments, using the NRC (1998) relationship to quantify the needs of ME for maintenance and growth, were in good agreement with the values of ME intake based on measured feed intake and ME dietary contents. Even though such approach can be biased both on the side of the prediction of body chemical status and Table 2. Body composition and energy balance of heavy pigs of four genetic lines1 fed conventional (C-CP) or low-protein diets (L-CP)2 Genetic Line (GL) SEM Diet SEM P A D G T C-CP L-CP  GL DietBody weight (kg)   Initial 86 92 87 87 0.9 88 88 0.9 <0.001 0.82Intermediate 118 125 119 116 1.2 119 119 1.2 <0.001 0.98Final 164 172 166 159 1.9 167 163 1.9 <0.001 0.14Backfat depth (mm)   Initial 10.0 8.3 9.2 8.5 0.22 9.1 8.9 0.18 <0.001 0.60Intermediate 12.9 10.3 11.9 10.7 0.28 11.2 11.8 0.26 <0.001 0.13Final 19.4 15.9 17.7 16.2 0.44 17.1 17.5 0.32 <0.001 0.33Body protein (kg)   Initial 13.7 15.1 14.0 14.1 0.16 14.2 14.3 0.16 <0.001 0.73Intermediate 18.9 20.7 19.4 19.0 0.21 19.6 19.5 0.19 <0.001 0.68Final 25.5 28.0 26.4 25.6 0.31 26.8 25.9 0.30 <0.001 0.05Body lipid (kg)   Initial 14.0 13.8 13.5 13.1 0.23 13.6 13.6 0.22 0.015 0.90Intermediate 21.4 20.5 20.9 19.3 0.36 20.3 20.8 0.40 <0.001 0.39Final 37.3 35.1 35.7 32.8 0.79 35.4 35.1 0.69 <0.001 0.75Protein retention (g/d)   0 to 44 d on feed 119 128 123 111 3.2 122 118 3.1 <0.001 0.3545 to 115 d on feed 93 103 99 95 3.1 103 92 2.9 0.032 0.0220 to 115 d on feed 103 113 108 101 2.3 111 102 2.1 <0.001 0.014Lipid retention (g/d)   0 to 44 d on feed 170 151 166 140 6.1 151 163 5.9 <0.001 0.1945 to 115 d on feed 228 207 213 192 8.6 215 204 6.9 0.022 0.280 to 115 d on feed 204 186 194 172 6.2 190 188 5.5 0.001 0.79MEm requirement4, MJ/d 18.8 20.3 19.3 19.0 0.16 19.5 19.2 0.15 <0.001 0.17MEg requirement4, MJ/d 15.3 14.7 15.0 13.5 0.39 14.8 14.4 0.36 0.002 0.36MEm+MEg4, MJ/d 34.1 35.0 34.2 32.5 0.50 34.4 33.6 0.47 <0.001 0.25ME intake (MEI)5, MJ/d 33.7 33.6 33.8 33.6 0.46 33.7 33.6 0.45 0.99 0.88MEI/(MEm+MEg) 0.99 0.96 0.99 1.03 0.77 0.98 1.00 0.71 <0.001 0.0441 Data are from pigs (281 ± 3.6 old at slaughter) of 4 GL, Anas (A), DanBred (D), Goland (G) and Topigs (T) fed C-CP diets [147 and 132 g CP/kg in early and late finishing, respectively] or L-CP diets [112 and 100 g CP/kg in early and late finishing, respectively]; 2 Presented are the least square mean based on 46 and 92 observations for GL and feed, respectively. 3 Body composition and nutrient retentions were estimated from BW and backfat depth measurements (Schiavon et al., 2007). 4 MEm and MEg are requirement for maintenance and growth according to NRC (1998); 5 MEI = measured feed intake× dietary ME content. Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 78 (2013) No. 3224 Giacomo CESARO, Luigi GALLO, Luca CARRARO, Franco TAGLIAPIETRA, Lutz BÜNGER, Stefano SCHIAVONon the dietary ME content, it off ers the advantage to be easily and cheaply applied in vivo on a large number of pigs. Slaughter experiments are certainly accurate in the determination of body chemical status, but they cannot be repeated under dif-ferent production circumstances. Th us, the approach proposed would be useful for a proximate estimation of protein and lipid retentions of heavy pigs, and off er the opportunity to modulate the diet characteristics according to the production aim of this production system. Protein restriction permits to achieve a strong reduction of N excretion (37%) which would increase the pig production/ha in areas where the N load is fi xed by law (Schiavon et al., 2012). Evaluations about the slurry volume in which N excreted is di-luted are desirable (Schiavon et al., 2009).ConclusionsDuring this trial the reduction of dietary CP did not infl u-enced the growth performance of the pigs and reduced slightly the protein retention and the effi  ciency of ME use. Th ese results confi rm the opportunity for farmers to reduce the N excretion respecting the actual legislation without compromising  pro-duction effi  ciency. ReferencesAOAC (2003). Offi  cial methods of analysis of the Association of offi  cial agricultural chemists, 17th ed. (2th revision). AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.Bouchard J., Chornet E., Overend R. P. (1988). High-performance liquid chromatographic monitoring carbohydrate fractions in partially hydrolyzed corn starch. J Agr Food Chem 36: 1188-1192.Ceolin C., Tagliapietra F., Schiavon S. (2005). Simulation of growth performance of heavy pigs with diff erent inherent growth char-acteristics kept on two restricted feeding planes. Ital J Anim Sci 4 (suppl 3): 113-115.Manini R., Piva A., Prandini A., Mordenti A., Piva G., Dourmad J.Y. (1997). Protein retention in Italian heavy pigs: development of a factorial approach for the determination of lysine require-ment. Livest Prod Sci 47: 253-259.Mordenti A., Bosi P., Corino C., Crovetto G. M., Della Casa G., Franci O., Piva A., Prandini A., Russo V., Schiavon S. (2003). A methodological approach to assess nutrient requirements of heavy pigs in Italy. Ital J Anim Sci 2: 73-87.NRC. (1998). Nutrient requirements of swine. 10th ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, D.C.Sauvant D., Perez J. M., Tran G. (2004). Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials: pigs, poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, horses and fi sh. INRA Editions, Versailles, France. Schiavon S., Gallo L., Carnier P., Tagliapietra F., Ceolin C., Prandini A., Piva A. (2007). Use of simple body measurement and allom-etry to predict the chemical growth and feed intake in pigs. Ital J Anim Sci 6: 27-44. Schiavon S., Dal Maso M., Cattani M., Tagliapietra F. (2009). A sim-plifi ed approach to calculate slurry production of growing pigs at farm level. Ital J Anim Sci 8 (Suppl. 3): 431-455.  Schiavon S., Tagliapietra F., Dalla Montà G., Cecchinato A., Bittante G. (2012). Low protein diets and rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid increase nitrogen effi  ciency and reduce the envi-ronmental impact of double-muscled young Piemontese bulls. Anim Feed Sci Technol 174: 96–107.Tagliapietra F., Ceolin C., Schiavon S. (2005). On-farm estimation of pig growth parameters from longitudinal data of live weight and feed consumption and the use of a mathematical model. Ital J Anim Sci 4 (3): 116-118.Whittemore C. T., Kerr J. C., Cameron N. D. (1995). An approach to prediction of feed intake in growing pigs using simple body measurements. Agr Syst 47: 235-244.Xiccato G., Schiavon S., Gallo L., Bailoni L., Bittante G. (2005). Nitrogen excretion in dairy cow, beef and veal cattle, pig, and rabbit farms in Northern Italy. Ital J Anim Sci 4 (Suppl.3): 103-111.acs78_36

Energy Balance Estimated from Individual Measurements of Body Weight and Backfat Thickness of Heavy Pigs of Four Genetic Lines Fed Different Diets

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Energy Balance Estimated from Individual Measurements of Body Weight and Backfat Thickness of Heavy Pigs of Four Genetic Lines Fed Different Diets

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