Baughman, N. W.

Engle, Carl F.

Ruffin, I. W.

English

The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University)

West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry ExperimentStation BulletinsDavis College of Agriculture, Natural ResourcesAnd Design1-1-1969Phosphorous and potassium uptake by ryeseedlings and ion exchange papers as influenced bysoil density and aerationI. W. RuffinCarl F. EngleN. W. BaughmanFollow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/wv_agricultural_and_forestry_experiment_station_bulletinsThis Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources And Design at The Research Repository@ WVU. It has been accepted for inclusion in West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletins by an authorized administrator ofThe Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact ian.harmon@mail.wvu.edu.Digital Commons CitationRuffin, I. W.; Engle, Carl F.; and Baughman, N. W., "Phosphorous and potassium uptake by rye seedlings and ion exchange papers asinfluenced by soil density and aeration" (1969). West Virginia Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station Bulletins. 559T.https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/wv_agricultural_and_forestry_experiment_station_bulletins/676Digitized by the Internet Archivein 2010 with funding fromLyrasis IVIembers and Sloan Foundationhttp://www.archive.org/details/phosphorouspotas559ruffBULLETIN 559TMarch 1968Phosphorous and Potassium Uptake byRye Seedlings and Ion Exchange Papers/\s Influenced by Soil Density and Aeration=1;,AG-EN^ LIBRARYWEST mQmUNIVERSITYWEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONEXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODSr>iilk soil s;im|)ks ol WIkiiIdii < I:i\ lo.iin aiul Moiioii^ahcl;! sandyil.i\ loam M)ils used in llic sludics were codec led lioni ilie I- lo (i-inchde|)dis, moist sieved ihrough a 1/1-ineh screen, air dried, and siored innlasiic bags. Some (henncal and piusical c harac terislic s ol the soils areshown in Table I. Organic mallei was deiernnned b\ llie modilied\\alkle\-Black method (25). ])H bv the glass electrode and a 1:1 soil:walei susnensioii. a\ailal)le phosphoi us and potassium l)\ die West Vir-gini.i r!ii\cisii\ soil lesting laboialoiA, and panicle si/e disli ibul ion bythe liouNouc OS meiliod (2) .Amberlile ion exchange papers' are specialty filter papers preparedfrom alpha-cellnlose pul]) and linely ground ion exchange resins. Table2 gives some characteristics of the ion exchange pai)ers used. Preliminarytests were concluded wiili the papers lo determine their adsoiption ofphosphorus or jjotassium ions lioiii solutions ol known concentralion andhow to extract the adsorbed ions. It was determined that nearly all thephosphorus adsorbed by the \VB2 lorm could be removed by lour suc-cessive exii:i( lions with a .01 .V \H,F-H(d mixture. Four successive extrac-tions with .01 .\ I KM removed nearly all the potassium from the WA2form.I'iulk samples ol the air-dried soils were weighed to give bulk densitiesof ].?) and 1.,") g/cc when compacted in '> by ,^-inch brass cylinders consis-ting ol iwo 1 1/2 by 8-inch diameter cylinders taped together. Each soilsample was spread on a sheet ol ])apei, moistened uniformly with a finespia\ ol KH.PO, solution containing •) g/l, thoioughly mixed and com-pacted in the cylinder \\\ih a (lar\er hydraulic press. The volume of solu-tion used to moisten the soil was calculaled to provide 120 or 210 |M)unclsjjer acre ecjui\aleni ol ])hosphorus and 1 10 or 280 pounds ])er acre equiva-lent ol potassium. Only the data on uptake by rve seedlings and ionexchange ])apeis lor the high rates ol phosphorus and potassium are j)re-senled because there was no appiec i;ible dillerence between the high andlow rates c>l application. Each cylinder of compacted soil was slowly wettedic) s;itination by ca|)ill:nily in ;i large tank. Aeration porosities ol aj)])rcjxi-mately 5, 10, and 15 per cent were established within each bulk densityby remo\ing water from the saturated soils by \ac num.Phosphorus and Pofassium Uptake by Ion Exchange PaperI Ik- i\\" lial\(s ol CM li <\liii(Ui wcic sepaialed and a .'J-iiuli dia-meter circle ol thc' appiopiiate Ambci liu' ion exchange papei' j:)lacedbetween liie iwo liaKcs. I he halves weic lelaped logetlui and |)lacecl iniThc ion cxdiaiKc papcis were sciincd Ik.hi 11 k(( \c Aiii^c I and Co. Inc., •) BridewellPlate, Clifion, New Jersey.4TABLE 1Chemical and Physical Characteristics of the SoilsOrganicMatter pHAvailableParticle Size DistributionSand Silt QaySou P K 2-0.02mm O.02-O.002mm 0.002mmMonongahclaWharton%1.032.376.16.5MediumMediumLowLow%63.2 12.5 24.325.1 40.3 34.6a constant humidity chamber. The paper remained in (ontact with thesoil for periods up to 7 days. At 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days the ))apers were re-moved, rinsed with distilled water, and phos]jhorus and jjotassium ex-tracted from the papers with the proper solution. Potassium was determin-ed directly on an aliquot with a Beckman DU model 2400 flame spectro-photometer. Phosphate was determined bv tlie molvbdate-blue method(3).Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake by Rye SeedlingsRoot mats ol r\e seL(lliii,u,s wcic |>i(HlLRe(l lo measure slioil-tcrm phos-phorus and potassium ujjtake. Sand passing a 10-mesh but retained on a20-mesh screen was chemically treated with 1 N HCl and 10 per centH.O. to remove any nutrient ions or organic matter, washed with de-ioniz-ed water, and dried. Thirt)' viable rye seeds were placed on the sand heklill a 1 1/2 by 3-inch diameter brass cylinder, covered with an additionalM) grams of sand and watered with a nutrient solution minus j)hosphorusand potassium. The seeds were germinated in a (onstani temperatureiaiioratory and grown until signs of phosphorus or potassium deficienciesappeared, usually about 8 da)s. Watering during growth was done daii\with the appropriate ntitrient solution. Eight days after planting rootshad completely penetrated the bottom of the sand. Rather uniform rootmats were obtained by careful control of the laboratory temperatiue andwatering procedure. The 1 1 /2 by .8-inch diameter cylinders coiUaiiiing thervc plants were jjjaced in diiect (otUa( t with iht 1 1/2 by 3-uic h diameter(\h'nders containing soil prepared in the same manner as for the ion ex-( h inge papei study. After giowtli j)erio(ls of 2. 1, 5, 6, and 7 days tlie cylin-(1ns (oiuaining ihe i\c- |)lanls were j)hi(e(l on a nest c^f scieens (10 and 2<)uu'sli) and the sand and soil gciuK washed from the plants. Vhc plantmaierial retained on the two screens was then rinsed, dried, ashed, andanah/fd for phosphorus or potassium.RESULTSThe ui)take of potav-.inni b\ the ion exchange papers and rve scetllings is sh(-)^\n in I'igines 1-1. Potassium uptake geneialh increased in IkmIiWHARTONAERATIONS»- 5%•-10%»-l5%-11MONONGAHELA^J 1 1 1 L 1 1403020£10IUJQ.^ 40302001 234 5678DAYSFK.l RE 1. Potassium uptakf bv Am-Ixililc ioii t'xthans^f pajxi lioiii Wliarloiiand Moiioiiirahcla soils with a l)iilk dciisilNof I.:? s cc as afft'tted by aeration andtime.605.04.03020crEUJQ.3 605.04.03.02.01.0MONOhjAMtLA4DA^'SFK.l'Ri: :\. Potassium ui)lakf by iv<'s«t(llini;s from Wharton and Monoiii;ah('lasoils with a bulk dtnsit\ of 1.3 s>/cc asaffected bv aeration and lime.WHARTONAERATIONS40 <- 5%-10%»-l5%30 "20 ^?io1—-^^^UJ^ n*-MONONGAHELAi:40 -30 -20 y10..^=^=^^^^01 2 34 56 78DAYSFK.liRE 2. Potassium uptake by Ani-berlite ion exthans^e paper from \Vliart«)nand Mononi^ahela soils with a bidk deii-sit^ of 1.5 jn/(c as affected by aeration andtime.6.05.0403.0enEI 1.0UJ5oI-Q.^'e.o5.0403.02.01.0-WHARTONAERATIONSX- 5%•-10%»-l5%MONONGAHELA4DAYSFK.rRI, A. Potassium u|>lake by ryes.('<'dlinL;s from Wharton and Monont;ahelasoils \\ith a bulk density of I. .5 g/cc asaffected bv aeration and time.6 100.40WHARTONAERATIONS» - 5%•-10%»-l5%MONONGAHELAFK.IIRE 5. Phosphorus uptake l)y Ant-herlite ion exchans;e paper froui Whartonand Monongahela soils with a Inilk densityof 1.3 g/cc as affected by aeration andtime.FIC.l'RE (). Phosphorus uptaki h\ Ani-Ixrlite ion ixthange paptr Irom Whartonand Monongahela soils uith a hulk (Unsit\of 1.5 g/cc as affected by aeration andtime.2.0-1.5-1,0-i'o.s-IUJS2.0-1.5-1.0-MONONGAHELAIK.l'KI. 7. Phos|>li((i us upl.iki \n r><seedlings Iroiu Wharlon and .Monongahelasoils \Nilh a hidk <lensilv of I. ,'5 g (( as al-fected bv aeration and time.2.01.51.0WHARTONAERATIONS«- 5%•-10%• -15%MONONGAHELAIK.lKl K. I'h<>si)li<>i us ii|)l.>k< l)\ rv<-Midlings Irom Wh.nloii .uid Monongahelasoils with a bulk densil> ol l.."> g tt asaffected bv atialion and (iiiie.(he Mc)ii()ii.u.ilu'l;i ;iiul \\ IkiUoii soils with liiiic aiul |)ci' cciH acialioii butilencascil with an iiuicasc in hnik ikiisity lioni 1.." to 1.5 g/cc. Thedecreased uptake with increased l)nlk density is more pronounced withthe rvc seedlings than witli the ion exchange paper.The uptake of phospliorus l>\ ihe ion exchange paper and rye seed-lings is shown in Figures 5-.S. As occurred with potassiimi uptake, phos-phorus upiake loi' hoih soiN increased with time and per cent aerationhut decreased wiili iiu leased bulk dcnsilx. Phosphorus uptake with timel)\ the ion exchange papei is neai 1\ a linear lelationship for the Whar-ton 1)111 not the Monongaliela soil. Moie phosphorus than potassium wastaken up b\ the ion exchange )xij)er for both soils and both bulk densities.Ilowexer. with the rve seedlings the i everse occurred. Little phosphoruswas taken up i)\ the rye seedlings fiom eithei soil at a bulk density of1 .5 g/(T-As time of treatment piogrissed, especially with the Monongahela;soil, greater sjiread of j)hosphc)rus and potassium u))take occurred with therye seedlings ^vhen compaiing the low to the high bulk density (compareFigure 7 ^vith (S and j with 1) .DISCUSSION1 he aiUerse effects ol Iii^li soil density on plaiu gro^vth are restricted!root pioliiei at ion. low soil aeiation, leduced iidiliration of water, and!slower mo\emeiU ol gra\ iiational and lilm water in the soil. C^onsequent-ly root systems in dense soils absorb less nutiients because they are smaller,more stunted, ma\ recei\e insulliciein ox\gen. and because ions diffusemore slowly to root surfaces.It is extreiuely difficidt to se|>arate the effects of aeration on j)lantgrowili liiiiii ilio^e ol mechanical iin|)edance and/or slo^vei' dillusion ofiions to root surlaces because they are so interrelated. This study by usinga nonbiolot^ic al adsorber of ions (exchange paper) in addition to a biclogical ahsoibei (loots) gi\es some e\idence that soil density has an effecton niarieni absoipiion independent of aeration or mechanic al impedance.There was no \ isible evidence of mechanical impedance in either soil at aibidk densit\ ol 1..^) g/cc. Fuithcr it was not expected that aeration wouldlie im]joriant in adsorjnion by the ion exchange paper. The fact that aera-tion porosity within bulk densities did affect the adsorption of phorphorus^and |>otassiuin by the exchange paper appears to indicate that diffusionol ions to the jxipeis was affected. This ma\ have been due to the mannerin which aeration was adjusted within bulk density levels, viz by additionOl iemo\al ol water. Increasing aeiation l)\ remc)\ ing water from thelarger soil pores would inciease the ionic conceniiaiion in the soil solu-i(;*8 1tion and increase the rate of diffusion to the ion exchange paper (sink) .The increase in the number of smaller pores in both soils as a result ofincreasing the bulk density from 1.3 to 1.5 g/cc at each of the aerationlevels decreased the adsorption of phosphorus and potassium. This ap-pears to indicate that the increased bulk density largely influenced thediffusion of the ions; possibly through tighter water retenti(m by soilparticles in the smaller pores and dianges in the size and conlinuitv ofdiffusion channels. It is possible that if bulk densities less than I.,S g/cchad been used, results similar to those of Flocker ct al. (7) would havebeen obtained; that is, that there is less nutrient ujnake at both low andhigh bulk densities. Maximum diffusion of phosj:)h()rus and potassiumoccurred at bulk density less than 1.5 g/cc in both soils. It was expectedthat it might occur at or above 1.5 g/cc for the sandy Monongahela soil.Philips and Brown (19) found that maximum diffusi(m of Sr*^^ occurredat different bulk densities in two soils. In a Sharkey clay it occurred at abulk density of 1.31 g/cc, while in a Dundee silt loam it occurred at 1.58g/cc."VV'ith rye seedlings and a bulk density of 1.3 g/cc ))hf)S])horus andpotassium uptake was probably reduced by lower aeration (ai liic 10 and5 per (cnt level) and bv slower diffusion of ions to the roots. The rootsdid not penetrate the soil as well at the 5 and 10 per cent aeration levels asat the 15 per cent level. At a bulk density of 1.5 g/cc there was visibleevidence of mechanical impedance to the roots even at the 15 per cent aera-tion level. It is doid^tful that aeration, per sc, had much effect on phos-phorus and ))otassium uj)take with the Monongahela soil, especially at ihc15 i)er cent aeration le\el. In a prexious study (26) \\h\\ this soil, theaeration porosity after compaction to a bulk density of 1.7 g/cc was still18.1 per cent. It was not possible to get reducing conditions in this soil asmeastired by nitrogen transfoimations at this bulk density.The much greater ujjtake of phosj)horus antl jiotassium by the ex-change paper is largely due to there being no environmental effeds onujjtake by the exchange paper and to iiuuh greater contact with ihc solisurface. The exchange papers were in (ontac i on l)oih sides with treated:soil. The lack of linear relationship l)et\veen (he uptake of phosphoi iisland jjotassium by the exchange jxi|)eis and time may ])artially be due tojsome time being required to obtain good contact between the soils andexchange paper. Non-linearity is gieaiest for the sandier Monongahelasoil. Ihe reasons for greater uptake of |)hosphorus than potassium bv tini\(hange papers are not known. The e\( li.uiL;e p.ipei used lor adsorption.)i jjolassium has a greater i\(h:inL;e (;ij).i(il\ ih.m ih.n used lor ])hos-phorus (1 able 2) .Tlu' gicaUT spread ol ))li()s|)Ii()nis and potassiuin uptake, especiall)lor iIr' .M()ii()ii<;alHla soil, willi limi' wlicn ( ()ni|)ariii<; the lo\\' to the liighbulk dcnsitx inditales llu' rye roots iliei 1 chiNs wcie iaj)idly perniealingthe soil at bulk density 1.3 g/cc but not at 1.5 g/cc.TABLE 2Characteristics of the Amberlite ion Exchange PapersAmbc'ilitc DesignationIonic I'orniIon A(isori)('(iApproxiniaU- Kxdiangi' Capaiil)me./cm-WA2HK0.056WB2OHP0.044LITERATURE CITED1. Iia\(r, I . i) and R. 15. lai iisuorth. 1941. .Soil sliiKliiie iffccls in the erowlli olsugar l)C(ls. .Soil Sci. Sot. .\iii. I'lot. .">: 1.") 48.2. Rouvoiicos, (;. r. 19.S(). Directions for making nu(liani(al anaUsis of soils hv (Inhydronuler nutliod. .Soil .Sci. 42: 22.")-230.3. lira\. R. H. and I.. I . Run/. I'M."). Detcrniinalion of lolal. oiganii. and availal)leforms of pl)os])liorus in soils. Soil Sci. ")!): '59-4.").4. Hnsiniell, J. \95'^. Sensitivity of potatoes to soil jjoiosiiy. Ohio .\gr. Expt. Sta Bull.720.5. (;iine, R. A. and .\. F,. Erickson. 19.">9. '\']\v effect of oxygen diffusion rate and'ap|)lied fertilizer on growth, \ield. and (heuiica! composition of peas. Soil Sci.S.H. .\rn. I'io(. 2'^. 33.'?-3:r).G. Duiui. S. and W. H. I.yford, |v. IHK). Inllmiuc' of soil liMure upon growth o6])lanls. New Hani|). .\gr. K\|>. Sla. Iidi. Hull. '.)().7. llo(k<r, \\ . |., 1,ingle. |. (. . and |. A. Voiiuxil. I9.")9. Influence of soil compactionon phosphorus ahsoipiion h\ loinaio pl.inis lioin an applied piiosphate fertilizer.Soil .Sci. ««: 2}7-2')().8.•J.1(».12.1:5.Flockei.\\. ).. X'oMKxil, |. .\.. ,ind I . 1). Howaid. I'.),")'.). Some growth i(S|)onses ofllonialoes lo soil (ompailion. Soil S(i. Sot. Am. I'roc. 2.'5: 18,S-1!I1.Hannnond. 1.. C, Allawa\. W IE, and W . K. Eooniis. 19.")".. Efleds of 0, and CO2levels u|)on R absorption 1)\ planis. I'lain i'iixsiol. ;i(): l.j'iKiJ.Harris. I). C... and (. IE M. van lia\ii. I9.")7. Nulrieni u|)lake and chemical com-posiiion ol i(>l)a((o ])lanis as affected l)\ llie composition of the loot atmosphere..\gn.n. [. v.): 170 181.Ho]. kins, IE 1 .. Specht, A. \V., and S. IE Tlendiitks. 1!)".() Crowth and nutrientactunndaiion as controlled hv oxygen su|>pl\ lo pi.ml rools. Plant Physiol. 25:l9:',-209.Ropecky.J.I!t27. Investigalions ol ilu- iclalions of walei lo soils. Iraus. Inlrn.Ciong. Soil S(i, Isi Congr. Washingion I: 495-503.Eawton. R. 1910. llu influence of soil aeialion on the giowth and absorption oflluilrienis b\ torn plants. Soil Sci. Sot. .\m. l'ro( , iWir)) 10: 2()'5-2()8.1014. Letey, J., Lunt. O. R.. Stolzy, L. H. and T. E. Szuszkiewicz. 1961. Plant giowth,water use and nutritional response to rhizosphere differentials of oxygen concentration. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25: 183-186.15. Letey, J., Stolzy, L. H., Blank, G. B., and O. R. Lunt. 1961. Effect of temperatureon oxygen diffusion rates and subsequent shoot growth, root giowth, and mineralcontent of two plant species. Soil Sci. 92: 314-321.16. Letey, J., Stolzy, L. H., Valoras, N., and T. E. Szuszkiewicz. 1962. Influence of soiloxygen on growth and mineral concentration of barley. Agron. J. 54: 538-540.17. Letey, J., Stolzv, L. H., Lunt, O. R., and V. B. Youngner. 1964. Growth and nutrientuptake of Newport bluegrass as affected by soil oxygen. Plant and Soil 20: 143-148.18. Letsev. J., Stolzy, L. H., and N. Valoias. 196,'). Relationship Ixlwtcii <i\\i;rii dil-fusion rate and corn growth. .Agron. J. 57: 91-92.19. Philips, R. E., and D. A. Brown. Ion diffusion III. 1965. The effect of soil com-paction on self diffusion of Rh-86 and Si -89. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 29: 657-661.20. Rosenberg, N. J., and N. A. Willits. 1962. Yield and physiological response ofbarley and beans grown in artifically compacted soils. Soil Sci. Soc. .\m. Proc.26: 78-82.21. Schuurman, J. J. June 1965. Influence of soil density on root de\elopuuiU andgiowth of oats. Plant and Soil 22: 352-374.22. Smith, F. \\\, and R. L. Cook. 1947. The effect of soil aeration, moisture, andcompaction on nitrification and oxidation and the growth of sugar beets fol-lowing corn and legumes in pot culture. .Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. (1946) 11: 4()2-4()6,23. Stolzy, L. H., Letey, J., Szuszkiewicz. T. E., and O. R. Lunt. 1961. Root growth anddiffusion rates as functions of oxvgen concentration. .Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc.25: 463-467.24. Waddington, D. \'. and J. H. Baker. 1965. Influence of soil aeration on the growthand chemical composition of three grass species. Agron. J. 57: 253-258.25. Walkley, A. and T. A. Black. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method fordetermining .soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acidtitration method. Soil Sci. 37: 29-38.26. Whisler, F. D., Engle, C. F., and \. M. Baughman. 1965. The effect of soil com-paction on nitrogen transformaiions in the soil. W. \a. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 516 T.27. W illiamson. R. E. 1964. I he effccl of root aeration on plant growth. .Soil Sci. .SocAm. Proc. 28: 86-90.11'mm; 'iiiiii;'^-'''-!^^v;-.'^-lH'^'i!^r>5H'!::';.;::-'i!;::;;'^')'!mm-'\-l^M'}'M^m?!tnt[r,??!

Phosphorous and potassium uptake by rye seedlings and ion exchange papers as influenced by soil density and aeration

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Phosphorous and potassium uptake by rye seedlings and ion exchange papers as influenced by soil density and aeration

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