Hillegers, Manon Hubertine Johanna

English

Als kinderen van ouders met een manisch-depressieve stoornis een depressie krijgen, hebben zij een verhoogd risico zelf ook een manisch-depressieve stoornis te ontwikkelen. Ook stressvolle levensgebeurtenissen verhogen de kans op het ontstaan van een eerste stemmingsepisode. Dat blijkt uit onderzoek van Manon Hillegers van het Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen. Ze promoveert 9 mei 2007 aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Nu eens zijn ze zwaar depressief, dan weer zijn ze enorm energiek, hebben ze briljante ideeën en kunnen ze de hele wereld aan. Tussendoor hebben patiënten met een manisch-depressieve stoornis ook periodes waarin ze normaal functioneren. Maar leven met deze stoornis is een hele opgave – voor de patiënt én voor de mensen in zijn omgeving. In Nederland komt een manisch-depressieve stoornis, ook wel bipolaire stoornis genoemd, bij zo’n 1 à 2 procent van de bevolking voor en begint meestal tussen het 15e en 25e jaar. Verhoogde kans Over de oorzaken van de stoornis is nog weinig bekend. Wel is bekend dat als iemand een bipolaire stoornis heeft, diens familieleden een verhoogde kans op deze stoornis hebben. De kinderen van patiënten met een bipolaire stoornis zijn daarom vanuit wetenschappelijk oogpunt een ideale groep om de ontwikkeling van de bipolaire stoornis te onderzoeken. Hillegers onderzocht 140 kinderen tussen 12 en 21 jaar uit 86 gezinnen met een manisch-depressieve ouder. Bij de kinderen werd bloed afgenomen en ze werden psychiatrisch onderzocht en psychologisch getest. Depressie risicofactor Kinderen van ouders met een bipolaire stoornis lopen een hoog risico op het ontwikkelen van een stemmingsstoornis en in het bijzonder een bipolaire stoornis, zo blijkt uit het onderzoek. Vrijwel alle kinderen die uiteindelijk een bipolaire stoornis ontwikkelden, hadden eerst een depressieve episode. Dit betekent dat het doormaken van een depressie een risicofactor is voor de ontwikkeling van een bipolaire stoornis, en tegelijkertijd al de eerste episode is van de bipolaire stoornis. Verder ontdekte Hillegers dat stressvolle levensgebeurtenissen (bijvoorbeeld een verhuizing of het overlijden van een huisdier) en schildklierafwijkingen aanzienlijk bijdragen aan de biologische en psychologische kwetsbaarheid van de onderzochte groep. Gevolgen De meeste patiënten hebben al jaren klachten en maken meerdere stemmingsepisoden door, voordat de diagnose bipolaire stoornis wordt gesteld. Dit heeft vaak grote gevolgen voor hun relaties, opleiding, baan en maatschappelijke positie. Daarom is het belangrijk dat de symptomen van de stoornis sneller worden onderkend. Hilligers beveelt aan dat kinderen van ouders met een bipolaire stoornis zorgvuldig worden gevolgd, op indicatie psychiatrisch worden onderzocht en eventueel worden behandeld

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   University of GroningenDeveloping bipolar disorderHillegers, Manon Hubertine JohannaIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2007Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Hillegers, M. H. J. (2007). Developing bipolar disorder: a follow-up study among children of patients withbipolar disorder. [s.n.].CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license.More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne-amendment.Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 06-06-2022chapter  4Five year follow-up of effects of stressful life events on the onset of mood disorders among offspring of patients with bipolar disorder.In preparation for submissionchapter  47071Five year follow-up of effects of stressful life events on the onset of mood disorders among offspring Five year follow-up of effects of stressful life events on the onset of mood disorders among offspring of patients with bipolar disorder.Manon H.J. Hillegers, Huibert Burger, Marjolein Wals, Catrien G. Reichart, Frank C. Verhulst, Johan Ormel and Willem A. Nolen.INTRODUCTIONThe temporal process of onset of mood disorders following stressful life events (SLEs) is an intriguing fi eld of research. In a previous study (Hillegers et al., 2004) our aim was to understand the temporal relationship between SLEs and the onset of mood disorders and interactions with family load (FL) for mood disorders in a high-risk cohort of adolescent offspring of bipolar patients. We therefore constructed four models with different levels of progressive decay, and found a best fi t for the model in which the effect of SLEs on the onset of the fi rst mood disorder episode was described as an accumulating effect of SLEs and at the same time a 25 % decay per time interval (year). The time span in which these SLEs were retrospectively measured was between 7 and 16 years. After this study we did a follow-up involving two subsequent measurements approximately one and fi ve years after the fi rst measurement (Reichart et al., 2004, Hillegers et al., 2005). The aim of the current study is to extend our prior data by collecting fi ve year follow-up data on our cohort of adolescent offspring of patients with bipolar disorder. METHODSThis study presented here is part of an ongoing prospective study of a high-risk cohort of 140 adolescent offspring of 86 parents with a bipolar disorder in The Netherlands. The study design, recruitment procedure and study population have been described in detail previously (Wals et al., 2001).  The Medical Ethical Review Committee of the University Medical Center Utrecht approved the study. After a complete description of the study was given to all participants, a written informed consent from was obtained. chapter  472SampleAll subjects were enrolled into the study between November 1997 and March 1999. A second assessment took place fourteen months after the fi rst assessment and included 132 subjects (13-23 years) (Reichart et al., 2004).  The third measurement took place 41 months (SD=5.2) after the second measurement. The cohort still consisted of 129 respondents and included 60 females and 69 males. The mean age was 20.8 years (SD=2.7) with a range of 16-26 years. The lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder in this sample was 10% (n=13), the lifetime prevalence of mood disorders was 40% (n=38) and the prevalence of psychopathology in general was 59% (Hillegers et al., 2005). The mean ages of the subjects did not differ signifi cantly. The subjects with a  bipolar disorder were 21.5 years (SD=3.5); those with an unipolar mood disorder had a mean age of 21.2 years (SD= 2.5), and those  without a mood disorder had a mean age of 20.5 years (SD=2.7).MATERIALSDiagnosesLifetime DSM-IV diagnoses at third measurement were based on the psychiatric interviews that took place during all three measurements adding up the incidence of psychopathology between second and third measurement to the incidence of psychopathology between fi rst and second measurement and the lifetime diagnoses at fi rst measurement. At the same time the hierarchal rules of DSM-IV were taken into account (Hillegers et al., 2005). During the fi rst two interviews, diagnoses were assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for school-age children - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) (Kaufman et al., 1997). The K-SADS-PL is an interviewer-oriented diagnostic interview designed to assess current and past DSM-IV symptoms resulting in diagnoses in children and adolescents and consist of interviews of the parent(s) and child separately. Because of increasing age of our sample, we could not use the K-SADS-PL for the third measurement. Therefore we used the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) (First et al., 1999) to determine current (last month) and past (as of second measurement) diagnoses. All interviewers were intensively trained, and all interview outcomes were evaluated with a child- and adolescent psychiatrist (CR). 73Five year follow-up of effects of stressful life events on the onset of mood disorders among offspring Family loadUsing the Family History - Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH-RDC), (Andreasen et al., 1977) the family load (FL) for unipolar mood disorders was constructed for all participating subjects, taking the fi rst and second degree relatives into account (Wals et al., 2003, Hillegers et al., 2004). In our analyses, we used the familial loading for unipolar mood disorders, because all subjects had a fi rst degree family member with a bipolar disorder and consequently the FL for bipolar disorder did not differentiate between groups with and without onset of mood disorders. Stressful life events (SLEs) The investigator-based Bedford College Life Event and Diffi culty Schedule (LEDS) (Brown and Harris, 1978, 1989) is a semi-structured interview for assessing life events and long term diffi culties in adults. The LEDS collects detailed information about the event itself, the timing of its occurrence (date) and relevant contextual information for each event. Based on the contextual information, the threat for each event is rated via standardized rating procedures. Monck and Dobbs (1985) originally adapted the Bedford College LEDS methodology for use with adolescents. The LEDS interviews were conducted by psychologists who received a LEDS training prior to interviewing. The events were rated from written transcriptions of the interview by three independent raters, who had not been involved in the interviews and blind to the respondents’ mental health status. A panel consisting of the three raters and the fi rst two authors (MH, MW) reached consensus on the events that raised rating problems. Since the LEDS interview initially covered the life cycle (childhood, early and late adolescence), all events were dated on a yearly basis. Subsequently, we evaluated whether and when (which year) each subject had experienced an event and the total number of severe events. Statistical ModelTo explore the impact of adverse life events on onsets of mood disorders, a discrete time survival method was used with combinations of time dependent co-variates.To study the impact of life events on the onset of mood disorder, the life event load at a particular point in time (year y) was calculated as the sum of the threat scores of the life events in year Y and all preceding years. The sum was subjected to an exponential decay function of 25 % loss per year. This refl ects the hypothesis that the impact of life chapter  474events principally accumulates but at the same time gradually decays as time goes by (Hillegers et al., 2004).  Data analysisThe relationship between life events and the occurrence of mood disorder was studied using Cox regression with time-varying covariates (Cox, 1972), a statistical model relating determinants whose status change over time to survival type (censored) outcome data. Because the 140 subjects originated from 86 families, these data must be considered correlated through family. Therefore we used a “frailty” model, which consisted of a Cox model, with a cluster variable indicating family. Time-varying infl uences of life events were permitted by including the time dependent life event load, as a continuous time-varying covariate in the model. In this model, the dependent variable was the time from the age fi ve to fi rst mood disorder or, if no mood disorder occurred, the time from age fi ve to the third measurement. The results are expressed as hazard ratios, indicating the instant relative risk of mood disorder, per unit life event load; thus representing the strength of the association. Hazard ratios were presented with 95% confi dence intervals (95% CI). The level of signifi cance in all analyses was P< 0.05 (two-sided).RESULTSDescriptiveTable 1:  Relative risk of onset of a mood disorder after stressful life events (SLEs) using a model  of 25% event effect decay over three follow-up periods.Time period LE load  P LE load adjusted for FL PA From 5 years of age to T1* 1.100 (1.064 – 1.137) * .000* 1.091 (1.053-1.130)* .000*B From 5 years of age to T3 1.108 (1.067 - 1.151) .000 1.100 (1.060 – 1.142) .000C From T1 to T3 1.157 (1.081 - 1.239) .000 1.159 (1.079 – 1.244) .000*: Hillegers et al., 2004LE: Life event, BP: Bipolar disorder, FL: Family loadT1: fi rst measurement, T2: second measurement, T3: third measurement Values are hazard ratios for mood disorder per unit life event load with 95% confi dence intervals between brackets. 75Five year follow-up of effects of stressful life events on the onset of mood disorders among offspring The relationship between life event load and mood disorder onset over different time periods is depicted in table 1. As described in an earlier paper (Hillegers et al., 2004) the life event load form the age of 5 years until T1 (period A) was signifi cantly associated with an approximately 10% increased risk (hazard ratio 1.1) of mood disorder per unit life event load. This increased risk remained signifi cantly present when the time period was extended with the follow-up period of almost fi ve years until T3 (period B).  Moreover the risk was also signifi cant if we only take into account the time period from T1 until T3 (period C). During this follow-up period 15 subject developed a fi rst mood episode. When focussing on only the thirteen subjects with a bipolar disorder we also fi nd an increased impact of SLEs on their fi rst mood episode during period B (results not shown). Adjusting for Family Loading (FL),  dichotomised at the median, does not signifi cantly change the impact of SLEs on the onset of the fi rst mood disorder in any of time periods. This means there is no statistically signifi cant interaction or confounding by FL in this study. Both SLEs and FL have independent effects on risk of mood disorders onset.DISCUSSIONThis study replicates the earlier found impact of SLEs on the onset of fi rst mood episodes in adolescent and young adult bipolar offspring (Hillegers et al., 2004) by now using the fi ve year follow-up data of two subsequent measurements. The life event load remained signifi cantly associated with an approximately 10% increased risk of mood disorder per unit life event load during the additional follow-up period (period B). To rule out the possibility that these results are explained mainly by events that occurred before T1 (period A) we also analyzed separately the effect of SLEs during the follow up period (period C). Even then, and with only 15 subjects developing a fi rst mood episode, the same signifi cant hazard ratio of 1.1 was found. Moreover, we found that the effect was signifi cant for the offspring who had developed a bipolar disorder. As in the previous study, familial loading for mood disorders did not modify the association of SLEs and onset of mood episodes. Possibly that is because of the lack of power. However, this study suggests that there is no evidence of gene-environment interaction concerning familial loading and SLEs.  In the present study a strong relationship between life events and the risk of mood disorder in the offspring of patients with bipolar mood disorder was demonstrated. It chapter  476is therefore that clinicians should extend their interventions beyond mere treatment of mood symptoms. They should also pay attention to prevention and rehabilitative interventions, especially in people at high risk to develop the disorder, such as the offspring of patients with bipolar disorder. Altering or improving coping strategies could be a target for selective prevention in this population who are at high risk of developing a bipolar disorder. By intervening before the onset of full-blown bipolar disorder, the disorder may be prevented or at least ameliorated in its severity, preventing poor social and vocational functioning. A possible way might be to help patients to identify their prodromal symptoms and/or individual maladaptive coping strategies in stressful situations and try to change these coping strategies (Wong & Lam, 1999; Lam et al., 2001). 77Five year follow-up of effects of stressful life events on the onset of mood disorders among offspring Andreasen NN, Endicott J, Spitzer RL, et al. The family History method using diagnostic criteria. Reliability and validity. Archives Genetic Psychiatry 1977; 34, 1229-35.Akaike H. Information theory as an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. P. 267-281 in B.N. Petrov and F. Csaki, editors. Second International Symposium on Information Theory. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, Hungary, 1973.Brown GW, Harris TO. Social origins of depression: a study of Psychiatric disorder in women. London: Travistock Publications, 1978.Brown GW, Harris TO. Depression. In Life Events and Illness (ed G. Brown and T. Harris), pp 49-93. Guilford Press: New York, 1989.Cox DR. Regression models and life tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 1972; 34, 187-220.Delbello MP, Geller B. Review of studies of child and adolescent Offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disorder 2001; 3, 325-334.Hillegers M, Reichart C, Wals M, Verhulst F, Ormel J, Nolen W. Five Year prospective outcome of psychopathology in adolescent offspring of bipolar Parents. Bipolar Disord. 2005 Aug; 7(4):344-50.Hillegers M, Burger H, Wals M, Reichart C, Verhulst F, Nolen W, Ormel J. The impact of stressful life events, familial loading and their interaction on the onset of mood disorders. A study in a high-risk cohort of adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2004 Aug; 185:97-101.Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, et al. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1997; 36, 980-988. Lam D, Wong G, Sham P. Prodromes, coping strategies and course of illness in bipolar affective disorder-a naturalistic study. Psychol Med. 2001 Nov; 31(8):1397-402.Reichart CG, Wals M, Hillegers MHJ, Ormel J, Nolen WA, Verhulst FC. Psychopathology in the adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. J Affect Disord 2004; 78(1): 67-71.Surtees, P.G. & Wainwright, N.W.J. Surviving adversity: event decay, vulnerability and the onset of anxiety and depressive disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1999; 249, 86-95.Wainwright NW & Surtees PG. Time-varying exposure and the impact of stressful life events on onset of affective disorder. Statistic Medicine 2002; 21(14), 2077-91.Wals M, Hillegers MHJ, Reichart CG, et al. Prevalence of psychopathology in children of of a bipolar parent. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2001; 40, 664-671.Wals M, van Os J, Reichart CG, Hillegers MHJ, et al. Multiple dimensions of familial psychopathology affect risk of mood disorder in children of bipolar parents.The American Journal of Medical Genetics, part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 2004; 127B, 35-41Wong G & Lam D. The development and validation of the coping inventory for prodromes of mania. J Affect Disord. 1999 Apr; 53(1):57-65.1999

Developing bipolar disorder:a follow-up study among children of patients with bipolar disorder

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Developing bipolar disorder:a follow-up study among children of patients with bipolar disorder

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