Efficient market hypothesis and emerging markets

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın öncelikli amacı gelişmekte olan ülkelerde zayıf etkinliğin araştırılması ve bu ülkeler arasında artan karşılıklı etkileşimlerin piyasa etkinliği açısından yansımalarını incelemektir. Bu nedenle, gelişmekte olan 12 ülkenin hisse senedi piyasaları, Nisan 1998-Nisan 2007 dönemine ait haftalık verilerine dayanılarak dizilim, birim kök ve varyans oran testleri ile zayıf etkinlik bakımından sınanmıştır. Birim kök testlerinde Geliştirilmiş Dickey Fuller (GDF) testinin yanı sıra Phillips-Perron (PP) ve KPSS birim kök testleri kullanılmıştır. Aynı zayıf etkinlik testleri Nisan 2002-Nisan 2007 alt dönemi için de ayrıca gerçekleştirilmiştir. Test edilen gelişmekte olan ülkeler Arjantin, Brezilya, Çek Cumhuriyeti, Mısır, Endonezya, Macaristan, Hindistan, İsrail, Kore, Meksika, Rusya ve Türkiye’dir. Bütün hipotez testleri %5 anlamlılık seviyesinde yapılmıştır. Bulgular, çoğu ülke için zayıf etkinliği destekler nitelikte olmuştur. Dizilim testlerinde 1998-2007 dönemi için Çek piyasasının, 2002-2007 dönemi için ise Arjantin piyasasının zayıf etkin olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. GDF testinde gecikme sayıları hem Akaike hem de Schwarz bilgi kriterine göre ayrı ayrı hesaplanmıştır. Her iki bilgi kriteri değişik sayıda gecikme sayısına işaret etmelerine rağmen, sonuçlardaki tek fark 2002-2007 dönemi için sabit ve trend içeren test modelinde, Akaike bilgi kriterine göre yapılan testte, Hindistan borsa endeksinin birim kökünün varlığının reddi olmuştur. 1998-2007 dönemleri için bütün birim kök testleri Rus piyasası endeksinde birimkök varlığını reddetmiştir. Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) testlerinde ise Brezilya, Endonezya, Hindistan ve İsrail için durağanlık reddedilememiştir. Varyans oran testinde sonuçları 1998-2007 dönemi için Brezilya, Çek, Hindistan, İsrail, Kore, Meksika ve Türkiye’nin, 2002-2007 dönemi için ise Arjantin hariç bütün ülkelerin zayıf etkinliğine işaret etmişlerdir. Türkiye ve Kore piyasaları için hiç bir test zayıf piyasa etkinliğini reddedememiştir.                                                                                                    Anahtar Kelimeler: Etkin piyasa, rassal yürüyüş, birim kök, dizilim, varyans oran.The existence of a random price generation process is one of the most central findings to support weak-form efficiency in capital markets. The logic is quite straight forward. As suggested by Fama (1970), if prices are efficient, then they fully incorporate all available information at that time, and hence the expectation of price conditioned on the information set at any time is simply the current price. This suggests a random process in price formation. The main purpose of this study is to test weak-form market efficiency in selected emerging markets. Therefore, twelve emerging stock market indices were tested with runs test, unit root tests and variance ratio test by using weekly data for the period of April 1998'April 2007. Wednesday's closing prices are used in the weekly data set. The reason to use Wednesday rather than Friday is to minimize the number of missing data as most of the holidays coincide with Friday or Monday. If the Wednesday data are missing then the Thursday's, if the Thursday data are also missing then the Friday data will be used. However, if the Friday data are also missing, then the week will be accepted as a missing week. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP) and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin (KPSS) methodologies are used in unit root tests. The same weak-form market efficiency tests are done for the sub period of April 2002-April 2007. The tested countries are Argentina, Brazil, Czech Republic, Egypt, Indonesia, Hungary, India, Israel, South Korea, Mexico, Russia and Turkey. The findings are supportive for weak form efficiency for most of the countries tested. The runs test can be used to decide whether a data set is from a random process. A run is defined as a series of increasing values or a series of decreasing values. The number of increasing or decreasing values is the length of the run. In a random data set, the probability that the (I+1)th value is larger or smaller than the Ith value follows a binomial distribution, which forms the basis of the runs test. The runs test results suggest weak form efficiency in all tested markets with the exception of Czech Republic for the period of 1998-2007, and Argentina for the sub period of 2002-2007. A unit root test tests whether a time series variable is non-stationary by using an autoregressive model. The most popular unit root test is the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test. Another test is the Phillips-Perron test. Both of these tests use the existence of a unit root as the null hypothesis. On the other hand, the KPSS test tests for stationarity. Efficient markets are expected to follow a random walk process which generates non-stationary price series. All unit root tests suggest weak form efficiency in the selected countries except in Russia for the period of 1998-2007. The PP and the ADF tests indicate market inefficiency in Israel and Mexico for the period of 2002-2007. Moreover, the ADF test using Akaike Information Criteria, to determine the number of the lags to be included in the test variables, reject market efficiency in India at 5% significance level. The KPSS test results suggest that stock market index series in Brazil, India, Indonesia and Israel are not the product of a random price generation process. Implications of the random walk suggest that (i) returns are not predictable in the long or short run and that (ii) the variance of a sample is linearly related to the sampling interval. The first implication is tested by using runs test and unit root tests in this study. The second implication is tested with the test statistics developed by Lo and MacKinlay (1988) based on the idea that variance ratios over different sampling intervals are linear functions of the unit interval. The variance ratio tests are developed for both homoscedastic and heteroscedastic conditions. The time intervals used in this study are 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 weeks. The random walk null hypothesis is rejected for Argentina, Egypt, Hungary, Indonesia and Russia for the 1998-2007period. The market efficiency cannot be rejected in the tested countries except in Argentina for the 2002-2007 sub period. One of the interesting findings of this study is that none of the tests can reject weak form market efficiency in the Turkish and Korean markets. Another interesting finding is that in none of the tested countries, all tests reject the existence of market efficiency. Keywords: efficient market, random walk, runs, unit roots, variance ratio.

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