In this work we report synthesis and optical characterization of CdS thin films coated on glass substrate. The films were deposited using chemical bath deposition method. Scanning Electron microscopy shows a uniform film of CdS film at particular concentration and dipping time. The Energy Dispersive spectroscopy reveals the presence of Cd and S in the CdS film. X-Ray diffraction confirms the cubic structure of CdS deposited on glass and amorphous nature of glass. Optical and photoluminescence studies were done using UV-Visible spectroscopy and Photoluminescence spectroscopy respectively. We have determined bandgap by analyzing UV-Visible spectra results. Wettability studies were done using Optical Contact Angle, which confirms the hydrophobic nature of the CdS films.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3195

Bandyopadhyay, V.

Rajpal, S.

Electronic Sumy State University Institutional Repository

JOURNAL OF NANO- AND ELECTRONIC PHYSICS ЖУРНАЛ НАНО- ТА ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ ФІЗИКИ Vol. 5 No 3, 03021(3pp) (2013) Том 5 № 3, 03021(3cc) (2013)   2077-6772/2013/5(3)03021(3) 03021-1  2013 Sumy State University Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Film Grown by Chemical Bath Deposition  S. Rajpal, V. Bandyopadhyay*  Department of Applied Physics, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 Jharkhand, India  (Received 12 May 2013; revised manuscript received 06 July 2013; published online 12 July 2013)  In this work we report synthesis and optical characterization of CdS thin films coated on glass sub-strate. The films were deposited using chemical bath deposition method. Scanning Electron microscopy shows a uniform film of CdS film at particular concentration and dipping time. The Energy Dispersive spectroscopy reveals the presence of Cd and S in the CdS film. X-Ray diffraction confirms the cubic struc-ture of CdS deposited on glass and amorphous nature of glass. Optical and photoluminescence studies were done using UV-Visible spectroscopy and Photoluminescence spectroscopy respectively. We have deter-mined bandgap by analyzing UV-Visible spectra results. Wettability studies were done using Optical Con-tact Angle, which confirms the hydrophobic nature of the CdS films.  Keywords: CdS thin film, Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD), Thin films, Glass.    PACS numbers: 73.90. + f, 88.40.jm                                                             * vivek.nano.bitm@gmail.com 1. INTRODUCTION  CdS thin films have received considerable attention during recent years because of their numerous excel-lent properties in optoelectronic fields. CdS thin film has a broad range of application in important technical fields such as heterojunction solar cells [1, 2], light emitting diodes [3], large screen liquid crystal devices [4], gas sensors [5] and field effect transistors [6, 7]. CdS thin film belongs to Cadmium Chalcogenide family. It is an II-VI wide direct band gap (2.42 eV) semiconductor. This particular property makes it a key element for solar cell applications. In last decades, efforts have been devoted to the preparation of high quality CdS nanostructures and its investigation [8]. Many techniques for deposition of CdS thin films were reported, such as sputtering, elec-tro-deposition, metal vapor oxide deposition (MOCVD), sputtering, spray deposition [9] and chemical bath dep-osition method. We have chosen chemical bath deposi-tion route to deposit CdS thin film over glass sample because it offers deposition over a large area. It also includes other advantages, such as low temperature operation and economic. Many authors have also ob-tained highest efficiency using this method to grow buffer layer for CdTe and CIGS solar cells [10, 11]. In this work we report CdS film grown on the glass sub-strates at 80  2 C by CBD method and its characteri-zation by various techniques like XRD, SEM, UV-VIS spectroscopy and PL spectroscopy.  2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS  The CdS thin films were deposited from a solution of analytical grade cadmium nitrate and thiourea in an alkaline solution of ammonia and distilled water. Commercial glass slides used as substrates, were cleaned in acetone ultrasonically. The glass slides were kept vertically in a closed beaker. We prepared differ-ent types of samples by varying the dipping times and concentration of the dipping solution.  In a beaker containing 50 ml of distilled water, 2 ml of Cadmium Nitrate was added. Another 5 ml of liquid Ammonia was added to it. Mixture was then stirred for a particular time and 10 ml of thiourea was added to it. The process of stirring was continued. Distilled water was added to make the total volume to 125 ml. During the whole process pH value was controlled between 9.5-10 by addition Ammonium Acetate. Temperature of the solution was maintained at 80  2 C. Solution was stirred using magnetic stirrer [12]. Glass substrate was mounted vertically on the beaker containing the solution. After the deposition was complete, the substrates were removed from the bath and were allowed to dry in air. The dried samples were rinsed with acetone and finally dried.  3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  3.1 Structural Analysis  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed for magnified image of the so prepared sample. Figure 1 shows 10,000 times magnified topographical image of CdS sample. In this image spherical shape of CdS na-noparticles deposited are confirmed. Energy Dispersion X-ray analysis (EDX) was also done to confirm the presence of possible elements in the deposited film. Fig. 2 is the EDX spectrum of CdS deposited over glass and it reveals the presence of Cd and S, over Si (as be-cause of deposition over glass sample). The occurrence of platinum peak (Pt) is because the sample was coated with platinum to facilitate electron conduction during SEM characterization. Further detailed structural analysis of thin film CdS glass was performed using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). During the characterization procedure of XRD, CoKα (   1.546 nm) laser is used. Fig. 3, shows the diffraction pattern of CdS deposited on glass. Here, four peaks were identified; (111) at 26.81 , (220) at 44.27 , (311) at 52.34  and (420) at 72.71 . All these peaks were matched with standard data card of CdS (JCPDS card no. 89-0019). This proves that our depos-ited sample is in same cubic phase as that of the stan- S. RAJPAL, V. BANDYOPADHYAY  J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 5, 03021 (2013)   03021-2 dard result [13]. Another important result derived from the XRD pattern is that the broadening of peak near 26  this correlates that fact that our sample deposited on glass, which is of amorphous nature. The average particle size of CdS nanoparticles deposited over glass were also determined using Debye-Scherrer’s formula [14].   0.89cosavgD    Here, 0.89 is the Scherrer factor for spherical nano-particles,  implies the wavelength of the X-ray used,  is the full width half maxima (FWHM) of the diffrac-tion peak (in radians) and θ is the maximum scattering angle. The average particle size of the CdS nanoparti-cle came around 22 nm.    Fig. 1 – SEM image of CdS nanoparticles deposited on glass at 10,000x magnification     Fig. 2 – EDX spectra of CdS deposited on glass    Fig. 3 – XRD results of CdS deposited on glass. JCPDS card number is written in bold Wettability studies are important parameters to consider, when this thin film deposition of CdS over glass substrate is used for solar cell or smart window applications. From this techniques, we are able to know the surface nature of any sample, whether it is hydro-phobic or hydrophilic. We have performed wettability studies of our samples and compared with the results of normal glass. Wettability study was performed using Optical contact angle (OCA). Fig. 4a, b shows the OCA image of uncoated glass and CdS deposited glass respectively. The contact angle for the uncoated glass we used, was found to be 49.73   2.13 . This clearly confirms the hydrophilic na-ture of the uncoated glass. Whereas, if we compare its result with CdS deposited glass, the contact angle comes as 97.85   2.29 . This shows that our samples of CdS deposited on glass have hydrophobic nature [15, 16].    (a)    (b)  Fig. 4 – Optical Contact Angle Images: OCA image of uncoat-ed glass (a), OCA image of CdS deposited glass (b)  3.2 Optical Analysis  Optical analysis of CdS samples deposited over glass were performed using UV-Visible spectroscopy and Photo-luminescence spectroscopy. These two char-acterization techniques are generally used for bandgap determination and purity approximation respectively. UV-visible spectroscopy was performed in room temperature and at a region from 300 nm to 800 nm. The UV-visible spectrum of CdS deposited glass is shown in Fig. 5. The bulk bandgap of CdS is 2.42 eV, as reported by earlier researcher [17]. But, our sample showed a characteristic bandgap of 2.39 eV. We have determined bandgap by Tauc’s formula [18], which is defined as-   1/( ) ( )n ghv A hv E        STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CDS… J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 5, 03021 (2013)   03021-3    Fig. 5 – UV-Visible spectra of CdS deposited on glass Fig. 6 – Photoluminescence spectra of CdS deposited on glass  Where,  is the absorption coefficient, h is the Planck’s constant, v is the frequency of vibration, A is the proportionality constant and Eg is the characteris-tic bandgap. Photoluminescence analysis of the CdS deposited over glass were performed to analyze the purity of dep-osition. Fig. 6 shows the photoluminescence spectra. During this characterization, Xenon lamp source at 280 nm as an excitation wavelength is used. The photo-luminescence originates from the recombination of sur-face states. In the spectra of CdS deposited on glass, we find two major PL peaks, in a range from 520 nm to 360 nm, respectively. Here, the peak at 512.84 nm cor-responds to emission of near band edge excitonic peak [19]. This exhibit green band emissions corresponding to the defect related luminescence emission.     4. CONCLUSION  The CdS thin film was successfully deposited on commercially available glass substrate using chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The film was charac-terized for optical and structural properties. The cubic phase CdS is observed by XRD analysis. The average crystallite size of CdS particle was about 22 nm. The SEM images shows uniform thin film of CdS. PL spec-troscopy shows the emission at 364.34 nm and 512.84 nm. The optical band gap is measured to be 2.39 eV. And thus CdS film presented have good cha-racteristic to be used as a window layer for photovoltaic applications.   AKNOWLEDGEMENTS  We are grateful to Central Instrumentation facility and Dept. of Applied Physics, Birla Institute of Tech-nology, Mesra, Ranchi for the lab facilities provided. REFERENCES  1. H.R. Motinho, D. Albin, Y. Yaan, R.G. Dheo, X. Li, C. Perkis, C.S. Jiang, Thin Solid Films 436, 175 (2003). 2. H. Metin, R. Esen, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 18, 647 (2003). 3. G.S. Vorobjov, V.O. Zhurba, A.S. Krivets, J. Nano- Elec-tron. Phys. 2 No4, 47 (2010). 4. A. Zeho, J.G. Vazquez Luna, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 68, 217 (2001). 5. J. Levinson, F.R. Shepherd, P.J. Scanlon, W.D. Westwood, G. Este, M. Rider, J. Appl. Phys. 53, 1193 (1982). 6. U. Pal, R. Silva-Gonzalez, G. Martinez-Montes, M. Gracia-Jimenez, M.A. Vidal, S. Torres, Thin Solid Films 305, 345 (1997). 7. J.H. Schon, O. Schenker, B. Batlogg, Thin Solid Films 385, 271 (2001). 8. T. Kippeny, L.A. Swafford, S.J. Rosenthal, J. Chem. Educ. 79, 1094 (2002). 9. R.M. Perez, G.S. Rodriguez, J.S. Hernandez, A.M. Aevedo, A.A. Carbajal, O.V. Galan, J.C. Alanso, G.C. Puente, Thin Solid Films 480-481, 173 (2005). 10. Contreras, B. Egaas, K. Ramanathan, J. Hiltner, A. Swartzlander, F. Hasoon, R. Noufi, Prog. Photovolt, Res. Appl. 7, 311 (1999). 11. H. Khallif, I.O. Oladej, L. Chow, Thin Solid Films 516, 5967 (2008). 12. R. Krupa, A. Wrzesinska. Acta Phys. Polonica A 53, 675 (1978). 13. A. Acharya, et al., Researcher. 3(1), 108 (2011). 14. H.P. Klug, L.E. Alexander, X-ray diffraction methods for polycrystalline and amorphous materials (New York: John Wiley and Sons: 1954). 15. P. Nandakumar, C. Vijayan, Y.V.G.S. Murti, J. Appl. Phys. 91, 1509 (2002). 16. T. Praveen, V. Parinda, A. Pushan, Mater. Lett. 54, 343 (2002). 17. A.I. Olivaa, O. Solis-Cantoa, R. Castro-Rodrıgueza, P. Quintanaa, Thin Solid Films 391, 28 (2001). 18. J. Tauc, A. Menth, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 8, 569 (1972).  19. M. Karimi, et al., Curr. Appl. Phys. 9, 1263 (2009).  

Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Film Grown by Chemical Bath Deposition

SocioEconomic Challenges Journal (Sumy State University)

JOURNAL OF NANO- AND ELECTRONIC PHYSICS ЖУРНАЛ НАНО- ТА ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ ФІЗИКИ 
Vol. 5 No 3, 03021(3pp) (2013) Том 5 № 3, 03021(3cc) (2013) 
 
 
2077-6772/2013/5(3)03021(3) 03021-1  2013 Sumy State University 
Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Film Grown by Chemical Bath Deposition 
 
S. Rajpal, V. Bandyopadhyay* 
 
Department of Applied Physics, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 Jharkhand, India 
 
(Received 12 May 2013; revised manuscript received 06 July 2013; published online 12 July 2013) 
 
In this work we report synthesis and optical characterization of CdS thin films coated on glass sub-
strate. The films were deposited using chemical bath deposition method. Scanning Electron microscopy 
shows a uniform film of CdS film at particular concentration and dipping time. The Energy Dispersive 
spectroscopy reveals the presence of Cd and S in the CdS film. X-Ray diffraction confirms the cubic struc-
ture of CdS deposited on glass and amorphous nature of glass. Optical and photoluminescence studies were 
done using UV-Visible spectroscopy and Photoluminescence spectroscopy respectively. We have deter-
mined bandgap by analyzing UV-Visible spectra results. Wettability studies were done using Optical Con-
tact Angle, which confirms the hydrophobic nature of the CdS films. 
 
Keywords: CdS thin film, Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD), Thin films, Glass. 
 
  PACS numbers: 73.90. + f, 88.40.jm 
 
 
                                                          
* vivek.nano.bitm@gmail.com 
1. INTRODUCTION 
 
CdS thin films have received considerable attention 
during recent years because of their numerous excel-
lent properties in optoelectronic fields. CdS thin film 
has a broad range of application in important technical 
fields such as heterojunction solar cells [1, 2], light 
emitting diodes [3], large screen liquid crystal devices 
[4], gas sensors [5] and field effect transistors [6, 7]. 
CdS thin film belongs to Cadmium Chalcogenide 
family. It is an II-VI wide direct band gap (2.42 eV) 
semiconductor. This particular property makes it a key 
element for solar cell applications. 
In last decades, efforts have been devoted to the 
preparation of high quality CdS nanostructures and its 
investigation [8]. Many techniques for deposition of 
CdS thin films were reported, such as sputtering, elec-
tro-deposition, metal vapor oxide deposition (MOCVD), 
sputtering, spray deposition [9] and chemical bath dep-
osition method. We have chosen chemical bath deposi-
tion route to deposit CdS thin film over glass sample 
because it offers deposition over a large area. It also 
includes other advantages, such as low temperature 
operation and economic. Many authors have also ob-
tained highest efficiency using this method to grow 
buffer layer for CdTe and CIGS solar cells [10, 11]. In 
this work we report CdS film grown on the glass sub-
strates at 80  2 C by CBD method and its characteri-
zation by various techniques like XRD, SEM, UV-VIS 
spectroscopy and PL spectroscopy. 
 
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS 
 
The CdS thin films were deposited from a solution 
of analytical grade cadmium nitrate and thiourea in an 
alkaline solution of ammonia and distilled water. 
Commercial glass slides used as substrates, were 
cleaned in acetone ultrasonically. The glass slides were 
kept vertically in a closed beaker. We prepared differ-
ent types of samples by varying the dipping times and 
concentration of the dipping solution.  
In a beaker containing 50 ml of distilled water, 2 ml 
of Cadmium Nitrate was added. Another 5 ml of liquid 
Ammonia was added to it. Mixture was then stirred for 
a particular time and 10 ml of thiourea was added to it. 
The process of stirring was continued. Distilled water 
was added to make the total volume to 125 ml. During 
the whole process pH value was controlled between 9.5-
10 by addition Ammonium Acetate. Temperature of the 
solution was maintained at 80  2 C. Solution was 
stirred using magnetic stirrer [12]. 
Glass substrate was mounted vertically on the 
beaker containing the solution. After the deposition 
was complete, the substrates were removed from the 
bath and were allowed to dry in air. The dried samples 
were rinsed with acetone and finally dried. 
 
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 
3.1 Structural Analysis 
 
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed 
for magnified image of the so prepared sample. Figure 
1 shows 10,000 times magnified topographical image of 
CdS sample. In this image spherical shape of CdS na-
noparticles deposited are confirmed. Energy Dispersion 
X-ray analysis (EDX) was also done to confirm the 
presence of possible elements in the deposited film. 
Fig. 2 is the EDX spectrum of CdS deposited over glass 
and it reveals the presence of Cd and S, over Si (as be-
cause of deposition over glass sample). The occurrence 
of platinum peak (Pt) is because the sample was coated 
with platinum to facilitate electron conduction during 
SEM characterization. 
Further detailed structural analysis of thin film 
CdS glass was performed using an X-ray diffractometer 
(XRD). During the characterization procedure of XRD, 
CoKα (   1.546 nm) laser is used. Fig. 3, shows the 
diffraction pattern of CdS deposited on glass. Here, 
four peaks were identified; (111) at 26.81 , (220) at 
44.27 , (311) at 52.34  and (420) at 72.71 . All these 
peaks were matched with standard data card of CdS 
(JCPDS card no. 89-0019). This proves that our depos-
ited sample is in same cubic phase as that of the stan-
 S. RAJPAL, V. BANDYOPADHYAY  J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 5, 03021 (2013) 
 
 
03021-2 
dard result [13]. Another important result derived from 
the XRD pattern is that the broadening of peak near 
26  this correlates that fact that our sample deposited 
on glass, which is of amorphous nature. The average 
particle size of CdS nanoparticles deposited over glass 
were also determined using Debye-Scherrer’s formula 
[14]. 
 
 
0.89
cos
avgD   
 
Here, 0.89 is the Scherrer factor for spherical nano-
particles,  implies the wavelength of the X-ray used,  
is the full width half maxima (FWHM) of the diffrac-
tion peak (in radians) and θ is the maximum scattering 
angle. The average particle size of the CdS nanoparti-
cle came around 22 nm. 
 
 
 
Fig. 1 – SEM image of CdS nanoparticles deposited on glass 
at 10,000x magnification 
 
  
 
Fig. 2 – EDX spectra of CdS deposited on glass 
 
 
 
Fig. 3 – XRD results of CdS deposited on glass. JCPDS card 
number is written in bold 
Wettability studies are important parameters to 
consider, when this thin film deposition of CdS over 
glass substrate is used for solar cell or smart window 
applications. From this techniques, we are able to know 
the surface nature of any sample, whether it is hydro-
phobic or hydrophilic. We have performed wettability 
studies of our samples and compared with the results 
of normal glass. Wettability study was performed using 
Optical contact angle (OCA). 
Fig. 4a, b shows the OCA image of uncoated glass 
and CdS deposited glass respectively. The contact angle 
for the uncoated glass we used, was found to be 
49.73   2.13 . This clearly confirms the hydrophilic na-
ture of the uncoated glass. Whereas, if we compare its 
result with CdS deposited glass, the contact angle comes 
as 97.85   2.29 . This shows that our samples of CdS 
deposited on glass have hydrophobic nature [15, 16]. 
 
 
 
(a) 
 
 
 
(b) 
 
Fig. 4 – Optical Contact Angle Images: OCA image of uncoat-
ed glass (a), OCA image of CdS deposited glass (b) 
 
3.2 Optical Analysis 
 
Optical analysis of CdS samples deposited over 
glass were performed using UV-Visible spectroscopy 
and Photo-luminescence spectroscopy. These two char-
acterization techniques are generally used for bandgap 
determination and purity approximation respectively. 
UV-visible spectroscopy was performed in room 
temperature and at a region from 300 nm to 800 nm. 
The UV-visible spectrum of CdS deposited glass is 
shown in Fig. 5. The bulk bandgap of CdS is 2.42 eV, as 
reported by earlier researcher [17]. But, our sample 
showed a characteristic bandgap of 2.39 eV. We have 
determined bandgap by Tauc’s formula [18], which is 
defined as- 
 
 
1/( ) ( )n ghv A hv E   
 
 
 
 
 STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CDS… J. NANO- ELECTRON. PHYS. 5, 03021 (2013) 
 
 
03021-3 
 
 
 
Fig. 5 – UV-Visible spectra of CdS deposited on glass Fig. 6 – Photoluminescence spectra of CdS deposited on glass 
 
Where,  is the absorption coefficient, h is the 
Planck’s constant, v is the frequency of vibration, A is 
the proportionality constant and Eg is the characteris-
tic bandgap. 
Photoluminescence analysis of the CdS deposited 
over glass were performed to analyze the purity of dep-
osition. Fig. 6 shows the photoluminescence spectra. 
During this characterization, Xenon lamp source at 
280 nm as an excitation wavelength is used. The photo-
luminescence originates from the recombination of sur-
face states. In the spectra of CdS deposited on glass, we 
find two major PL peaks, in a range from 520 nm to 
360 nm, respectively. Here, the peak at 512.84 nm cor-
responds to emission of near band edge excitonic peak 
[19]. This exhibit green band emissions corresponding 
to the defect related luminescence emission. 
 
 
 
 
4. CONCLUSION 
 
The CdS thin film was successfully deposited on 
commercially available glass substrate using chemical 
bath deposition (CBD) technique. The film was charac-
terized for optical and structural properties. The cubic 
phase CdS is observed by XRD analysis. The average 
crystallite size of CdS particle was about 22 nm. The 
SEM images shows uniform thin film of CdS. PL spec-
troscopy shows the emission at 364.34 nm and 
512.84 nm. The optical band gap is measured to be 
2.39 eV. And thus CdS film presented have good cha-
racteristic to be used as a window layer for photovoltaic 
applications.  
 
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
We are grateful to Central Instrumentation facility 
and Dept. of Applied Physics, Birla Institute of Tech-
nology, Mesra, Ranchi for the lab facilities provided. 
REFERENCES 
 
1. H.R. Motinho, D. Albin, Y. Yaan, R.G. Dheo, X. Li, 
C. Perkis, C.S. Jiang, Thin Solid Films 436, 175 (2003). 
2. H. Metin, R. Esen, Semicond. Sci. Technol. 18, 647 (2003). 
3. G.S. Vorobjov, V.O. Zhurba, A.S. Krivets, J. Nano- Elec-
tron. Phys. 2 No4, 47 (2010). 
4. A. Zeho, J.G. Vazquez Luna, Sol. Energ. Mater. Sol. C 68, 
217 (2001). 
5. J. Levinson, F.R. Shepherd, P.J. Scanlon, W.D. Westwood, 
G. Este, M. Rider, J. Appl. Phys. 53, 1193 (1982). 
6. U. Pal, R. Silva-Gonzalez, G. Martinez-Montes, M. Gracia-
Jimenez, M.A. Vidal, S. Torres, Thin Solid Films 305, 345 
(1997). 
7. J.H. Schon, O. Schenker, B. Batlogg, Thin Solid Films 
385, 271 (2001). 
8. T. Kippeny, L.A. Swafford, S.J. Rosenthal, J. Chem. Educ. 
79, 1094 (2002). 
9. R.M. Perez, G.S. Rodriguez, J.S. Hernandez, A.M. Aevedo, 
A.A. Carbajal, O.V. Galan, J.C. Alanso, G.C. Puente, Thin 
Solid Films 480-481, 173 (2005). 
10. Contreras, B. Egaas, K. Ramanathan, J. Hiltner, 
A. Swartzlander, F. Hasoon, R. Noufi, Prog. Photovolt, 
Res. Appl. 7, 311 (1999). 
11. H. Khallif, I.O. Oladej, L. Chow, Thin Solid Films 516, 
5967 (2008). 
12. R. Krupa, A. Wrzesinska. Acta Phys. Polonica A 53, 675 
(1978). 
13. A. Acharya, et al., Researcher. 3(1), 108 (2011). 
14. H.P. Klug, L.E. Alexander, X-ray diffraction methods for 
polycrystalline and amorphous materials (New York: John 
Wiley and Sons: 1954). 
15. P. Nandakumar, C. Vijayan, Y.V.G.S. Murti, J. Appl. 
Phys. 91, 1509 (2002). 
16. T. Praveen, V. Parinda, A. Pushan, Mater. Lett. 54, 343 
(2002). 
17. A.I. Olivaa, O. Solis-Cantoa, R. Castro-Rodrıgueza, 
P. Quintanaa, Thin Solid Films 391, 28 (2001). 
18. J. Tauc, A. Menth, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 8, 569 (1972).  
19. M. Karimi, et al., Curr. Appl. Phys. 9, 1263 (2009). 
 


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Structural and Optical Properties of CdS Thin Film Grown by Chemical Bath Deposition

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