Metcalfa pruinosa (Say 1830), an invasive species mentioned in Romania in 2009, was observed first time in Pitești in 2014, a city located in the central-southern part of Romania. In the favourable climatic conditions of the summer of 2015, high density of thedevelopment stages of the pest were seen on many host plants, both woody and herbaceous, in the green areas of the city. The insecticide treatments show the highest effectiveness for the mixture of imidacloprid 75 g/l, deltamethrin 10 g/l, lambda cyhalothrin 50 g/l, associated with pirimiphos methyl 500 g/l, within an interval of 3-5 days. It is important that treatments be applied in combination with 0.1% Silwet to facilitate the action of the active substance. Monitoring and chemical control are required in order to limit the spread of pests in places bordering the city, where there are important vineyards and orchards

Barbuceanu, Daniela

Mihaescu, Cristina Florina

Metcalfa pruinosa (Say 1830), an invasive species mentioned in Romania in 2009,Â was observed first time in Piteşti in 2014, a city located in the central-southern part ofÂ Romania. In the favourable climatic conditions of the summer of 2015, high density of thedevelopment stages of the pest were seen on many host plants, both woody andÂ herbaceous, in the green areas of the city. The insecticide treatments show the highestÂ effectiveness for the mixture of imidacloprid 75 g/l, deltamethrin 10 g/l, lambda cyhalothrinÂ 50 g/l, associated with pirimiphos methyl 500 g/l, within an interval of 3-5 days. It isÂ important that treatments be applied in combination with 0.1% Silwet to facilitate the actionÂ of the active substance. Monitoring and chemical control are required in order to limit theÂ spread of pests in places bordering the city, where there are important vineyards andÂ orchards

Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series

Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201526NEW DATA ABOUT THE CONTROL OF THE PLANTHOPPERMETCALFA PRUINOSA (SAY 1830) (HEMIPTERA: FLATIDAE)IN THE TOWN OF PITEŞTI (ARGEŞ COUNTY)BĂRBUCEANU DANIELA, MIHĂESCU CRISTINA FLORINAUniversity of Piteşti, Faculty of Sciences, email: daniela_barbuceanu@yahoo.comKeywords: biology, green spaces, invasion, chemical controlABSTRACTMetcalfa pruinosa (Say 1830), an invasive species mentioned in Romania in 2009,was observed first time in Pitești in 2014, a city located in the central-southern part ofRomania. In the favourable climatic conditions of the summer of 2015, high density of thedevelopment stages of the pest were seen on many host plants, both woody andherbaceous, in the green areas of the city. The insecticide treatments show the highesteffectiveness for the mixture of imidacloprid 75 g/l, deltamethrin 10 g/l, lambda cyhalothrin50 g/l, associated with pirimiphos methyl 500 g/l, within an interval of 3-5 days. It isimportant that treatments be applied in combination with 0.1% Silwet to facilitate the actionof the active substance. Monitoring and chemical control are required in order to limit thespread of pests in places bordering the city, where there are important vineyards andorchards..INTRODUCTIONGlobal warming and the increasing trade in plants of economic importance in recentdecades have favoured the spread of many species of insects, so that the world is nowfaced with an increase in the number of invasive species. Such an invasive species, whichworries European experts, is Metcalfa pruinosa (Say 1830). This species originated ineastern North America (Mead, 2014) and came in Europe accidentally: it was firstmentioned in Italy in 1979 (Zangheri & Donadini 1980). Subsequently, the species spreadgradually, being observed in various European countries. Also, the species is observed in2003 in Turkey (Karsavuran et Guclu 2004).The expansion of the species continued, and so Gnezdilov & Sunyaev (2009)observed it in the summer of 2009 in Russia, where it probably arrived by sea from Turkeyor Bulgaria. Yeyeun et al. (2011) report it on the Asian continent, in the Korean capital,also in 2009.In Romania, the species was first observed in 2009 in the eastern regions (Preda &Skolca 2009) and a year later the species passed through the western gate into Timişoara(Gogan et al. 2010). In 2011, the pest is observed in Bucharest, located at cca 100 km byPiteşti (Chireceanu et Gutue, 2011). The economic importance of the species is reduced inthe area of origin. Thus, Mead (2014) considers that it slightly harms plant species, and interms of transmission of viruses, M. pruinosa is a nonvector of tristeza, peach yellows, andblueberry stunt.However, in invaded areas of Europe and Asia, the species is reported as a pest.Accordingly, chemical and biological methods have been used to control its populations.Biological control consisted in introducing the species Neodryinus typhlocybae (Ashmead)(Hymenoptera: Dryinidae) into Europe, a species that is present in the area of origin of thepest. This Hymenoptera is a common parasitoid of the pest’s larvae in America, so thatchemical treatments are not necessary (Mead, 2014). The first release of the parasitoidHymenoptera occurred in Italy, and later it was used in other European countries, as well:southern France, Switzerland, Croatia, and Slovenia. Unfortunately, the pest has spreadAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201527faster than the parasite (Strauss 2010). Also, pesticides tested were tested for an effectivecontrol of populations of M. pruinosa (Yeyeun et al. 2011; Balakhnina et al., 2014).Our study presents data about the biology of the species, in the special conditionsin Pitești, and about the effectiveness of several pesticides in controlling populations of M.pruinosa on some species of ornamental plants in the public green areas in the town ofPitești.MATERIAL AND METHODThe observations in this study were conducted from May to October 2015 in severalsites of the city of Pitești. Pitești is located in the central-southern part of Romania,between the Southern Carpathians (or the Transylvanian Alps) and the Danube, in thenorthwest of Wallachia; the altitude varies between 250 m and 356 m. It should be notedthat the months of May to August 2015 were characterized by unusually high temperaturesand by a very reduced rainfall regime. M. pruinosa individuals were observed on woodyand herbaceous ornamental plant species in the green spaces of Pitești. Specimens werecollected and transported to the research laboratory of Entomology to be identified andsubjected to observations. Also, the host plants were identified on which M. pruinosaindividuals were found.As a result of damage incurred specific treatments have been carried out to controlthis pest by testing several pesticides (Table 1).Table 1The insecticides used in our observationsActive substance The concentration(%) Time of applicationImidacloprid 75 g/l + deltametrin 10 g/l +lambda cihalotrin 50 g//0.20+ 0.036 August – 2 Septemberpirimifos metil 500 g/l 0.15acetamiprid 20% 0.04alfacipermetrin 100 g/l 0.02thiametoxam 25% 0.02clorpirifos 250 g/l 0.15The treatments were conducted in the green areas of the various regions of the citywhere the pest was noted: Craiovei District - 6 August and 10 August, Prundu and TudorVladimirescu District - 7 August and 11 August, City Center - 12 August and 17 August,Bucharest Calea District - 13 August and 18 August, Popa Şapcă District - 13 August and18 August, Maior Şonţu street, Republicii Avenue - 14 August and 19 August, Expo Parc -20 August and 24 August, Nord District - 20 August and 24 August, Negru Vodă Avenueand Nicolae Bălcescu Avenue - 21 August and 25 August, Gavana II District - 26 Augustand 31 August, Gavana III District - 27 August and 1 September, Trivale District - 28August and 2 September (Fig. 1). Unfortunately, an area near the city center, ExercițiuDistrict, was not considered for treatments, where the pest is also present.Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201528Figure 1. Metcalfa pruinosa localization in PiteştiRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSLife cycleBoth in the area of origin, and in the areas invaded in Europe and Asia, the specieshas only one annual generation spends winter in the egg stage under the bark of twigs(Lauterer, 2002; Yeyeun et al., 2011; Mead, 2014). M. pruinosa has five larval instars. Inthe original area, characterized by a warm climate, such as the state of Texas, egghatching takes place at the beginning of March, and the first adults appear after 69 days,in June, the species being observed until October (Dean and Bailay, 1961 – in Mead,2014). On the European continent, characterized by a temperate climate, the activity of thespecies takes place between the end of May and September (Strauss, 2010).On 14 June 2014, the species is first observed on apple trees in a private garden inthe center of Pitești. The rainy weather and low temperatures in the course of the year2014 make the presence of the species discrete. The climatic conditions of 2015, whichwas a favourable year for the activity of the species, in the city of Pitești the larvae occur inthe second ten-day period of May, and the first adults were observed in the last half of Julydue to high summer temperatures.Adult life is several weeks, and during the summer months there is a noticeableoverlap of the stages of development of the species, i.e. the larvae, nymphs and adults arepresent in the colonies in the attacked plants.The unusually low temperatures and rainfall in the first half of September affected theadults of this thermophilous species, so they are no longer observed in the second half ofSeptember. The remarkable polyphagous of the species is evidenced by the large numberof host plants on which the species was observed in the green areas of the city of Pitești,in the summer of 2015; some are spontaneous species (Table 2).Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201529Table 2Host plants and damage of Metcalfa pruinosa in PitestiHost plants Degree of density observedNo. Family name Scientific name Immature stages Adult1 Aceraceae Acer sp. ++ +++2 Anacardiaceae Rhus typhina ++ ++3 Asteraceae Artemisia sp. ++ +4 Asteraceae Cosmos bipinnatus ++ +++5 Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa ++ +++6 Betulaceae Betula pendula ++ +++7 Cannabaceae Humulus lupulus ++ +++8 Caprifoliaceae Weigela florida ++ ++9 Celastraceae Euonymus sp. ++ ++10 Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium sp. ++ +++11 Cornaceae Cornus sp. ++ +++12 Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus angustifolium ++ +++13 Ericaceae Rhododendron indicum ++ +14 Fabaceae Glycine soja ++ +15 Fabaceae Robinia pseudacacia ++ +++16 Fagaceae Quercus sp +++ +++17 Magnoliaceae Magnolia sp. ++ +++18 Malvaceae Hibiscus syriacus ++ +++19 Hostaceae Hosta plantaginea ++ ++20 Rosaceae Mallus pumila ++ +++21 Rosaceae Prunus arnmeniaca +++ +++22 Rosaceae Prunus padus +++ +++23 Rosaceae Pyrus pyraster +++ +++24 Rosaceae Rosa multiflora +++ +++25 Rosaceae Sorbus sp. ++ +++26 Rosaceae Spiraea sp. ++ +++27 Salicaceae Salix sp. ++ +++28 Simaroubaceae Ailanthus altissima +++ +++29 Solanaceae Solanum sp. ++ ++30 Urticaceae Urtica sp. +++ ++(+) less than 10 individuals on plant sample; (++) more than 10 individuals on plantsample; (+++) more than 50 individuals or entire host plant with wax exudate.Chemical controlThe species damages plants both directly, in the process of feeding, and indirectly,as a result of secretion of honey dew, which favours the installation of fungi and thedepreciation of the vegetative organs, especially of fruit, leading to considerable economicdamage (Karsavuran & Güҫlü, 2004; Souliotis et al., 2008; Strauss, 2010). On the otherhand, in the trees and ornamental shrubs in parks and gardens, as well as in ornamentalplants with commercial value, the damage is also aesthetic, an aspect mentioned byLauterer (2002).Chemical control is often ineffective due to the excessive mobility of the adults, theremarkable polyphagy species and its presence in natural habitats (Strauss, 2010).The successful use of 0.1% Sumithion in fighting individuals of M. pruinosa ismentioned (Yeyeun et al. 2011), and Balakhnina et al. (2014) found the lack of response ofthe individuals to yellow sticky traps, while preparations like Actara and Fitoverm are toxicto the immature stages of this pest.In our case, one can note in Fig. 1 that the pest is present, in the year 2015, in allareas of greenery in Pitești.In our studies, phytosanitary treatment involved the use of active substances incombination with a booster for 3-5 days. Only in this way could we speak of theeffectiveness of treatments against this pest. In a first phase, in July, due to the largeAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201530number of colonies with larvae and nymphs of pest on host plants in the green areas of thecity, pesticide treatments were applied that were based on the use of a single activesubstance (acetamiprid 20%, alphacypermethrin 100 g/l, chlorpyrifos 250 g/l). A very smallefficiency of these substances on the pest could be noted (Fig. 2).Therefore it was recommended to use a number of complex phytosanitarytreatments, which consisted in the use of several active substances, namely: imidacloprid75 g/l, deltamethrin 10 g/l, lambda cyhalothrin 50 g/l (the latter can be replaced withthiametoxam 25%). After three to five days, pirimiphos methyl 500 g/l was applied. Itshould be noted that sometimes the period of application of the phytosanitary treatments isdifficult to observe because of unfavourable weather conditions. It appears that the highesteffectiveness is that of the mixture of imidacloprid 75 g/l, deltamethrin 10 g/l, lambdacyhalothrin 50 g/l, while alphacypermethrin 100 g/l had very little impact on the pest (Fig.2). It is important to note that treatments should be applied in combination with 0.1% Silwetto facilitate the action of the active substance.The phytosanitary treatments are recommended when the first pest colonies arenoticed on host plants.9060 70351020020406080100active substance effectiveness(%)1imidacloprid 75 g/l +deltamethrin 10 g/l + lambda cyhalothrin 50 g/lthiametoxam 25%pirimiphos metil 500 g/lacetamiprid 20 %alphacypermethrin 100 g/lchlorpyrifos 250 g/lFigure 2. The efficacy of insecticides against Metcalfa pruinosaCONCLUSIONSMetcalfa pruinosa (Say 1830), an invasive species first mentioned in Romania in2009, was observed in Pitești in 2014, a city located in the central-southern part ofRomania.In the favourable climatic conditions of the summer of 2015, the species invadedthe whole city, and high densities of the development stages of the pest are noted onspecies of host plants in the city’s green spaces.Insecticide treatments show that the most effective was the mixture of imidacloprid75 g/l, deltamethrin 10 g/l, lambda cyhalothrin 50 g/l, followed by 3-5 days of treatmentwith pirimiphos methyl 500 g/l.Although the species has not yet been observed in neighbouring localities of the city,the fact there are several ways of spreading it make the chemical control of the pest inPitești extremely important. It should be borne in mind that in the vicinity of the city thereAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201531are important vineyards, fruit tree orchards and ornamental plant plots, which are preferredby this species – especially the famous Ștefănești vineyard and the orchards inMărăcineni.AKNOWLEDGEMENTOur gratitude goes to Mrs. Mihaela Oprea, PhD, of SC Salpitflor Green SA Pitești,and Mrs Violeta Boruz, PhD, of Craiova Botanical Garden for their help in determining hostplant species.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Balakhnina, V., Pastarnak, I. N., Gnezdilov, V. M., 2014 - Monitoring and control ofMetcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha: Flatidae) in Krasnodar Territory,Entomological Review, 94 (8): 1067-1072.2. Chireceanu C., Gutue C., 2011 - Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Hemiptera: Flatidae)identified in a new south eastern area of Romania (Bucharest area), Romanian Journal ofPlant Protection, 4: 28-34.3. Gogan, A., Grozea, I., Vîrteiu, A. M., 2010 - Metcalfa pruinosa Say (Insecta:Homoptera: Flatidae) –first occurrence in western part of Romania. Res. J. Agric. Sci.,42(4): 63-67.4. Gnezdilov, V.M., Sugonyaev, E.S., 2009 - First record of Metcalfa pruinosa(Homoptera: Fulgoroidea: Flatidae) from Russia. Zoosystematica Rossica, 18(2): 260-261.5. Karsavuran, Y., Güҫlü, S., 2004 - A new pest for Turkey, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say,1830) (Homoptera: Flatidae). Türk Entomol. Derg., 28(3): 209–212.6. Lauterer, P., 2002 - Citrus flatid planthopper — Metcalfa pruinosa (Hemiptera:Flatidae), a newpest of ornamental horticulture in the Czech Republic. Plant Prot. Sci. 38(4): 145–148.7. Mead, F.W., 2014 - Citrus Flatid Planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Insecta:Hemiptera: Flatidae), Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service-Division ofPlant Industry: Gainesville FL, online https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN60500.pdf.8. Preda, C., Skolka, M., 2009 - First record of a new alien invasive species in Constanta -Metcalfa pruinosa (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). In: Păltineanu C. (Ed.) LucrărileSimpozionului Mediul si agricultura în regiunile aride; Prima editie. Bucuresti, Estfalia: 141-146.9. Souliotis, C., Papanikolaou, N. E., Papachristos, D., Fatouros, N., 2008 - Hostplants of the planthopper Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) and observationon its phenology in Greece. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 1:39–41.10. Strauss, G., 2010 - Pest risk analysis of Metcalfa pruinosa in Austria. Journal of PestScience, 83:381-390.11. Zangheri, S., Donadini, P., 1980 - Comparsa nel Veneto di un Omottero neartico:Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Homoptera, Flatidae). Redia, Firenze, 63: 301-305.Yeyeun, K., Minyoung, K., Ki-Jeong, H., Seunghwan, L., 2011 - Outbreak of an exoticflatid, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) in the capital region of Korea. Journalof Asia-Pacific Entomology, 14(4):473-478.

NEW DATA ABOUT THE CONTROL OF THE PLANTHOPPER METCALFA PRUINOSA (SAY 1830) (HEMIPTERA: FLATIDAE) IN THE TOWN OF PITEŞTI (ARGEŞ COUNTY)

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NEW DATA ABOUT THE CONTROL OF THE PLANTHOPPER METCALFA PRUINOSA (SAY 1830) (HEMIPTERA: FLATIDAE) IN THE TOWN OF PITEŞTI (ARGEŞ COUNTY)

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Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series