Due to the low content of organic matter, high content of coarse sand and clay very low reserves of the sandy soils micro elements are very small and rapidly depleting under irrigation conditions. To mitigate the negative impact that these soil deficient qualities have on soil plants were carried out research on the implications extraroot and radicular fertilization on yield of cowpea, specific plant sandy soils. The results obtained, highlight the role of foliar fertilization with Green Plant products, which are composed of NPK + microelements, in achieving production increases of 21-56%, compared to foliar unfertilized. The highest production of cowpea (2757 kg / ha) was recorded by foliar fertilization with Green Plant, which is composed N15P45K15 + 6 microelements on the N60P60K60 agrofond

Draghici, Reta

Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series

Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 2015  127  THE RADICULAR AND FOLIAR FERTILIZATION INFLUENCE  UPON GRAINS YIELD TO COWPEA   RETA DRĂGHICI Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Dolj County, Romania, Phone: +40251334402, Fax: +40251334347, E-mail ccdcpndabuleni@yahoo.com; http://www.ccdcpndabuleni.ro/ Corresponding author: retadraghici@yahoo.com  Key words: psamosoil, radicular, foliar, photosynthesis, production  ABSTRACT Due to the low content of organic matter, high content of coarse sand and clay very low reserves of the sandy soils micro elements are very small and rapidly depleting under irrigation conditions. To mitigate the negative impact that these soil deficient  qualities have on soil plants were carried out research on the implications extraroot and radicular fertilization on yield of cowpea, specific plant sandy soils. The results obtained, highlight the role of foliar fertilization with Green Plant products, which are composed of NPK + microelements, in achieving production increases of 21-56%, compared to foliar unfertilized. The highest production of cowpea (2757 kg / ha) was recorded by foliar fertilization with Green Plant, which is composed N15P45K15 + 6 microelements on the N60P60K60 agrofond.  INTRODUCTION  Valorisation of sandy soils with low natural fertility supposes a specific farming system, rational and integrated with less demanding plants to soil fertility and tolerance to stress factors that ensure profitability and environmental protection (Gheorghe D. et al, 2001, Grings E.E. and S.S. Tarawali, 2010). Due to the low content of organic matter (0.59%), high content of coarse sand, 74.34% and clay very low, 2.5-3%, reserves of microelements on the sandy soils are very small and rapidly depleting conditions irrigation. Studies in West Africa, shows that low levels of mobile phosphorus in the sandy soils, can significantly affect the growth and development of cowpea root system (Yvonne Ohui Kugblenu  et al, 2014). Research conducted at the cowpea crop in terms of sandy soils in southern Oltenia have shown higher effect on the quantity and quality of cowpea production of fertilization on soil and plant with Mo, Zn, Mg (Drăghici Reta et al, 1994). Based on these considerations, research in this experiment were aimed at optimizing plant growth and development of cowpea, under the influence radicular and foliar fertilization, in order to maximize grain yield.  MATERIAL AND METHOD  The research was conducted at Research - Development Center for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, in the 2012-2014 period, to the cowpea culture, placed under irrigation conditions on a psamosoil, characterized by physico-chemical properties poor (high of coarse sand, 74.3%, very low percentage of clay, between 2.5-3%, containing less, than 1% organic matter, porosity and aeration great). The goal of research, aimed at radicular and foliar fertilization influence on the optimizing the nutritional status of the  cowpea plant, with implications for the development of a healthy metabolism, leading to the normal physiological processes in plants and to achieving high yields. Were studied three levels of radicular fertilization (N0P0K0, N60P0K0, N60P60K60), that were experienced Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 2015  128  four foliar fertilized with foliar application compared to foliar unfertilized. The radicular fertilization was performed as follows: - phosphorous, potassium and nitrogen 1/3 of the dose, was applied in seedbed preparing;          - 2/3 of nitrogen dose was applied in the vegetation phase, of 4-5 true leaves. Foliar fertilization was conducted in two phases of cowpea vegetation: - treatment I was applied at a concentration 0.5%, to 4-5 true leaf stage; - treatment II was applied in a concentration of 1%, in the phase of 3-5 ramifications of the plant. Was determined the plant productivity (number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, grain yield) and cowpea plant photosynthesis rate. The results were interpreted using analysis of variance and mathematical functions.  RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS  Grown on a psamosoil with poor physicochemical properties (high of 74.3% coarse sand, very low percentage of between 2.5-3% clay, containing less than 1% organic matter, porosity and aeration great), cowpea plant reacted positively to radicular and foliar fertilization. Analyzing the influence of NPK fertilization on the grain yield at cowpea, was highlighted the plant nutrition role in the formation of productivity elements. Cultivated on the poorest land, although synthesizes on the symbiotic way approx. 80.6% of the nitrogen in the feed, the cowpea plant needs this macroelement at the beginning of vegetation until install microbial activity in the soil. (Gheorghe D., Şuteu G.E.,1988). Also, the role of phosphorus and potassium was highlighted by significant results in the fructification and ripening of cowpea pods. Production results obtained, emphasizes achieving a production increase of 31% at applying the formula N60P0K0 fertilization and 48% at fertilization with N60P60K60, compared to unfertilized control (Table 1).   Table 1 Influence of radicular fertilization on the cowpea yield  No. Dose of NPK Grain yield in cowpea Difference compared to the control Kg/ha % kg/ha significance 1 N0P0K0 1705.5 100 Control Control 2 N60P0K0 2228 131 522.5 ** 3 N60P60K60 2534.1 148 828.6 *** LSD 5% - 242 kg/ha LSD 1% - 451 kg/ha LSD 0.1% - 750.5 kg/ha  The results obtained, under the influence of foliar fertilization, highlight the importance of cowpea the plant nutrition with macroelements, alongside with microelements contained in the 4 types of foliar fertilizers tested (Table 2). Application, in phases to 4-5 true leaves  and 3-5 of the cowpea plant ramifications,  of two foliar fertilization with the Plant Green product, which has in its composition sa  N9P45K15 + 6 microelements, determined to obtain the highest yields (2347 kg / ha), increase very significantly, to foliar unfertilized. The results obtained, highlights the best effect foliar fertilizers, that have in their composition the smallest nitrogen content. The high concentration of nitrogen in foliar fertilizers applied in the growing season, has influenced significant increases in vegetative growth to the detriment of of productive or training the pods. Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 2015  129  Table 2 Influence of foliar fertilization on the cowpea yield  No.  foliar fertilizer Grain yield in cowpea Difference compared to the control Name foliar fertilizer composition (N-P-K + microelements) kg/ha kg/ha Kg/ha significance 1 Foliar unfertilized - 1875.3 100 Control Control 2 Green Plant  26-5-12+Zn 2083.3 110 208.0 - 3 Green Plant  20-20-20+microelem 2230.5 119 355.2 ** 4 Green Plant  9-45-15+6 microelem 2347 125 471.7 *** 5 Timasol  15-15-30+13 microelem 2243.5 120 368.2 ** LSD 5% - 233.5 kg/ha LSD 1% - 317.5 kg/ha LSD 0.1% - 423 kg/ha  Analyzing the influence of foliar fertilization on the grain yield obtained at cowpea, there is production increases differentiated by agrofond ensured basic NPK fertilization (Table 3). From the interaction of the two factors studied (radicular and foliar fertilization), the maximum grain yield of 2757 kg / ha, was recorded at fertilization the cwpea plannt with N60P60K60 + Green Plant (9-45-15 + 6 microelem). The foliar fertilization has brought production increases, statistically assured at agrofunds of N0P0K0  and N60P0K0.    Table 3 The radicular and foliar fertilization influence on production obtained in cowpea   Variant of fertilization Grain yield in cowpea Difference compared to the control No. var.  Radicular fertilizer Foliar fertilizer kg/ha % Kg/ha significance Name foliar fertilizer composition (N-P-K + microelements) 1 N0P0K0 Foliar unfertilized - 1262.5 100 Mt. Mt. 2 Green Plant 26-5-12+Zn 1811.5 143 549 * 3 Green Plant 20-20-20+microelem 1964 156 701.5 ** 4 Green Plant 9-45-15+6 microelem 1791.5 142 529 ** 5 Timasol 15-15-30+13 microelem 1699 135 436.5 * 6 N60P0K0 Foliar unfertilized - 1976.5 100 Mt. Mt. 7 Green Plant 26-5-12+Zn 2069.5 105 92.52 - 8 Green Plant 20-20-20+microelem 2215 112 238.5 - 9 Green Plant 9-45-15+6 microelem 2492.5 126 515.5 ** 10 Timasol 15-15-30+13 microelem 2386.5 121 410 ** 11 N60P60K60 Foliar unfertilized - 2387 100 Mt. Mt. 12 Green Plant 26-5-12+Zn 2369 99 -18 - 13 Green Plant 20-20-20+microelem 2512.5 105 125.5 - 14 Green Plant 9-45-15+6 microelem 2757 116 370 - 15 Timasol 15-15-30+13 microelem 2645 111 258 - LSD 5% - 408 kg/ha LSD 1% - 554.5 kg/ha LSD 0.1% - 740 kg/ha  Analyzing the functional connection between production obtained at cowpea and average daily photosynthesis, registered in the 15 fertilization variants, there is a positive Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 2015  130  correlation, showing growth obtained in cowpea production with increasing intensity of the plant photosynthetic process, phenomenon highlighted well by using the tool polynomial of degree 2 with coefficient r = 0.934 **, which highlights a significant distinct correlation between cause and effect (Fig. 1).    Figure 1. Correlation between cowpea production and photosynthesis rate registered in different fertilization variants  The grain yield at cowpea, obtained in different fertilization variants, was distinct significantly positively correlated with the number of pods / plant and number of grains per pod (Fig. 2).  Figure 2. Correlation between grain yield and productivity elements of cowpea plant (number pods / plant, number of seeds / pod)      y = -0,657x2 + 157,8x - 532,5r= 0,934**Cowpea Yield (kg/ha)Photosynthesis (μmol CO2 m-2s-1)Series1 Poly. (Series1)ygrains = 0,0017x + 4,8833r = 0,926**ypods = 0,003x + 2,4843r = 0,949**No pods / plantNo  grains / podCowpea Yield (kg/ha)No grains/pod No pods/plantLinear (No grains/pod) Linear (No pods/plant)Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 2015  131  CONCLUSIONS  1. Cultivated on a psamosoil with poor physicochemical properties, the cowpea plant has reacted positively at radicular and foliar fertilization.   2. Application, in phases to 4-5 true leaves  and 3-5 of the cowpea plant ramifications,  of two foliar fertilization with the Plant Green product, which has in its composition sa  N9P45K15 + 6 microelements, on N60P60K60 agrofond has determined the obtaining of a maximum of 2757 kg / ha. 3. The grain yield, obtained in different variants fertilization cowpea, was positively correlated, significantly distinct, with photosynthesis rate (r = 0.934 **), number of pods per plant (r = 0.949 **) and the number of beans in the pod (r = 0.926 **).   REFERENCES  1. Drăghici Reta, Carşofschi Ileana, Drăghici Iulian, Pârâianu Malisanda, 1994. The implications of macro and micronutrients fertilization in obtaining quantitative and qualitative at cowpea. Dăbuleni SCCCPN Scientific Papers, Vol. VIII. 2. Gheorghe D. et al., 2001. Improve sandy soils in southern Oltenia. Symposium "Improving poorly productive soils of Oltenia". Ed. Sitech, Craiova. 3. Gheorghe D., Şuteu G.E.,1988. The nitrogen derived from the sir un the psamosoil grown cowpea (Vigna sinensis cv Jiana). European Society of Nuclear Methods in Agriculture XIX-th Annual Meeting (29 aug-2 sept ), Viena, Austria.  4. Grings E.E. and S.S. Tarawali, 2010. Cowpea in evolving livestock systems. 5th World Cowpea Research Conference Theme: “Improving livelihoods in the cowpea value chain through advancement in science”, 27 September–1 October, 2010,  Senegal 5. Yvonne Ohui Kugblenu, Frank Kofi Kumaga, Kwadwo Ofor and J. J. Adu-Gyamfi, 2014. Evaluation of cowpea genotypes for phosphorus use efficiency. Journal of Agricultural and Crop Research, Vol. 2, Issue 10, pages. 202-210, Published October 2014.           

THE RADICULAR AND FOLIAR FERTILIZATION INFLUENCE UPON GRAINS YIELD TO COWPEA

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THE RADICULAR AND FOLIAR FERTILIZATION INFLUENCE UPON GRAINS YIELD TO COWPEA

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Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series