The intensity of the thinning, showing quantum of the extracts, makes a balancebetween the competition and the mutual help between the species, and in the same species too. By the made researches, it was established the gathering rating values for the thinning (that express in percentages the extras possible volume to an intervention) specific to Oltenia Plain, and the relation between the average diameter to the extras trees by the thinning and the stand diameter before doing this.The obtain results, with a big application, show that the extraction maximumrealizes in the youth at 30-35 years, when the extracts quantum in about 6,8-7,5% by the total volume, period when the growths in diameter and in base area are maximum, and the average diameter of the trees which can extract by thinning represents 78% by the average diameter to Quercus cerris and 82-83% to the Quercus frainetto

Achim, Florin

Bercea, Iulian

Cojoaca, Florin Dorian

Netoiu, Constsntin

Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series

Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLII 2012/2  67  ASPECTS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THINNING INTENSITY IN QUERCUS CERRIS AND QUERCUS FRAINETTO STANDS IN OLTENIA PLAIN   FLORIN-DORIAN COJOACĂ1, CONSTANTIN NEŢOIU1, IULIAN BERCEA1,  FLORIN ACHIM2   1 Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture of the University of Craiova,  E-mail: f_cojoaca@yahoo.com 2 Forest Research and Management Institute Bucharest  Key words: thinning, gathering rating, Quercus cerris, Quercus frainetto  ABSTRACT The intensity of the thinning, showing quantum of the extracts, makes a balance between the competition and the mutual help between the species, and in the same species too. By the made researches, it was established the gathering rating values for the thinning (that express in percentages the extras possible volume to an intervention) specific to Oltenia Plain, and the relation between the average diameter to the extras trees by the thinning and the stand diameter before doing this. The obtain results, with a big application, show that the extraction maximum realizes in the youth at 30-35 years, when the extracts quantum in about 6,8-7,5% by the total volume, period when the growths in diameter and in base area are maximum, and the average diameter of the trees which can extract by thinning represents 78% by the average diameter to Quercus cerris and 82-83% to the Quercus frainetto.  INTRODUCTION The thinning are the tending cut to the stands which finish the management and selection period to the values trees, and the intensity with it intervenes in the stand to realize or touch the scope is influenced in a determinate mode by the previous works. The continue reduction to the trees number on an area unity shows that between these a big competition is held, while the help between them and the species (Niţescu, Achimescu, 1979). The balance between the reciprocal help and the competition maintains just when it exists an optimal number to the area unity. Usually, the intensity of the thinning is determined by the wanted ideal and by the particularity to the respective stand (density, composition, age, productivity, vertical structure, etc) and to the site (height, exposition, the depth ground). With the choice to the extras trees by thinning, the intensity to that extractions is a very important problem in the tending cuts. By doing these, we must create in the stand the thinning conditions which ensure an activation to the growth for the trees; while, it must a big density which contributes to a good conformation to the trees (Negulescu, Ciumac, 1959). The intensity must be big to can active the growth of the remained trees, but not to big, because in that case, it can produce the soil degradation. Also, the extractions below the natural level will be avoided. Usually, after the thinning, it’s recommended to remain a maximum trees number which benefits to the good vegetation conditions, for obtain a maximum production. To make all these conditions and to avoid the subjective appreciations by the determination the applied method and to the operation intensity, the man who makes the thinning, must have some sure criterions which guarantee the success in the conditions to the continue raising to the stands quality.  Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLII 2012/2  68  MATERIALS AND METHODS The research material is built for 29 experimental plots (16 in Quercus cerris and 13 in Quercus frainetto) with 2000 m2 each other. The stands where there were put the researches are uniform, pure or practically pure, to a full density, with the ages between 30 and 105 years to Quercus cerris and 30 and 100 years to Quercus frainetto, in that mode, the all area of Oltenia Plain is covered. For each other experimental plot it was determined the main dendrometric indicators: the diameter and the average height, the trees number to hectare, the base area, the production class, the density indice and the total volume (Giurgiu, 1979, Giurgiu, Drăghiciu, 2004,  Leahu, 1994).    The main indices which can define the intensity to the thinning are: the trees number to extras to an area unity, the base area to the stand and the extracted volume.    The extracted volume which results after a thinning, being the most exact indicator tot the intensity, by the made researches it was established the intensity about this process. The intensity to a thinning about volume (EV%) defines the gathering rating values and it is expressed by the report in percentages between the wood quantity harvested in a moment - VE - and the stand volume before the intervention -VR-(***, 2000):                           100(%) REVVVE                                                            (1)                            To determinate the volume to the extras trees by thinning, there was started to the general formula V = G x H x F, when the trees factorial biometrical features are expressed by with the average diameter to the base (D), area in the next mode:                      V = G x HD x FD                                                                    (2) where: VR is the hectare volume for a base area G; G is the base area to the stand; HD in the average height to the stand with the D diameter;  FD is the medium form coefficient to the stand by the average diameter D. In these conditions, the relation for the determination to the extras trees volume by thinning (VE) becomes:                      (sec)(sec) DDEE FHGV                                                    (3)                                          where: GE is the base area to the trees which extracts by thinning; HD(sec)-the average height to the trees which extracts by thinning; FD(sec)-the coefficient by a medium form to the secondary stand for the dg(sec) diameter.   The relation (3) can be written: (sec))( DEE HFGV                                               (4) where: (HF)D(sec) is the reduced average height to the secondary  stand. Because 24gi dNG , the relation for the volume calculation to the extract by thinning becomes:       (sec)(sec)(sec)24DDgEE FHdNV(sec)(sec)2 )(4DgE FHdN          (5) So, the(sec), gE dN and (sec))( DFH was determined with the yield tables (Giurgiu, Drăghiciu, 2004). NE was calculated like a difference between the trees number before intervention and the trees number after intervention. The average diameter of the trees which are extracted by thinning dg (sec), was determined by the average diameter to the base area to the tree dgT before intervention, for the next formule (Giurgiu, Drăghiciu, 2004): dg (sec) = dgT (b0 + b1kv + b2k2v)                                               (6) where b0, b1, b2 are the regression coefficients on tables at species and kv is a  reduction coefficient:                                                      kv = a0 + a1lnT,                                                             (7) Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLII 2012/2  69  where a0, a1 are the regression coefficients on tables at species (Giurgiu, Drăghiciu, 2004) and T the stand age. With dg(sec), is calculated, it was determined the reduced average height (HF)D(sec) of the trees which are extracted by thinning Knowing all the elements to the formula (4), it was possible to calculate the extras volume (VE) by thinning for Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto stands. By the correlation between the volume and height it was determinate the real volume (VR) to the Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto stands for the average heights hg by the yield tables (Cojoaca, 2010). Finally, we know the VE and the VR too and we can replace them in the (1) relation, the established of the gathering rating values for tending cuts (the thinning)  in Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto stand to the III production class to Oltenia Plain.   RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS By the made researches, it was established the relation between the average diameter to the stand which represent the tending operations  (dg(sec)) and the average diameter of the all stand (dg(T)) (Table 1). Usually, the report(sec)gd/)(Tgd is in concordance with the temperament and the ecological features of the species, showing the thinning type in a stand. For the studied species, featured by a lightly temperament, the report (sec)gd/)(Tgd  (with values between 0,72 - 0,84 to Quercus cerris and 0,79 - 0,84 to Quercus frainetto) is bigger than the shadow species (to the Abies alba the values are between 0,61 - 0,67 (Armăşescu, et al., 1965), and to the Fagus sylvatica the values are between 0,65 şi 0,70 (Armăşescu, et al., 1967)). The knowledge to the  relation between these diameters present interest for the sorting and yield tables for the extras stand by  thinning. As soon as, it makes more simply the planning and execution work for the thinning. The made researches show the determination to the average production to the stands which must be extract by thinning (Table 2), and in the establishment to the gathering ration for tending operations  (thinning) in Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto stands at III production class in Oltenia Plain (Table 3). We can see how, in absolute values, the maximum volume extracts between 45-50 years at Quercus cerris stand (15 m3 in 5 years) and 65 years at Quercus frainetto stand (15 m3), and if the age larges, the quantum to the tending operations  degreases gradually.   Table 1 The determination of the average diameter for tending operation to  Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto. The age, years The average diameter of the base area (dgT), cm The average diameter for tending operation (dg(sec)), cm The value of the report dg(sec)/dgT with the age dg(sec)/dgT CE GÂ CE GÂ CE GÂ 25 11.3 9.6 8.2 7.6 0.72 0.79 30 13.8 11.5 10.4 9.3 0.75 0.81 35 16.0 13.3 12.4 10.9 0.77 0.82 40 18.0 15.0 14.2 12.4 0.79 0.82 45 19.9 16.5 16.0 13.7 0.80 0.83 50 21.6 18.0 17.6 15.0 0.81 0.83 55 23.1 19.4 19.0 16.2 0.82 0.84 60 24.5 20.7 20.3 17.4 0.83 0.84 Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLII 2012/2  70  65 25.9 22.0 21.6 18.5 0.83 0.84 70 27.1 23.2 22.7 19.5 0.84 0.84 75 28.2 24.3 23.7 20.5 0.84 0.84 80 29.3 25.4 24.7 21.4 0.84 0.84 85 30.3 26.5 25.5 22.4 0.84 0.84 90 31.3 27.5 26.4 23.2 0.84 0.84 95 32.2 28.5 27.2 24.1 0.84 0.84 100 33.0 29.4 27.9 24.8 0.84 0.84  Table  2 Eestimation of  volume removed  by  thinning (VE)  in the Q.  cerris and Q. frainetto stands at the III production class QUERCUS CERRIS QUERCUS FRAINETTO The age, years dg(sec) cm (HF)D(sec) NE VE, m3 The age, years dg(sec) cm (HF)D(sec) NE VE, m3 30 10.4 5.186 269 12 30 9.3 4.6 227 7 35 12.4 5.871 185 13 35 10.9 5.5 180 9 40 14.2 6.473 134 14 40 12.4 6.3 145 11 45 16.0 7.021 102 15 45 13.7 6.9 118 12 50 17.6 7.494 79 15 50 15.0 7.5 98 13 55 19.0 7.895 64 14 55 16.2 8.1 82 14 60 20.3 8.254 52 14 60 17.4 8.5 70 14 65 21.6 8.595 43 14 65 18.5 9.0 60 15 70 22.7 8.877 37 13 70 19.5 9.4 51 14 75 23.7 9.124 30 12 75 20.5 9.7 45 14 80 24.7 9.360 26 12 80 21.4 10.1 39 14 85 25.5 9.566 23 11 85 22.4 10.4 35 14 90 26.4 9.763 20 11 90 23.2 10.7 31 14 95 27.2 9.933 16 9 95 24.1 11.0 28 14 100 27.9 10.078 15 9 100 24.8 11.2 25 14  Table 3 Gathering rating values  for thinning  (%) in the Q.  cerris and Q. frainetto stands  at the III production class QUERCUS CERRIS QUERCUS FRAINETTO The age, years hg, m VR, m3 VE, m3 EV  (%) The age, years hg, m VR, m3 VE, m3 EV  (%) 30 12.6 160 12 7.5 30 9.5 95 7 7.4 35 14.3 192 13 6.8 35 11.1 127 9 7.1 40 15.7 220 14 6.4 40 12.5 158 11 7.0 45 17.0 247 15 6.1 45 13.8 189 12 6.3 50 18.0 268 15 5.6 50 14.9 217 13 6.0 55 19.0 291 14 4.8 55 15.8 242 14 5.8 60 19.8 309 14 4.5 60 16.7 267 14 5.2 65 20.5 325 14 4.3 65 17.5 291 15 5.2 70 21.1 339 13 3.8 70 18.2 312 14 4.5 75 21.7 354 12 3.4 75 18.8 331 14 4.2 Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLII 2012/2  71  80 22.2 366 12 3.3 80 19.4 350 14 4.0 85 22.7 378 11 2.9 85 19.9 367 14 3.8 90 23.1 388 11 2.8 90 20.4 384 14 3.6 95 23.5 399 9 2.3 95 20.8 397 14 3.5 100 23.8 406 9 2.2 100 21.2 411 14 3.4  The gathering rating values established on species and they present on age classes to 5 in 5 years, in report with the average height hg. The values express in percentages to the total volume, the average volume which is possible to extract in the conditions to the recommended thinning to instructions. These indices have a large applicability in the practice, especially in the management  forests So, the gathering rating have values between 2.2-7.5% to Quercus cerris and 3.4-7.4% to Quercus frainetto the total volume, and, with the age, these continually decrease. The maximum extras volume (percentagely expressed  by the volume) realizes in the youth to the 30-35 years, when the quantum of the extracts represents in averagement 6.8 – 7.5 % by the volume.  CONCLUSIONS The made researched in the Quercus cerris and Quercus frianetto stand to Oltenia Plain for the establishment to an optimal intensity of the thinning sent to the next conclusions: - beginning with the experimental dates correlated with the yield tables, there was obtain the gathering rating for thinning, specified Oltenia Plain, in the condition to them systematically execution. These express in percentages, the possible extras volume to an intervention; - in the conditions to application some systematically thinning, it can harvest before 100 years, a volume to tending operations  by thinning which represents about 31% to Quercus cerris and 32%  to Quercus frainetto to the total production to age and almost 50% (46% to Quercus cerris, and 47% to Quercus frainetto) to the main stand production; -in the technical normes for the care and the management to the stands which had the gathering rating to 3-11% for Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto stands, by the made researches there was obtained the gathering rations, generally smaller, with values to 2.2-7.5% to Quercus cerris and 3.4-7.4% at Quercus frainetto to the total volume. The differences are explicable, thinking to the growth and progress conditions to these stands for the studied area, but for the substantiation to the obtain results their study in experimental plots is necessary; - the average diameter to the stands which can extract by thinning represents, in average 78% to the average diameter to the stand (dg(T)) to Quercus cerris and 82-83 to Quercus frainetto. The knowledge to that diameter presents a big importance for the research and for making sorting and yield tables for the extras stand by tending operations and  practical purposes too. So, when the practitioner to the forest district makes a thinning, in the complex process to structural-functional management to the forests, it have an orientation for the average diameter to the trees which will be extract. So, the forests will be gone to the condition to a maximum functional efficacy in concordance with the social-economical purposes and the ecologicical purposes.   BIBLIOGRAPHY Armăşescu, S., et al., 1965, Researches for the production, the growth and the quality of the stands Abies alba to Romania, ICF, Ed. CDF Bucharest, 79 p Armăşescu, S., et al., 1967, Biometrical researches for the growth, the production and the quality of the stands Fagus silvatica to Romania,  ICF, Ed. CDF, Bucharest, 119 p  Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLII 2012/2  72  Cojoacă, F. D., 2010, Researches on the structure, the growth and the production of turkey oak and hungarian oak stands in Oltenia Plain –  Of PhD Thesis, University Transilvania of Brasov, 330 p Giurgiu, V., 1979, Dendrometrics and forestry auxology, Bucharest, Ceres,692p Giurgiu, V., Drăghiciu, 2004, Mathematical-auxological models and yield tables for stands, Bucharest, Ceres, 607 p Leahu, I., 1994, Forest mensuration, Bucharest, Didactic and Pedagogic, 374p Negulescu, E., G., Ciumac, G., 1959, Silviculture, Bucharest, Ed. Agro-Silvică 885p  Niţescu, C., Achimescu, C., 1979, The technique of the forestry cultures, Bucharest, Ceres, 256p ***, 2000, Technique norms for stands tending cuts,  Bucharest, M.A.P.P.M                 

Aspects for the determination of thinning intensity in Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto stands in Oltenia Plain

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Aspects for the determination of thinning intensity in Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto stands in Oltenia Plain

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Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series