KORAC, N.

RUML, M.

VUJADINOVIC, M.

VUKOVIC, VUKOVIC

Thermal requirements to reachbudburst, flowering, veraison and harvest for thirteenwhite grapevine varieties grown in the Sremski Karlovci region were determined using a growing degree-days (GDD) method and base temperature of 10°C. The accumulated GDD for the beginning of budburst ranged from 60 (‘Petra’) to 79 (‘Bagrina’). The thermal requirements for the beginning flowering varied between 334 GDD in ‘Chardonnay’ to 404 GDD in ‘Bagrina’. The smallest accumulated GDD to reach the beginning of veraison was observed in ‘Bouvier’ (869) and the greatest in‘Riesling Italian’ (1106). The GDD for harvest spanned the range from 1530 in ‘Muscat Ottonel’ to 1717 in ‘Riesling Italian’. Greater variation in GDD was displayed between years for a single variety than among varieties within individual years. Considering phenological stages, the greatest year-to-year variability was found for the beginning of budburst and the least for harvest.

Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series

Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series)Vol. XLVI 2016255THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WHITE GRAPEVINE VARIETIESGROWN IN THE REGION OF SREMSKI KARLOVCI, SERBIARUML, M.1A, KORAĆ, N.2, VUJADINOVIC, M.1, VUKOVIC, A.11Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Serbia2Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, SerbiaAcorresponding author e-mail: mruml@agrif.bg.ac.rsKeywords: Vitis vinifera, GDD, SerbiaABSTRACTThermal requirements to reachbudburst, flowering, veraison and harvest forthirteenwhite grapevine varieties grown in the Sremski Karlovci region were determinedusing a growing degree-days (GDD) method and base temperature of 10°C. Theaccumulated GDD for the beginning of budburst ranged from 60 (‘Petra’) to 79 (‘Bagrina’).The thermal requirements for the beginning flowering varied between 334 GDD in‘Chardonnay’ to 404 GDD in ‘Bagrina’. The smallest accumulated GDD to reach thebeginning of veraison was observed in ‘Bouvier’ (869) and the greatest in‘Riesling Italian’(1106). The GDD for harvest spanned the range from 1530 in ‘Muscat Ottonel’ to 1717 in‘Riesling Italian’. Greater variation in GDD was displayed between years for a singlevariety than among varieties within individual years. Considering phenological stages, thegreatest year-to-year variability was found for the beginning of budburst and the least forharvest.INTRODUCTIONClimate, in particular temperature, is the key factor for grapevine(VitisviniferaL.) yieldand quality (van Leeuwen et al.,2004) and its geographical distribution (Jones,2006).Traditionally, grapevines are cultivated in areas where mean growing seasontemperatures is within the 12–22 °C range(Jones, 2006). Prolonged temperatures above10°C initiate vegetative growth in the spring (Mullins et al.,1992). Temperature determinesthe beginning and duration of the phenologicalphases. Grapevine is a phenologicallydistinct crop with the main stages being bud break, flowering, veraison and harvest (Jonesand Davis 2000). Every grapevine variety has its own climatic requirement for well-balanced ripeningand high quality wine production. The varietal thermal requirementsaremost often expressed in growing degree-days (GDD) for a base temperature of 10°C(Winkler et al., 1974). This study is aimed to determine thermal requirements to reachmajor phenological stages for thirteenwhite varieties grown in the region ofSremskiKarlovci,one of the oldest wine-producing European regions,where grapevinecultivation goes back to Roman times.Information on thermal requirements for differentvarieties are very important for selecting varieties that may reach maturity under conditionsfavorable for terroir expression, particularly having in mind the present (Ruml et al., 2016a)and future climatic change (Ruml et al., 2012) in this region.MATERIALS AND METHODSPhenological and temperature data for the period 1986–2007 were used in thestudy.Phenological monitoring was performed at the Novi Sad Faculty of Agricultureexperimental station. The station is situated on the Mt. Fruška Gora’s slopes by theDanube River in Sremski Karlovci (45°10' N, 20°10' E, 110 m a.s.l.), little town in thenorthern Serbia. Danube moderates temperature extremes, while the inclined slopesensure maximum light and heat exposure. The climate of the region is temperatecontinental.Mean annual air temperature is 12.3 °C and mean annual precipitation 650mm. The soil at the site is pararedzina on loess. The ampelographic collection wasAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series)Vol. XLVI 2016256established in 1979. Each variety was represented by 20 vines planted with a spacing of 3x 1 m and trained using the single Guyot system.Thirteen white wine varieties, both Serbian and internationally recognized ones, wereselected from the ampelographic collection for this study. Following phenological events ofgrapevine were examined: the beginning of budburst – the date when green shoot tipsbecame just visible, stage 7 on the BBCH scale (Lorenz et al.1995); the beginning offlowering – the date when first flower hoods were detached from the receptacle (stage 60on the BBCH scale); the beginning of veraison – the date when berries begin to developvariety-specific colour (stage 81 on the BBCH scale); and harvest (stage 89 on the BBCHscale). Harvest cannot be considered a true phenological stage, because it is mostlysubjective and depends upon winery requests, weather conditions, disease occurrence,etc.Temperature data were obtained from the Republic Hydrometeorological Service ofSerbia, which performed technical and critical controls of the measurements. Dailymaximum (Tx) and minimum (Tn) air temperature were observed at a meteorologicalstation near the ampelographic collection.Daily GDD was calculated as a difference between daily mean air temperatures (Td =(Tn+Tx)/2) and base temperature (Tb = 10°C). If daily GDD was negative, it was set equalto zero. Total GDD was obtained by summing up daily values:∑ max	0, (1)where GDDi is GDD for ith year, and ni the number of days from 1 January to thebeginning of phenological event in the ith year.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAverage GDD over the period for studied phenological events are shown in Figure 1,while relevant descriptive statistics are displayed in Table 1.Figure 1. Thermal requirements for the main phenological stages of grapevine in the region ofSremski Karlovci (1986–2007)Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series)Vol. XLVI 2016257The least thermal requirements for the beginning of budburst was observed in ‘Petra’(60 GDD) and the greatest in ’Bagrina’(79 GDD). ’Pinot Blanc’ displayed the least inter-annual variation, while the smallest range in GDDswas exhibited for‘Bouvier’. ‘MuscatOttonel’shown the highest inter-annual variation and the greatest range in GDDs for thebeginning of budburst.The variety with the smallest average temperature sum for the beginning of floweringwas ‘Chardonnay’ (334 GDD), while the variety with the greatest average temperature sumwas ‘Bouvier’(404 GDD). In contrast to the beginning of budburst, ‘Muscat Ottonel’exhibited the lowest year-to-year variability and the least range in GDDs for the beginningof flowering. ‘Riesling Italian’ was the variety with the highest inter-annual variability andthe greatest GDD range.The thermal accumulation for the beginning veraison ranged from 869 GDD in‘Bouvier’to 1106 GDD in‘Riesling Italian’. ‘Chardonnay’had the lowest year-to-yearvariationand the smallest range, while ’Kreaca’ had the highest year-to-year variation andthe greatest range in GDDs for the beginning of veraison.The smallest thermal requirements for harvest was observed in ‘MuscatOttonel’(1530 GDD) and the greatest in ‘Riesling Italian’(1717 GDD). ‘Chardonnay’exhibited the lowest inter-annual variation and the smallest rangein GDDs.‘Neoplanta’and‘Beli medenac’ had the highest inter-annual variation, while‘Petra’ had the greatest rangein GDDs for harvest.Similar analysis of thermal requirementswas done for eight red grapevine varietiesgrown in the same region over the same period (Ruml et al., 2016b). Obtained results fromthese two sutudies were very similar considering average thermal requirements ofexamined varieties as well as inter-annual variaton in GDDs.Table 1Descriptive statistics of thermal requirements for white varietiesin the region of Sremski Karlovci (1986–2007)Phenologicalstage GDDChardonnayBouvierEzerjoPetraPinot BlancNeoplantaKreacaMuscat OttonelRiesling 239 20GmPinot GrisBeli MedenacBagrinaRiesling ItalianAverageBeginning ofbudburstMean (oC) 62 63 63 60 66 71 74 69 75 76 78 79 75 75Range (oC) 76 70 90 72 76 91 87 97 83 86 94 87 86 89CV1 (%) 26.7 26.5 29.4 29.2 25.1 28.9 25.3 30.7 26.2 27.1 28.6 27.1 29.2 27.9Beginning offloweringMean (oC) 334 350 348 348 348 384 378 368 363 345 384 404 369 375Range (oC) 155 124 126 126 132 111 145 104 132 120 149 121 179 133CV (%) 10.0 9.0 9.7 9.7 9.2 8.5 9.7 8.1 10.0 9.9 9.8 8.5 10.3 8.9Beginning ofveraisonMean (oC) 997 869 976 1092 1034 1084 1070 978 1080 988 1026 1075 1106 1051Range (oC) 187 255 340 249 245 278 366 220 278 193 262 311 235 243CV (%) 4.9 8.3 7.9 6.6 6.4 6.0 8.2 5.8 6.2 5.9 5.9 6.9 6.2 5.3HarvestMean (oC) 1577 1544 1583 1637 1626 1586 1647 1530 1646 1594 1604 1680 1717 1625Range (oC) 330 511 448 533 417 500 386 398 420 404 531 425 425 412CV (%) 5.2 7.8 7.5 6.9 6.2 8.2 6.2 5.8 6.2 6.3 8.2 6.7 7.8 6.21CV: Coefficient of variationObtained temperature sums to reach maturity for‘Chardonnay’in our study werehigher (1577 GDD) than those (1267 GDD) reported by van Leeuwen et al. (2008) in theirstudy based on the data obtained mainly from French vineyards. Conversely, the samevariety exhibited somewhat lower heat requirements for veraison in our study than in thestudy of van Leeuwen et al. (2008)– 997 vs. 1068 GDD .Thermal requirements to reachmaturity were also higher for red varieties ’Gamay’, ’Pinot Noir’, ’Merlot’ and ’CabernetAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series)Vol. XLVI 2016258Sauvignon’ in the region of SremskiKarlovci(Ruml et al., 2016b) than those reported byvan Leeuwen et al. (2008).Temperature sums for the beginning of budburstshowed the greatest inter-annulvariation in terms of coefficient of variation (CV) for both white (Table 1) and red (Ruml etal., 2016b) varieties. Among examined phenological stages,the least inter-annul GDDvariation was exhibited for varaison for white varieties (Table 1) and for harvest for redvarieties (Ruml et al., 2016b).Absolute difference in the average temperature sums among white varieties was thesmallest for thebeginning budburst (19 GGD) and the greatest for the beginning ofverasion (237 GGD). The same results were gotten for red varieties with absolutedifference of 23 GGD for the beginningbudburst and 180 GGD for the beginning ofverasion.A variation in GDD among white grapewine varieties within individual years was alsoinvestigated and results are summarized in Table 2. In terms of CV, the greatest variationin GDD among varieties was for the beginning of budburst and the smallest for harvest.The phenological event with the greatest GDD range between varieties within individualyears was harvest. The same results were obtained for red grapewine varieties (Ruml etal., 2016b), except for the greatest GDD range between varieties. For the red varieties, thephenological event with the greatest GDD range was veraison.Table 2Descriptive statistics of GDD variation among white grapevine varieties withinindividual years in the region of Sremski Karlovci (1986–2007)Phenological stage Range (oC) CV1 (%)Mean Max Min Mean Max MinBeginning of budburst 20 48 6 9.8 22.6 2.4Beginning of flowering 67 148 20 6.1 13.6 2.0Beginning of veraison 173 248 59 5.8 8.4 2.3Harvest 195 364 51 4.2 7.7 1.51CV: Coefficient of variationA greater variation in GDD was found between years for a single variety (Table 1)than between varieties within individual years (Table 2) for all phenological stages, exceptfor the beginning of veraison when the CV is considered. The same results were obtainedfor red grapevine varieties (Ruml et al., 2016b). This findingimplies that climatic factorsgenerally had a stronger impact on thermal accumulations than genetic characteristics ofvarieties. Nevertheless, in some climatologically extreme years, the difference inaccumulated GDD between varieties was quite large or small (Table 2), pointing to the factthat a wide diversity exists among grapevine varieties in response to critical meteorologicalvariables, whichmay offer adaptation options to climate change.CONCLUSIONSAn analysis of thermal requirements for thirteenwhite grapevine varieties grown inthe region of Sremski Karlovci based on long-term data are presented in the paper. Thestudy results may find use in the varieties selection, vineyard management,crop modelingas well as for assessing the adaptation potential to changing climate in the studied region,but also in other vine growing areas with similar climatic conditions but with no long-termphenological data available.Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series)Vol. XLVI 2016259ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe paper was part of the project ‘Studying climate change andits influence on the environment: impacts, adaptation and mitigation’ (III 43007) financedby the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia.BIBLIOGRAPHYJones, G.V., 2006 -Climate and terroir: impacts of climate variability and change on wine.In: Macqueen RW, Meinert LD (eds) Fine wine and terroir. The geoscience perspective.Geosci Can Repr Ser 9. Geological Association of Canada, St. John’s Newfoundland.Jones, G.V., Davis, R.E., 2000 - Climate influences on grapevine phenology, grapecomposition, and wine production and quality for Bordeaux, France. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 51,249–261.Lorenz, D.H., Eichhorn, K.W., Bleiholder, H., Klose, R., Meier, U., Weber, E., 1995 -Phenological growth stages of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera) – Codes anddescriptions according to the extended BBCH scale. Aust. J. Grape Wine Res. 1, 100–103.Mullins MG, Bouquet A, Williams L.E., 1992 -Biology of the grapevine. CambridgeUniversity Press, Great Britain.Ruml, M., Vuković, A., Vujadinović, M., Djurdjević, V., Rankovic-Vasić, Z.,Atanacković, Z.,Sivčev, B., Marković, N., Matijašević S., Petrović, N., 2012 - On theuse of regional climate models: Implications of climate change for viticulture inSerbia.Agr.Forest Meteorol. 158, 53–62.Ruml, M., Korać, N.,Vujadinović, M.,Vuković, A.,Ivanišević D., 2016a -Response ofgrapevine phenology to recent temperature change and variability in the wine-producingarea of SremskiKarlovci, Serbia. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 154, 186–206.Ruml, M., Korać, N., Ćirković, D., Vujadinović, M. Vuković, A., 2016b - Heatrequirements for red grapevine varietys in the wine-producing region of SremskiKarlovci,Serbia.ActaHortic. 1139, 409-412.van Leeuwen, C., Friant, P., Choné, X., Tregoat, O., Koundouras, S., Dubordieu, D.,2004 -Influence of climate, soil, and variety on terroir. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 55(3):207–217.van Leeuwen, C., Garnier, C., Agut, C., Baculat, B., Barbeau, G., Besnard, E., Bois,B., Boursiquot, J.M., Chuine, I., Dessup, T., Dufourcq, T., Garcia-Cortazar, I.,Marguerit, E., Monamy, C., Koundouras, S., Payan, J.C., Parker, A., Renouf, V.,Rodriguez-Lovelle, B., Roby, J.P., Tonietto, J., Trambouze, W., 2008 - Heatrequirements for grapevine varieties are essential information to adapt plant material in achanging climate.Proc. 7th International Terroir Congress, 14-18 June 2008, Changins,Switzerland.p.222–227.Winkler, A., Cook, J., Kliewer, W., Lider, L., 1974 - General viticulture.University ofCalifornia Press, Berkeley, USA.

THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WHITE GRAPEVINE VARIETIES GROWN IN THE REGION OF SREMSKI KARLOVCI, SERBIA

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THERMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WHITE GRAPEVINE VARIETIES GROWN IN THE REGION OF SREMSKI KARLOVCI, SERBIA

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Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series