The oil obtained from oil plants have characteristics and properties that allow use for people food, animals and in some cases alternative fuel engines. Camelina is an oil plant that has properties superior to other known plants: sunflower, soybean, flax, etc., to be used as fuel, the paper presenting some considerations that make this plant as an alternative to fossil fuels

Bunduchi, G.

Gageanu, G.

Gageanu, I.

Ganea-Christu, I.

Marin, E.

Matei, Gh.

Vladut, V.

The oil obtained from oil plants have characteristics and properties that allow use forÂ people food, animals and in some cases alternative fuel engines. Camelina is an oil plantÂ that has properties superior to other known plants: sunflower, soybean, flax, etc., to beÂ used as fuel, the paper presenting some considerations that make this plant as anÂ alternative to fossil fuels

Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series

Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201567CONSIDERATIONS ON OBTAINING CAMELINA OIL BY COLDPRESSINGGANEA-CHRISTU I.1), BUNDUCHI G.1), GĂGEANU G.1), MARIN E.1), GĂGEANU I.1),MATEI GH.2), VLĂDUŢ V.1*)1)INMA Bucharest / Romania; 2)University of Craiova / RomaniaE-mail: valentin_vladut@yahoo.comKeywords: press, camelină, oil plants, oilABSTRACTThe oil obtained from oil plants have characteristics and properties that allow use forpeople food, animals and in some cases alternative fuel engines. Camelina is an oil plantthat has properties superior to other known plants: sunflower, soybean, flax, etc., to beused as fuel, the paper presenting some considerations that make this plant as analternative to fossil fuels.INTRODUCTIONIn nature, the fat substances are spread in the plants and animals tissue, also in thesecretion of some glands from the animal’s bodies, for example in milk. In plants, the fatsubstance is concentrated only in certain parts as: seeds, fruits and tubercles, stones,germs, playing the part of a reserve substance, which the plant uses in the developmentperiod as a source of energy [1, 2].The content of fat substance in these parts of the plants is variable. At the majority ofthe plants, this varies between 1 and 5 %.Among the oleaginous plants there are: sunflower, soya, camelina, ricinus, flax,hemp, cotton, poppy, tobacco plant, sesame plant, peanut plant, olive-tree, coconut andpalm tree.Although the oleaginous plants domain is very ample, the plants that can be used asraw material in the vegetable oil industry are not so many because a lot of them have alow content of oil – being uneconomic, and others with a high content of oil presentdifficulties in obtaining the oil because of the special structure of the plant [3, 4, 5]. Camelina is after camelina at the moment one of the most important oleaginousspecies from point of viwe energetic effiviency. Camelina seeds contain 3350 % oil.Camelina oil has multiple utilizations in industry, for combustibles fabrication and otherdomain. After the oil extraction – the extraction residues which are 40 % protein richare used as forage, vegetal residues are used for the fabrication of the particle boardsor for obtaining of combustible. Camelina it is a very good preceding crop for the grain,the land being cleared in time and without weeds. Depending on the specie and thevegetation conditions, the chemical composition of the seeds is characterized by acontent of: 3349 % fats; 1920 % raw protein; 1718 % extract without nitrate.The oil obtained by cold pressing is extracted from the oleaginous seeds with asuperior quality, being possible to be used for alimentary usage and also in medicine.The main advantages of the cold pressing installations are: at medium scale, the cold pressing installations are used by both the governmentindustry and private enterprise; its can be placed near the agricultural units;Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201568 direct or indirect, the process performed by the cold pressing installations isconnected to the harvest (without intermediaries); its have a production capacity up to 25 tone/day; by cold pressing there are being obtained vegetable oil and pressed extractionresidue; pressed extraction residue has a superior value (12-17 % oil content); its require low costs for investments; its have a low energy consumption (80 kWh/tone of seeds – with a media of 6times less than the energy required in the extraction industry); its didn’t use chemical solvents or thermal regimes for seeds; it isn’t being obtained any residual water; this process involves low logistical costs and low protection requirements; it stimulates local economy and short local distances (around 50 km); it has a superior flexibility (it’s a faster accommodation process for other types ofoleaginous seeds);The extraction residues obtained by cold pressing contain a large quantity of residualoil and therefore it has a high utilization in animal forage in comparison with the extractionresidues obtained by hot pressing.For example, by pressing 3 kg of camelina seeds, it can be obtained about 1 kg ofcamelina oil and 2 kg of extraction residues. Using the cold pressing method of thecamelina harvest from 1 hectare it is being obtained oil and a quantity of extractionresidues of about 2.000 kg.The filtration speed drops once the viscosity rises, which at its turn varies inverseproportional to the temperature of the liquid. In practice, the increasing of the filteringtemperature is limited due to technological considerations. Therefore, at the crude oilresulted from pressing, the maximal filtering temperature must be 70C.MATERIAL AND METHODCamelina is an alternative to traditional fossil fuel sources it with the bestcharacteristics: viscosity, lubricity, calorific value, of oilseeds, oil obtained from seeds ofthis plant can be used to obţinrea of biokerosen, for use in the aviation industry.However this should not be at the expense of other crops cultivated only on surfacesthat are not suitable for other crops, so as not to influence food security.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSIn order to emphasize some characteristics of seeds, and oil from camelina,experiments were carried out on a pilot plant for cold forming, consisting of three presswith a capacity of 450 kg seed treatment (150 kg / each release), fig. 1.Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201569Fig. 1 - Pressing module used to experimentationsThe characteristics of the seed before it is provided are shown in table 1Table 1SAMPLE FEATURE VALUE UMI(firstbatch)Moisture 8.84 [%]Hectoliter mass 51.51 [kg/hl]Purity 79.0764 [%]Impurities non-oleaginous: impurities > 2 mm 1.6 mm > impurities < 2 mm 0.5 mm > impurities < 1.6 mm impurities < 0.5 mm dust20.9236 [%]14.4496 [%]2.8884 [%]2.8948 [%]0.6788 [%]0.0120 [%]II(secondbatch)Moisture 12.91 [%]Hectoliter mass 36.45 [kg/hl]Purity 29.0592 [%]Impurities non-oleaginous: impurities > 2 mm 1.6 mm > impurities < 2 mm 0.5 mm > impurities < 1.6 mm impurities < 0.5 mm dust70.9408 [%]18.9428 [%]38.2220 [%]12.9720 [%]0.7300 [%]0.0740 [%]NOTE: The two samples were collected from different bags with different quality seed, but came together inthe process of reconditioning.The results determined for the received camelina seed oil, by-products andimpurities or chemical and physical analyzes thereof are shown in Table 2.Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 201570Table 2FEATURE MU VALUEQuantity received seed kg 2830 Impurities (chaff, sharps, earth, other seeds, etc.) kg 1297.4 Losses kg 1.3 Quantity conditional seed, of which: kg 1531.3Oil cake kg 1046.7Total oil produced, of which: kg / l 484.6 / 530.8- Filtered oil kg / l 388 / 425- Oil residues kg / l 96.6 / 105.8 Equipment / gauges usedName / Type Measuring range /division SeriesPrecision weighing apparatus special / AW 220,with autocalibrating 0÷200 g / 0.1 mg D440100161Furnace with temperature control / MEMMERT-UFE 500 0÷260 ºC / 1 ºC G 507.1422Hectoliter balance/CS  2000E, with stainlesssteel cylinder 1050 ml0÷2000 g / 1 g 17453608CONCLUSIONSCamelina (that and rape) is an alternative to fossil fuels, but only if it cultivateagricultural land not for production of agricultural products to feed humans and animals.Therefore there are conflicting views on the cultivation of this plant: first are farmerswho want to obtain higher income per hectare compared to crops classic camelina notneed treatment and works întreţienere expensive and on the other hand are governmentsand FAO who prioritize food security of the country or the planet.BIBLIOGRAPHY1. Singer M. & others, 1950 - Oil and vegetable fats technology, Technical PublishingBucharest;2. Kolpakov I. P., 1951 - Manual for the exploitation of the screw conveyer presses inview of sunflower seeds processing, Technical Documentation Institute Bucharest;3. Boeru Gh., Pusdrea D., 1980 - Vegetable oils technology, Technical PublishingBucharest;4. Banu C. & others, 2002 - Food industry engineer’s manual, Technical PublishingBucharest;5. Popa C., Jăşcanu V., 1998 - Design guidelines for food businesses, Beams I, II,Technical Publishing Galati.

CONSIDERATIONS ON OBTAINING CAMELINA OIL BY COLD PRESSING

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CONSIDERATIONS ON OBTAINING CAMELINA OIL BY COLD PRESSING

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Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series