Research conducted at Research - Development Centre for Field Crops onSandy Soils, Dabuleni, concerning 8 hybrids behavior grain sorghum, highlights thespecificity of this plant for sandy soils. Value of leaf area index (LAI = 6.5-7) and the production of grain (7821- 8415 kg / ha) shows a very good valorisation of the environment registered in southern Oltenia by grain sorghum crop. Have been distinguished with the best results the grain sorghum hybrids: Arcanciel, Arak, Arfri

Draghici, Iulian

Research conducted at Research - Development Centre for Field Crops onSandy Soils, Dabuleni, concerning 8 hybrids behavior grain sorghum, highlights thespecificity of this plant for sandy soils. Value of leaf area index (LAI = 6.5-7) and theÂ production of grain (7821- 8415 kg / ha) shows a very good valorisation of the environmentÂ registered in southern Oltenia by grain sorghum crop. Have been distinguished with the best results the grain sorghum hybrids: Arcanciel, Arak, Arfri

Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series

Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 2015123NEW GRAIN SORGHUM GENOTYPES ADAPTED TO SPECIFICECOPEDOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF SANDY SOILSIULIAN DRAGHICIResearch - Development Centre for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni, Romania,tel: +40251334402, fax: +40251334347, e-mail: iuliandraghici54@yahoo.comKeywords: genotype, sandy soil, adaptability, productivityABSTRACTResearch conducted at Research - Development Centre for Field Crops onSandy Soils, Dabuleni, concerning 8 hybrids behavior grain sorghum, highlights  thespecificity of this plant for sandy soils. Value of leaf area index (LAI = 6.5-7) and theproduction of grain (7821- 8415 kg / ha) shows a very good valorisation of the environmentregistered in southern Oltenia by grain sorghum crop. Have been distinguished with thebest results the grain sorghum hybrids: Arcanciel, Arak, ArfrioINTRODUCTIONThe grain sorghum is considered a drought resistant plant and with future outlook ofthe dry areas in Romania (Antohe I.et all., 1998, 2002,  I. Draghici I., 2006), having regardto atmospheric and soil drought accentuation lately, which obliges us to finding analternative to the assortment of plants which are cultivated at present. Species with the C4photosynthesis cycle, sorghum, dryland cereal (below 450 mm rainfall / year) and verymoist of the areas (over 700-800 mm rainfall / year), are grown in small areas in Romania.The largest area of sorghum (about 250,000 ha) of which 75,000 ha of sorghumgrain was grown in the decades of the last century 7th and 8th decades  of the last century(Gumaniuc et al., 1979).Cultivated in more than 90 countries spread out across 5 continents, between 25 °south latitude and 55° north latitude, on a surface of about 44 million. hectares, the grainsorghum is used in human nutrition (approximately 53.3%) in feed animals (about 39.4%)and industry (particularly the food, about 2%) (Hulse et al., 1980). After extent of use inhuman food, the grain sorghum is ranked third (after rice and wheat), providing about 16%of the total consumption of cereals in the world (Arnould and Miche, 1971), and in someareas the second, after rice (some areas of India, the south and west Asia and east andwest Africa) (Doggett, 1986).MATERIAL AND METHODThe research was conducted during 2013-2014, at Research - DevelopmentCentre for Field Crops on Sandy Soils, Dabuleni and concerned the behavior of anumber of 8 hybrid grain sorghum, under sandy soils with humus content of less than0.5%. Experience has been placed in irrigation conditions, by randomized block methodand experimental variants are presented in Table 1.The observations and measurements carried out   have targeted  the physiological plantresistance to cold, to drought, to falling and to aphids, the growth rate in the first 4 weeksof the emergence, the biometrical elements and sorghum plant productivity. The resultswere calculated and interpreted statistically by variance analysis method.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSThe results obtained of the sorghum plant physiological, behavior at the climaticconditions of the sandy soil, shows a good adaptability to all sorghum hybrids included inthe study (Table 1). Thus, distinguished themselves the good uniformity of plant atAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 2015124emergence and good resistance to cold sorghum hybrids, to drought, to falling andbreaking and to aphids.Table 1The behavior of grain sorghum hybrids against biotic and abiotic environmentalfactors, under the sandy soils conditions from DăbuleniNo. Hybrids Emergenceuniformity(grades 1-9)Resistance to cold(grades 1-9) in phaseResistanceto drought(grades 1-9)Resistanceto fallingandbreaking(grades 1-9)Resistanceto aphids(grades 1-9)germination -emergence plantlet1 F - 21 2 1 1 1 1 22 E.S. Alizei 1 1 1 1 1 23 Arcanciel 1 1 1 1 1.5 14 Arak 1 1 1 1 1 25 Arfrio 1 1 1 1 1.5 1.56 Typhon 1 1.5 1 2 1,5 27 Arsky 1 1 1 1 2 28 EUG 101 -Albanos 1 1 1 2 1.5 1As regards the growth rhythm of sorghum plant  during the first four weeks, it isnoted that in the first two weeks it was reduced at experienced all hybrids (0.72 to 0.85 cm/ day), the plant size recording values of 5.2 to 6.5 cm in the first week and 10-12 cm in thesecond week (table 2). The growth rhythm of the plant has increased starting from the 3rdand 4th week (1.89 to 2.14 cm / day), when the sorghum plants showed a height of 24.8 to26.8 cm, at week 3 and 37.5-40 cm at week 4th after emergence. The growth rhythm of theplant is differentiated according to the hybrid. In the first week they were stood out througha growth rhythm higher hybrids Typhon and EUG 101 - Albanos. In week 2 of the mostintense daily growth rhythm waist recorded a hybrid plant Arsky. In weeks 3 and 4, thegrowth rhythm has doubled, compared to the first two weeks, revealing in this respecthybrids F-21, Arfrio, Typhon, E.S. Alizei and Arsky.Table 2Observations on the growth rhythm of grain sorghum hybridsduring the first four weeks after emergenceNo.HybridsThe size sorghum plant during the first four weeksafter emergence (cm)week 1 week 2 week 3 week 41 F - 21 5.2 10.5 25.5 38.82 E.S. Alizei 6 10.5 25 403 Arcanciel 5.5 11 26 39.24 Arak 6.2 12 26.5 38.85 Arfrio 6 10.6 26.8 37.56 Typhon 6.4 10 25.5 38.47 Arsky 5.8 12 26.8 39.68 EUG 101 - Albanos 6.5 11 25.2 38.8In the sandy soils conditions, the grain sorghum hybrids have attained a size plantsbetween 115 cm by F21 hybrid, and 138 cm by Arsky hybrid, which registered a morerapidly growth rhythm in the first 4 weeks (Table 3 ). The plant diameter was between 3-4cm, with a low differentiation between hybrids included in the study. The capacity shoots ofsorghum hybrids were evidenced by the number as shoots registered per plant, which wasbetween 1-2 shoots with a size of 98-132 cm and a diameter of 3-4 cm. The sorghum grainAnalele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 2015125has a high capacity for assimilation given by leaf area high enough. In sandy soilsconditions the sorghum hybrids included in the study have registered high values of leafarea index (L.A.I.) ranging from 6.5 to 7.Table 3Biometrical determinations of the grain sorghum hybridsstudied under sandy soils conditionsHybrids The plantsiye (cm)The plantdiameter(cm)Noshoots/plant (cm)The shootssize (cm)The shootsdiameter(cm)L.A.I.F 21 115 3.4 2 98 2.6 6.5E.S. Alizei 135 4 2 125 2.6 6.5Arcanciel 130 3.6 2 120 2.4 6.8Arak 137 3.8 2 132 2.5 7Arfrio 125 3.5 2 118 2.2 6.9Typhon 136 3 1 128 2 7Arsky 138 4 2 132 2.4 6.8EUG 101 - Albanos 133 3.5 2 129 2.5 7At harvest were registered a number of 26 -27 plants / m². The main elements ofproductivity: panicle length, average production per panicle, 1000 grain weight (1000 GW)and hectoliter weight (HW), were different from hybrid to hybrid, depending on their geneticpotential and the adaptability to ecopedological conditions, specific of sandy soil (Table 4).The panicle length ranged from 24 cm to hybrid E.S. Alizei and 28 cm at F21  hybrid. Theaverage yield of grains per panicle has registered  the highest value at hybrid Arsky - 31 g/ panicle and the lowest, 26.8 g / panicle, at hybrid F21. 1000 grain weight ranged from24.4 to 25.2 g and the Hectolite Weight between 70.8 to 74.5 kg . The production levels ofsorghum hybrids, under specific ecopedological sandy soils in the years 2013-2014, havehighlighted the  productive potential in thermic and hydric stress conditions and theadaptability of hybrids to the unfavorable circumstances, frequently encountered on sandysoils (Table 5). Compared with the control (F21), all other hybrids have achievedproduction increases  assured from the point of view  statistically. Were marked by highproductivity hybrids: Arfrio (8415 kg / ha), Arak (8287 kg / ha), Arcanciel (8266 kg / ha),which registered, compared to the control, production differences very significant, ranging445-594 kg / ha.Table  4Elements of productivity and yields of grain sorghum hybridsobtained in sandy soils conditions from DăbuleniHybridsNo. plants /m2 atharvestPaniclelength(cm)Averageproductionper panicle(g)1000 GW(g)HW(kg)F 21 27 28 26.8 25.2 71E.S. Alizei 27 24 29.8 25 70.8Arcanciel 26 24.5 28 24.8 71Arak 26 27 30 25.2 70.6Arfrio 26 24.5 28.5 24.4 74.5Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture,Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLV 2015126Typhon 26 24 28 24.8 70.8Arsky 27 26 31 25.2 71.2EUG 101 - Albanos 27 25 30 25.6 71.5Table 5Synthesis of production results obtained for grain sorghum hybridscultivated in sandy soil conditions from DăbuleniHybridsGrain yield Difference fromcontrolkg/haSignificanceKg/ha %F 21 7821 100 0 ControlE.S. Alizei 8129 104 308 xxArcanciel 8266 106 445 xxxArak 8287 106 466 xxxArfrio 8415 108 594 xxxTyphon 8148 105 327 xxArsky 7998 103 177 xEUG 101 - Albanos 8024 103 203 xLSD 5% = 164 kg/ha;  LSD 1% = 226 kg/ha;   LSD 0.1% - 398 kg/haCONCLUSIONS1. The grain sorghum hybrids experienced in the period 2013-2014  have recorded a  goodbehavior under the conditions of sandy soils from southern Oltenia;2. The growth rhythm of the sorghum plant  was from 0.72 to 0.85 cm / day in the first twoweeks, with a plant height of 5.2 to 6.5 cm, increasing from 1.89 to 2.14 cm / day forweeks 3 and 4, when the plants have reached a height of 24.8 to 26.8 cm;2. Under the sandy soils conditions of southern Oltenia, the experienced sorghum hybridshave registered high values of leaf area index (L.A.I.), ranging from 6.5 to 7;3. Through high productivity were highlighted the sorghum hybrids: Arfrio (8415 kg / ha),Arak (8287 kg / ha), Arcanciel (8266 kg / ha), which registered compared to hybrid control(F21) production differences 445 - 594 kg / ha, very significant in statistical point of view.REFERENCES1. Antohe, I., Spiridon, Gh., Drăghici, I., Floarea, Lida, Carşofschi, Ileana,Coşerea, Victoria, Dobrescu, Ecaterina, Grecu, Eugenia, Petrescu, Florentina,Chirnogeanu, Ioana, Badea, Ecaterina, 1998 – Rezultate obţinute în ameliorareacalităţii la sorgul pentru boabe. Analele ICCPT, LXV: 119-135.2. Antohe, I., Drăghici, I., Naidin, C., 2002 – Sorghum an alternative crop for south ofRomania.In: Drought mitigation and prevention of land desertification, 22-24 April,2002, Bled, Slovenia: 112.3. Arnould, J.l. & Miche, J.C, 1971 – Review of the economy and utilisation of milletsand sorghum in the world. Agron.Tro. 26: 865-887.4. Doggett, H., 1986 – Sorghum. Edit. Longman.5. Dăghici, I., 2006 – Implicaţiile fertilizării cu fosfor şi azot asupra sorgului pentruboabe, cultivat pe soluri nisipoase. Lucr. Simp.: Managementul nutrienţilor pentruîmbunătăţirea calităţii culturilor şi conservarea mediului.6. Gumaniuc, N., Antohe, I., Cosmin O., 1979 – Posibilităţi de valorificare mai bunea resurselor pedoclimatice prin cultura de sorg pentru boabe. Probleme agricole, 4:16-22.7. Hulse, J.H. Lainge, E.M., Pearson, A.E., 1980 – Sorghum and the millets. Theircomposition and nutritive value. Acad. Press, New York.

NEW GRAIN SORGHUM GENOTYPES ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC ECOPEDOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF SANDY SOILS

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NEW GRAIN SORGHUM GENOTYPES ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC ECOPEDOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF SANDY SOILS

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Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series