Pear extension is a necessity for our country. There are many areas favourable for the pear species in the country, and the Oltenia area has proved to be an area with particularly favourable climatic conditions for varieties and rootstocks. Depth of rooting, as well as branching, is a genetic feature of the variety and species. Within the experience, there are varieties with a highly developed radicular system (absorbent roots helping to absorb the fertilizer better) and such varieties with roots that reach 80 cm are Untoasă Giffard, Untoasă Hardy, Abatele Fetel and Cure. The period of growth of pear varieties ranged from 56 to 67 days. The varieties showed a good affinity of the two partners, namely a growing behaviour and very good development of the partners. Physical and chemical properties help us to orient the respective varieties for fresh direct consumption as well as for industrial processing in different forms. From the researched type there can be kept in the culture for the southern area of Oltenia the varieties: Untoasă Hardy, Passe Crassane, Olivier de Serres and Cure

CICHI, M.

Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series

Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series)Vol. XLVII 2017  456  INFLUENCE OF ROOTSTOCK ON THE GROWTH AND FRUCTIFICATION OF PEAR VARIETIES IN OLTENIA  Cichi M. University of Craiova, Faculty of Agronomy  Keywords: variety, rootstock, affinity  ABSTRACT  Pear extension is a necessity for our country. There are many areas favourable for the pear species in the country, and the Oltenia area has proved to be an area with particularly favourable climatic conditions for varieties and rootstocks. Depth of rooting, as well as branching, is a genetic feature of the variety and species. Within the experience, there are varieties with a highly developed radicular system (absorbent roots helping to absorb the fertilizer better) and such varieties with roots that reach 80 cm are Untoasă Giffard, Untoasă Hardy, Abatele Fetel and Cure. The period of growth of pear varieties ranged from 56 to 67 days. The varieties showed a good affinity of the two partners, namely a growing behaviour and very good development of the partners. Physical and chemical properties help us to orient the respective varieties for fresh direct consumption as well as for industrial processing in different forms. From the researched type there can be kept in the culture for the southern area of Oltenia the varieties: Untoasă Hardy, Passe Crassane, Olivier de Serres and Cure.  INTRODUCTION  Several researchers, scientists who have highlighted the importance of the variety in fruit growing, have taken care of the assortment establishment. Thus, some authors (Bassi D. et al., 1994) observed the behaviour of Pyrus Communis rootstock selections, respectively 16 selections that showed low and medium force but also tolerance to chlorosis. Raese J.T. (1994), studied the behaviour of the Anjou pear variety on eight rootstocks, analyzing the fruit, the potassium concentration was high in the fruit of the P. Betulaefolia and small on the Old Home rootstock. In Italy, research has shown that a pear clone called Fox 9 has a higher force than BA 29 quince, a greater adaptability to environmental factors, and better compatibility with varieties tested (Quartieri M. et al., 2011). Also, the way of pear breeding is influenced by some technological aspects, namely the planting distance, both in row and between rows, (Rosca C. et al., 1993). Intensive research has shown that with the growth of roots there is also the growth of branches in the tree crown, with a close correlation, (Qu Zezhou HanQiqian, 1983). Deckers T. et al., (2005) presented aspects of the pear varieties production in Europe, and certain diseases (bacterial burn) affected production mainly in France and Greece, and red-skinned varieties were unsuccessful. Grauslund et al., (1996) observed that following the treatments applied for the eradication of scab, some of the varieties researched continued to have scab. Numerous results have been discovered by Branişte N. et al, (2008), which highlighted the positive characters of some pear varieties such as Napoca, Virgiliu. Some researchers have found that the resistance genes for some diseases and certain pests are derived from Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina), (Andreieş N., 1993).  Ciobanu A. (2015)  studies the quality of plum fruit several varieties depending on the system scion/rootstock. Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură Montanology, Cadastre Series)Vol. XLVII 201  Stanley and Tuleu gras varieties are suitable for industrialization, based on the drysubstance and sugar content. Ciobanu A. (2016) argues that Elberta peach variety presents on franc rootstock, a good development roots in the soil and vigor of the trees in the south of the country. The experience was located in Oltof a crown practiced in trees Cure intermediate. The planting distance between the rows was 4.0 m and among the trees in a row of 3.5 m. Maintenancrow, the specific treatments (10The experience was placed according to the block method and consisted of seven varieties with 5 trees per variation- Visualization of the horizontal roots through the profile method.- The height of trees for each variety.- Expansion diameter of the analyzed tree crown.- Sum of all vegetative growths.- Fructification specificity and proportion of different formations.- Observations on the affinity of the variety with the rootstock.- Production and quality of the fruit obtained.The statistical program used was Anova Manova. RESULTS AND DISCUSSI There are varieties with a highly developed radicular system, and such varieties with roots from 0-40 cm and reaching 80 cm deep we have at: Untoasă Giffard, Untoasă Hardy, Abatele Fetel and Cure varieties.With an elevated radicular system, developed only up to 60 Olivier de Serres and Passe Crassane varieties were noticed, so it has a more superficial root system. Figure 1 shows the total number of roots observed in varieties researched in the southern area of the country.   The vegetation period depends on climatic conditions reaching 190relatively shorter periods than the other species. Important elements help determine the vigour of trees, namely: biometric measurements of annual increases, height, crown diameter, trunk dimensions. Analyzing the growth rate of the sprouts, we can specify that 01020304050– Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova 7 457 MATERIAL AND METHODS  enia, comprising several varieties with the shape – free palmette, and as rootstock was used the quince with e work was carried out, namely the weeding on the -12), cuts applied to the trees during the period of rest.. Numerous observations have been made, namely:       ONS  cm, the Bella di Giugno, Fig. 1 – Number roots by diameter  TOTAL ROOTTOTAL Root with Ø of 1mmTOTAL Root with Ø of 4 8 mmTOTAL Root with  Ø > of 8 mm- Agriculture,       -195 days, for -3 -Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură Montanology, Cadastre Series)Vol. XLVII 201  the period of growth of the pear varieties ranged from 56 to 67 days, and the growth of the sprouts every day was 0.50 -with a higher growth of sprouts, namely Bella di Giugno, such as Olivier de Serres, Passe Crassane, Abatele Fetel have smaller daily increases ranging from 0.50 to 0.53 cm .More tight crowns are Olivier de Serres and Abatele Fetel varieties with 2,1 m/tree, the values significant negative to the average X , (figure 2). When the tree crowns are smaller, then we can implement on establishmtrees. Fig. 2Early vegetation begins with Bella di Giugno, Olivier de Serres and Passe Crassane (4-13 III, 5-15 III). Bu blossom phenophase is triggered later iThe end of the bloom takes place within a range of 10varieties, which requires the placing in the plot of two or three varieties with the same period of flowering or close period.The maturation of pear varieties is different differs from variety to variety, depends on climatic conditions and is a characteristic of variety. Fruit ripening begins in the second decade of June, then in July, September and ends in the second decade of October.The first variety to be ripen is Bella di Giugno (15Giffard variety (4th-10th VIII) summer varieties. In September, the Abatele Fetel varieties (14 - 18.25 IX) are grown, autumn varieties. In the first decade of October, the winter varieties Passe Crassane and Olivier de Serres (2variety (10-15 X). The studied varieties fructify on all types of pairhighlights the following: - the varieties that fructify moreof the distance between the crown of the tree, but also between the branches of order II and the semi-skeleton branches;- varieties that mainly fructify on long formations, are suitable for increasing distance between floors, substrates and semiThe results of the affinity between graft and rootstocks in the studied varieties indicate that the varieties showed a close proximity of the two partners of the value of 1.0, value that highlights the very good coexistence of the partners.In 2014, there was an average of 0.99 of the two partners, and by 2015 an average of 1.00, ie perfect compatible partners, a normal cohabitation.Of the varieties analyzed with the quince rootstock and Cure internotice a slight difference between the two partners, the value being of 0.98 for the Bella di Giugno, Untoasă Giffard and Untoasă– Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova 7 458  0.60 cm. Within the analyzed varieties, we have vUntoasă Giffard, and varieties  - 2,2 m/tree, Passe Crassane being significant, distinct and very ent smaller distances between rows and on the row of   -  The diameter of the pear tree crown n Untoasă-11 days detached within the  -22 VI), followed by the Untoasă-like formations, but in fact this study  on the short formations are suitable for a reduction  -skeleton.    Hardy varieties. - Agriculture, arieties - 1,9 m/tree   Hardy and Cure.  Untoasă  Hardy and -4 X) and the Cure the mediate, we Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură Montanology, Cadastre Series)Vol. XLVII 201  The Olivier de Serres variety has a value of 1.0 and a very good affinity between the partners, and varieties with a very small difference of 0.01 are Abatele Fetel, Passe Crassane and Cure (Figure 3) Fig. 3 -  Compatibility between the scion and rootstock varieties of pearIn the years of study we obtained an average of 32.1 kg/tree for the analyzed and weighed varieties, thus productive varieties above the average were: kg/tree, Cure - 37.0 kg/tree. Regarding the main physical attributes, we find that lwhose dimensions exceed 80.0 mm/fruit as a size index are in Abatele Fetel varieties (87.0 mm/fruit), Cure (81.8 mm/fruit). In terms of weight index, fruits are produced in excess of 150.0 g for the Abatele Fetel varieties g/fruit, Passe Crassane - 174.0 g/fruit, Cure  Fig. 4 Significant sugar content can be found in per 100 g s.p., Passe Crassane Olivier de Serres show significant amounts of sugar Cure has a reduced sugar content of 6.75 g per 100.06 g per 100 g.s.p. Less ascorbic acid we noticed on the fruits of the Bella di Giugno varieties - 6.45 mg / 100 g s.p. and to  The climatic and pedological conditions in the Oltenia area fully satisfy the biological requirements of the studied pear varieties. Starting in vegetation noted by the blossom of 01020304050– Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova 7 459 . Untoasă- 169.1 g/fruit, Olivier de Serres - 196.1 g/fruit, (figure 4). – Fruit quality by physical properties  Untoasă Hardy varieties - 9.45 g per 100 g.s.p. Also the varieties Abatele Fetel and - 8.74 - 8.87 g per 100 g.s.p.0 g.s.p. and a low acid content of Untoasă Giffard -10.18 mg/100 g s.p.CONCLUSIONS  TOTAL ROOTTOTAL Root with Ø of 1mmTOTAL Root with Ø of 4 8 mm- Agriculture,    Hardy - 39.0 arge fruits - 186.4  - 9.30 g sugar    -3 -Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series)Vol. XLVII 2017  460  vegetative buds took place in the first - third decade of March. Under conditions in the southern area, an early start in vegetation is the Bella di Giugno variety, and a later startup was Untoasă Giffard variety, Abatele Fetel, and Untoasă Hardy. Resistance to diseases and pests presented most of the varieties analyzed, but with slight sensitivity to scab are Untoasă Giffard varieties and Passe Crassane. In order to ensure a continuous conveyer of fresh fruits from the researched range can be retained in culture for the Oltenia area the varieties: Untoasă Hardy, Passe Crassane, Olivier de Serres and Cure.  REFERENCES  1. Andreieș, N., 1993. Hibrizi de păr rezistenți la Venturia Pirina și Psylla Sp. obținuți la Voinești. Lucrările științifice ale I.C.P.P Pitești-Mărăcineni, Vol. XVI. București, 71-73. 2. Bassi, D., Tagliavini, M., Marangoni, B., 1994. Selection of clonal rootstocks of Pyrus communis (L.). ISHS Acta Horticulture 367: VI International Symposium on pear growing. Pag. 364 – 371. Vol. 1. 3. Braniște, N., Andrieș, N., Ghidra, V., 2008. Pear genetic breeding to improve the romanian varieties. ISHS Acta Horticulture, Number 800. Proceedings of the tenth International pear Symposium, Volume 1, 491-496. 4. Ciobanu, A., 2015. Fruit quality in function of the graft/rootstock byosistem with some plum tree varieties. The Annals of University of Craiova, Series Agriculture, Montanology and Cadastre, vol. XLV, pag. 77-81. 5. Ciobanu, A., 2016. Aspect regarding the root system and the stem growing at the Elberta peach variety. The Annals of University of Craiova, Series Agriculture, Montanology and Cadastre, vol. XLVI, pag. 78-82. 6. Deckers, T., Schoofs, H., 2005. Status of the pear production in Europe. ISHS Acta Horticulture 671: IX International Pear Symposium. Pag. 47 – 55. Vol. 1. 7. Grauslund, J., Bertelsen, M., 1996. Comparison of integrated and conventional production of apples. Acta Horticulturae 442. 8. Qu Zezhou HanQiqian, 1983. „Studies on the relationship between root and top growth of apple”. Acta Horticulturae Sinica. Vol. 10, nr. 1. 9. Quartieri, M., Marangoni, B., Schiavon, L., Tagliavini, M., Bassi, D., Previati, A., Giannini, M., 2011. Evaluation of pear rootstocks selection. ISHS Acta Horticulture 909: XI International Pear Symposium. Pag. 153 – 159. Vol. 2. 10. Raese, J.T., 1994. Fruit disorders, mineral composition and tree performance influenced by rootstocks of Anjou pears. ISHS Acta Horticulture 367: VI International Symposium on pear growing. Pag. 372 – 379. Vol. 1. 11. Roșca, C., Dumitrescu, Gh., 1993. Comportarea în livadă a șase soiuri de păr, cu și fără sistem de susținere. Lucrările științifice ale I.C.P.P Pitești-Mărăcineni, Vol. XVI, 43-46.          

INFLUENCE OF ROOTSTOCK ON THE GROWTH AND FRUCTIFICATION OF PEAR VARIETIES IN OLTENIA

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INFLUENCE OF ROOTSTOCK ON THE GROWTH AND FRUCTIFICATION OF PEAR VARIETIES IN OLTENIA

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Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series