Holm, Marianne

Knutsson, Sten

English

NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives

1:;e, \( I ~jhls ;eaper not -to be cited without prior reference to -the authors International Council for the Exploration of the Sea C.M. 1977/E:61 --E'isheries Improvement Conunittee Ref.: Anadromous and Ca-tadromous Fish Committee AN EXPERIMENT WITH MIGRATING SMOLT OF ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR) By Sten Knutsson and Marianne Holm x) In spring 1977 an experiment with migrating smolt was performed at the research station, Fisk og Fors~k, N-5198 Matredal. The intention was to find a simple way to separate smolt from fish that were not completely smoltified. The idea was to try to utilize the change in behaviour that enters during the process of smoltification. In this process the aggressivness of the young salmon disappears. They congregate in schools and move down stream mostly during night-time, partly passively drifting and partly actively swimming. This need to move with the current, we tried to utillze in an attempt to sort smolt from "none-smolt", i.e.fish that were not completely smoltified. Two circular plastic tanks, A and B, were connected with a wooden channel (Fig. 1). The channel was made water-proof by placing plastic-folio on the inside. The tanks were 2 m in diameter and 1 m deep. The channel was 16 m x) Institute of Marine Research, Directorate of Fisheries, Bergen, Norway. \'~ " - 2 long, 0,4 m wide and 0,3 m deep. The tanks and the channel 'iV'ere I dur lng the whole experiment, covered with wooden lids in order to give shade and protection for the fish. Fresh water was led into tank A, through a pipe. From tank A the water was led into tank B, through the woodeD-' c,hannel, and from there through drain-pipes to the drainage.' Sea Vlater (a~out 30 0/00) was led into the channel at five different places and in this way we got two different environments, fresh water in tank A and brackish water (about 17 0/00) in the channel and in tank B. During the whole experiment the temperature was almost the same, ± ~o C, in tank A and B. At the beginning of the experiment the temperature was around 80 C and at the end around 130 C. On May 3rd, 446 fishes were put into tank A, and of th.ese 132 came from a private hatchery at the river Opo in the Hardanger fjord, 114 came from a private hatchery. on the Ask~y island near Bergen and 200 were raised at the research. station Fisk og Fors~k. To be able to distinguish between the three groups the fish were marked by removing a fin. All fishes were hatched in spring 1976. Most of them were smolt at the start of the experiment,. some were smoltifying and some would smoltify next spring at the earliest. On May 24th., after three weeks with fresh water in the system, all the fish wer,~ anaesthetIzed, ex~il)eq. for degree of smoltification and fork length was measured. Fish that showed no sign of smol tification Mere classified as parr (p). Fish that had become silvery, but still had clearly visible parr marks were classified as "parr-smolt" (ps). These fish would perhaps be smolt later in the summer or autumn. The third group was classified as Ilparr-smolt-smolt" (pss). The fish in this group looked llXe smolt, but parr marks could s.till, though vaguely I be distinguished. The fish - 3 -":~1;::d::'';1ere :L'ecoj::ded as smolt (s) Vlere GCfl,y:)letely s.J.l"v·'3ry on L.LGj,~ 3:Ld,33' n.nd bellies and it \1aS impossible t.o [;)0e any pa:.:-r m3r:;~s 8ven iv~1en loo:dl-,:g iJ:t ·the £i311 frOI'il differen·t qngles. After e:~aJn:lnation, the fish ';'ler,9 put back into the same places where they,were found. 'l'he results from the first eXChLlinat:ion are shown in ?ig. 2. In the channel and in tank B we found almost only smolt. Of 126 fishes only 2 were "none smolt", Only 26!6 of ·the smolt from Ask\tJy and 28% of the smolt from Opo were found in the chal:mel and tank B. The corresp<;>nding figure for the smolt from .fisk og Fors\tJk was 63%. The fish that were not completely smoltified remained in tank A. There were 100 "none-') smolts" and 125 smolts. A standard I( ""-test showed significant differ.ance (p <0 (OOl}. in migration between ·the smolt and the "none-smol ts." . The tendency of the smolt from Opo and Ask~y to be less migratory than the smolt from Fisk og Fors~k, might be caused by an a.ttack of some disease during the first two weeks in tan~ A. Especially the fish from Ask~y were hard struck, where 68% of the fish. died during this period. Only 8% of the fish from Fisk og Fors~k and 10% of the fish from Opo died during the same period. The reason why the fish from Ask~y , were so hard struck might have been a result from stress at transportation and change to a new and most possible inferior environment. At this time there were some problems with the water quality at risk og Fors~k. After th.e first examination( sea water was led into the channel and two weeks later, a second examination was performed. The intention was to try to keep the salini·ty as high as possible in tank B and at the same time only have fresh water i.n ta.nk A. OWing to th.e fact that the fresh water supply to tank A failed, salt water flow back into this tank. Instead of fresh water we th.erefore got brackish water ",i th a salinity of , J around 7% 0 for five days in this tank. During -the :rest of the experiment- the water in -tank A i."las kept fresh while' the salinity in tank B was kept around 17 0/00. The resul·ts from the second examination are shown in Fig. 3. Even if more "none- smolt lf were found in tank B at this examination in comparison with the first, we see that ·the smolt tend -to stay in -tank B and -the "none-smolt" tend to remain in tank A. The differance between number of smolt and "none-smolt" in tank A and B was significant (p<O,OOl). A third examination was performed four weeks later, on July 6th, (Fig~4) and the results were then similar to the first examination, (Fig.,2) I with very few "none-smolt" in the channel and tank B. The results indicate that it might be possible with relatively simple arrangements, to build a system that could be practically used for sorting smolt from "none-smolt". We think that when building such a system one must consider bothth.e current velocity and the fresh water/salt water envi.ronment. With a better water supply system we suppose that it will be possible to keep the salinity in tank B at a higher level than we did in this experiment~ We intend to continue the experiments next smolt migration season in .spring·1978. Acknowledgements We are very thankful to Peter Mallinson and Ole Dag ~sthus for their hBlp in carrying through the experiment. F s s Ch,"", S ra"' B s S \\ Fig. 1. Two circular plastic tanks, A and B, connected with a channel. Fresh water (F) und brackiBh water of around 17 0/00 (5). 1 . -~.:. c-..c '" :;:: <t-o ill ..Q E ::J Z - 6 '" 1 I . Channel . 11 ~ I .. -~o 30 20 10 -1 1!!l!W 1"1iiiiI 1\0 Tank B 50 R I p 0 40 -1 III III illIIl ps pss 11 30 --I • • S 20 i1 Tank A 10 9 10 II 12 I J 14. 15 16 11 I~ 19 20 Length cm Fig. 2. Length distribution and number of fish of four groups; parr (p); parr-smolt (ps); parr-smolt-smolt (pss) and smolt (s) on May 24th. .<:: Cl) ;;:: '0 l;; .0 E :J Z 7 101 ~ _ _ Ch,m,: Cl Cl Cl 50 40 30 30 20 I p ps pss s Tanl( B D llIIll III • le) Tank A l_ F1 FJ """ _ """ """ _ III I11III 9 10 Jl 12 13 14 15 16 11 IB 19 20 Length cm ';'ig, 3. Lenq,th distribution and number of fish of four ?roups; parr (p); parr-smolt (ps); pac:·-smo:.t-smolt (ps's); dnd smolt (s)on June 7th. - 8 -lOl Channel Cl I 11 11 liliiii 50 .. P 0 ps lIIlIl ~O ~ pss • s • I -30 -.r:: U) :;:: '0 ~ 20-<lJ .0 E :J Z Tank B "I I 1111 ~ -20 lD Tank A 9 10 11 12 13 1~ 15 16 11 18 19 20 Length cm Fig. 4. Length distribution and number of fish of four groups; parr (p) j parr-smolt (ps); parr-smolt-smolt (pss); and smolt (s) on July 6th. 

An experiment with migrating smolt of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

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An experiment with migrating smolt of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

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